typealias JSON = [String: Any]

enum ParsingError: Error {
    case invalidInput
    case internalError(Error)
}

func parse(string: String) throws -> JSON {
    guard let data = string.data(using:.utf8) else {
        throw ParsingError.invalidInput
    }

    guard let json = try? JSONSerialization.jsonObject(with: data, options: []) as? JSON else {
        throw ParsingError.internalError(ParsingError.invalidInput)
    }

    return json
}

```swift
typealias JSON = [String: Any]

enum ParsingError: Error {
    case invalidInput
    case internalError(Error)
}

// JSON parser, returns custom error type in case of failures.
func parse(string: String) throws -> JSON {
    guard let data = string.data(using:.utf8) else {
        throw ParsingError.invalidInput
    }

    guard let json = try? JSONSerialization.jsonObject(with: data, options: []) as? JSON else {
        throw ParsingError.internalError(ParsingError.invalidInput)
    }

    return json
}
```

typealias JSON = [String: Any]

enum ParsingError: Error {
    case invalidInput
    case internalError(Error)
}

func parse(string: String) throws -> JSON {
    //...
    throw ParsingError.invalidInput
}

func parse(data: Data) throws -> JSON {
    //...
    throw ParsingError.internalError(NSError(domain: "com.example", code: 1, userInfo: nil))
}

func parse(url: URL) throws -> JSON {
    //...
    throw ParsingError.internalError(NSError(domain: "com.example", code: 1, userInfo: nil))
}

```swift
typealias JSON = [String: Any]

enum ParsingError: Error {
    case invalidInput
    case internalError(Error)
}

// JSON parser, returns custom error type in case of failures.
func parse(string: String) throws -> JSON {
    //...
    throw ParsingError.invalidInput
}

// JSON parser, returns custom error type in case of failures.
func parse(data: Data) throws -> JSON {
    //...
    throw ParsingError.internalError(NSError(domain: "com.example", code: 1, userInfo: nil))
}

// JSON parser, returns custom error type in case of failures.
func parse(url: URL) throws -> JSON {
    //...
    throw ParsingError.internalError(NSError(domain: "com.example", code: 1, userInfo: nil))
}
```

typealias JSON = [String: Any]

enum ParsingError: Error {
    case invalidInput
    case internalError(Error)
}

func parse(string: String) throws -> JSON {
    guard let data = string.data(using:.utf8) else {
        throw ParsingError.invalidInput
    }

    do {
        let json = try JSONSerialization.jsonObject(with: data, options: [])
        return json as? JSON?? [:]
    } catch {
        throw ParsingError.internalError(error)
    }
}

```swift
typealias JSON = [String: Any]

enum ParsingError: Error {
    case invalidInput
    case internalError(Error)
}

// JSON parser, returns custom error type in case of failures.
func parse(string: String) throws -> JSON {
    guard let data = string.data(using:.utf8) else {
        throw ParsingError.invalidInput
    }

    do {
        let json = try JSONSerialization.jsonObject(with: data, options: [])
        return json as? JSON?? [:]
    } catch {
        throw ParsingError.internalError(error)
    }
}
```

typealias JSON = [String: Any]

enum ParsingError: Error {
    case invalidInput
    case internalError(Error)
}

func parse(string: String) throws -> JSON {
    guard let data = string.data(using:.utf8) else {
        throw ParsingError.invalidInput
    }
    do {
        let json = try JSONSerialization.jsonObject(with: data, options: [])
        guard let object = json as? JSON else {
            throw ParsingError.invalidInput
        }
        return object
    } catch {
        throw ParsingError.internalError(error)
    }
}

func parse(data: Data) throws -> JSON {
    do {
        let json = try JSONSerialization.jsonObject(with: data, options: [])
        guard let object = json as? JSON else {
            throw ParsingError.invalidInput
        }
        return object
    } catch {
        throw ParsingError.internalError(error)
    }
}

func parse(url: URL) throws -> JSON {
    guard let data = try? Data(contentsOf: url) else {
        throw ParsingError.invalidInput
    }
    do {
        let json = try JSONSerialization.jsonObject(with: data, options: [])
        guard let object = json as? JSON else {
            throw ParsingError.invalidInput
        }
        return object
    } catch {
        throw ParsingError.internalError(error)
    }
}

```swift
typealias JSON = [String: Any]

enum ParsingError: Error {
    case invalidInput
    case internalError(Error)
}

// JSON parser, returns custom error type in case of failures.
func parse(string: String) throws -> JSON {
    guard let data = string.data(using:.utf8) else {
        throw ParsingError.invalidInput
    }
    do {
        let json = try JSONSerialization.jsonObject(with: data, options: [])
        guard let object = json as? JSON else {
            throw ParsingError.invalidInput
        }
        return object
    } catch {
        throw ParsingError.internalError(error)
    }
}

// JSON parser, returns custom error type in case of failures.
func parse(data: Data) throws -> JSON {
    do {
        let json = try JSONSerialization.jsonObject(with: data, options: [])
        guard let object = json as? JSON else {
            throw ParsingError.invalidInput
        }
        return object
    } catch {
        throw ParsingError.internalError(error)
    }
}

// JSON parser, returns custom error type in case of failures.
func parse(url: URL) throws -> JSON {
    guard let data = try? Data(contentsOf: url) else {
        throw ParsingError.invalidInput
    }
    do {
        let json = try JSONSerialization.jsonObject(with: data, options: [])
        guard let object = json as? JSON else {
            throw ParsingError.invalidInput
        }
        return object
    } catch {
        throw ParsingError.internalError(error)
    }
}
```

typealias JSON = [String: Any]

enum ParsingError: Error {
    case invalidInput
    case internalError(Error)
}

func parse(string: String) throws -> JSON {
    guard let data = string.data(using:.utf8) else {
        throw ParsingError.invalidInput
    }
    guard let json = try JSONSerialization.jsonObject(with: data, options: []) as? JSON else {
        throw ParsingError.invalidInput
    }
    return json
}

func parse(data: Data) throws -> JSON {
    guard let json = try JSONSerialization.jsonObject(with: data, options: []) as? JSON else {
        throw ParsingError.invalidInput
    }
    return json
}

func parse(url: URL) throws -> JSON {
    guard let data = try Data(contentsOf: url) else {
        throw ParsingError.invalidInput
    }
    return try parse(data: data)
}

func parse(url: URL, completion: @escaping (Result<JSON, ParsingError>) -> Void) {
    DispatchQueue.global().async {
        do {
            let json = try parse(url: url)
            DispatchQueue.main.async {
                completion(.success(json))
            }
        } catch {
            DispatchQueue.main.async {
                completion(.failure(.internalError(error)))
            }
        }
    }
}

```swift
typealias JSON = [String: Any]

enum ParsingError: Error {
    case invalidInput
    case internalError(Error)
}

// JSON parser, returns custom error type in case of failures.
func parse(string: String) throws -> JSON {
    guard let data = string.data(using:.utf8) else {
        throw ParsingError.invalidInput
    }
    guard let json = try JSONSerialization.jsonObject(with: data, options: []) as? JSON else {
        throw ParsingError.invalidInput
    }
    return json
}

// JSON parser, returns custom error type in case of failures.
func parse(data: Data) throws -> JSON {
    guard let json = try JSONSerialization.jsonObject(with: data, options: []) as? JSON else {
        throw ParsingError.invalidInput
    }
    return json
}

// JSON parser, returns custom error type in case of failures.
func parse(url: URL) throws -> JSON {
    guard let data = try Data(contentsOf: url) else {
        throw ParsingError.invalidInput
    }
    return try parse(data: data)
}

// JSON parser, returns custom error type in case of failures.
func parse(url: URL, completion: @escaping (Result<JSON, ParsingError>) -> Void) {
    DispatchQueue.global().async {
        do {
            let json = try parse(url: url)
            DispatchQueue.main.async {
                completion(.success(json))
            }
        } catch {
            DispatchQueue.main.async {
                completion(.failure(.internalError(error)))
            }
        }
    }
}
```

typealias JSON = [String: Any]

enum ParsingError: Error {
    case invalidInput
    case internalError(Error)
}

func parse(string: String) throws -> JSON {
    guard let data = string.data(using:.utf8) else {
        throw ParsingError.invalidInput
    }

    guard let json = try? JSONSerialization.jsonObject(with: data, options: []) as? JSON else {
        throw ParsingError.internalError(ParsingError.invalidInput)
    }

    return json
}

func parse(data: Data) throws -> JSON {
    guard let json = try? JSONSerialization.jsonObject(with: data, options: []) as? JSON else {
        throw ParsingError.internalError(ParsingError.invalidInput)
    }

    return json
}

```swift
typealias JSON = [String: Any]

enum ParsingError: Error {
    case invalidInput
    case internalError(Error)
}

// JSON parser, returns custom error type in case of failures.
func parse(string: String) throws -> JSON {
    guard let data = string.data(using:.utf8) else {
        throw ParsingError.invalidInput
    }

    guard let json = try? JSONSerialization.jsonObject(with: data, options: []) as? JSON else {
        throw ParsingError.internalError(ParsingError.invalidInput)
    }

    return json
}

// JSON parser, returns custom error type in case of failures.
func parse(data: Data) throws -> JSON {
    guard let json = try? JSONSerialization.jsonObject(with: data, options: []) as? JSON else {
        throw ParsingError.internalError(ParsingError.invalidInput)
    }

    return json
}
```

typealias JSON = [String: Any]

enum ParsingError: Error {
    case invalidInput
    case internalError(Error)
}

func parse(string: String) throws -> JSON {
    guard let data = string.data(using:.utf8) else {
        throw ParsingError.invalidInput
    }
    guard let json = try? JSONSerialization.jsonObject(with: data, options: []) as? JSON else {
        throw ParsingError.internalError(ParsingError.invalidInput)
    }
    return json
}

func parse(data: Data) throws -> JSON {
    guard let json = try? JSONSerialization.jsonObject(with: data, options: []) as? JSON else {
        throw ParsingError.internalError(ParsingError.invalidInput)
    }
    return json
}

func parse(url: URL) throws -> JSON {
    guard let data = try? Data(contentsOf: url) else {
        throw ParsingError.internalError(ParsingError.invalidInput)
    }
    guard let json = try? JSONSerialization.jsonObject(with: data, options: []) as? JSON else {
        throw ParsingError.internalError(ParsingError.invalidInput)
    }
    return json
}

func parse(url: URL, completion: @escaping (Result<JSON, ParsingError>) -> Void) {
    DispatchQueue.global().async {
        do {
            let json = try parse(url: url)
            DispatchQueue.main.async {
                completion(.success(json))
            }
        } catch {
            DispatchQueue.main.async {
                completion(.failure(error as! ParsingError))
            }
        }
    }
}

```swift
typealias JSON = [String: Any]

enum ParsingError: Error {
    case invalidInput
    case internalError(Error)
}

// JSON parser, returns custom error type in case of failures.
func parse(string: String) throws -> JSON {
    guard let data = string.data(using:.utf8) else {
        throw ParsingError.invalidInput
    }
    guard let json = try? JSONSerialization.jsonObject(with: data, options: []) as? JSON else {
        throw ParsingError.internalError(ParsingError.invalidInput)
    }
    return json
}

// JSON parser, returns custom error type in case of failures.
func parse(data: Data) throws -> JSON {
    guard let json = try? JSONSerialization.jsonObject(with: data, options: []) as? JSON else {
        throw ParsingError.internalError(ParsingError.invalidInput)
    }
    return json
}

// JSON parser, returns custom error type in case of failures.
func parse(url: URL) throws -> JSON {
    guard let data = try? Data(contentsOf: url) else {
        throw ParsingError.internalError(ParsingError.invalidInput)
    }
    guard let json = try? JSONSerialization.jsonObject(with: data, options: []) as? JSON else {
        throw ParsingError.internalError(ParsingError.invalidInput)
    }
    return json
}

// JSON parser, returns custom error type in case of failures.
func parse(url: URL, completion: @escaping (Result<JSON, ParsingError>) -> Void) {
    DispatchQueue.global().async {
        do {
            let json = try parse(url: url)
            DispatchQueue.main.async {
                completion(.success(json))
            }
        } catch {
            DispatchQueue.main.async {
                completion(.failure(error as! ParsingError))
            }
        }
    }
}

// JSON parser, returns custom error type in case of failures.
func parse(url: URL, completion: @escaping (Result<JSON, ParsingError>) -> Void) {
    DispatchQueue.global().async {
        do {
            let json = try parse(url: url)
            DispatchQueue.main.async {
                completion(.success(json))
            }
        } catch {
            DispatchQueue.main.async {
                completion(.failure(error as! ParsingError))
            }
        }
    }
}
```

typealias JSON = [String: Any]

enum ParsingError: Error {
    case invalidInput
    case internalError(Error)
}

func parse(string: String) throws -> JSON {
    //...
    throw ParsingError.internalError(someError)
}

```swift
typealias JSON = [String: Any]

enum ParsingError: Error {
    case invalidInput
    case internalError(Error)
}

// JSON parser, returns custom error type in case of failures.
func parse(string: String) throws -> JSON {
    //...
    throw ParsingError.internalError(someError)
}
```

typealias JSON = [String: Any]

enum ParsingError: Error {
    case invalidInput
    case internalError(Error)
}

func parse(string: String) throws -> JSON {
    guard let data = string.data(using:.utf8) else {
        throw ParsingError.invalidInput
    }
    do {
        return try JSONSerialization.jsonObject(with: data, options: []) as? JSON
    } catch {
        throw ParsingError.internalError(error)
    }
}

func parse(data: Data) throws -> JSON {
    do {
        return try JSONSerialization.jsonObject(with: data, options: []) as? JSON
    } catch {
        throw ParsingError.internalError(error)
    }
}

func parse(url: URL) throws -> JSON {
    guard let data = try? Data(contentsOf: url) else {
        throw ParsingError.invalidInput
    }
    return try parse(data: data)
}

func parse(url: URL, completion: @escaping (Result<JSON, ParsingError>) -> Void) {
    URLSession.shared.dataTask(with: url) { data, _, error in
        if let error = error {
            completion(.failure(.internalError(error)))
        } else if let data = data {
            do {
                let json = try parse(data: data)
                completion(.success(json))
            } catch {
                completion(.failure(.internalError(error)))
            }
        } else {
            completion(.failure(.invalidInput))
        }
    }.resume()
}

```swift
typealias JSON = [String: Any]

enum ParsingError: Error {
    case invalidInput
    case internalError(Error)
}

// JSON parser, returns custom error type in case of failures.
func parse(string: String) throws -> JSON {
    guard let data = string.data(using:.utf8) else {
        throw ParsingError.invalidInput
    }
    do {
        return try JSONSerialization.jsonObject(with: data, options: []) as? JSON
    } catch {
        throw ParsingError.internalError(error)
    }
}

// JSON parser, returns custom error type in case of failures.
func parse(data: Data) throws -> JSON {
    do {
        return try JSONSerialization.jsonObject(with: data, options: []) as? JSON
    } catch {
        throw ParsingError.internalError(error)
    }
}

// JSON parser, returns custom error type in case of failures.
func parse(url: URL) throws -> JSON {
    guard let data = try? Data(contentsOf: url) else {
        throw ParsingError.invalidInput
    }
    return try parse(data: data)
}

// JSON parser, returns custom error type in case of failures.
func parse(url: URL, completion: @escaping (Result<JSON, ParsingError>) -> Void) {
    URLSession.shared.dataTask(with: url) { data, _, error in
        if let error = error {
            completion(.failure(.internalError(error)))
        } else if let data = data {
            do {
                let json = try parse(data: data)
                completion(.success(json))
            } catch {
                completion(.failure(.internalError(error)))
            }
        } else {
            completion(.failure(.invalidInput))
        }
    }.resume()
}
```

typealias JSON = [String: Any]

enum ParsingError: Error {
    case invalidInput
    case internalError(Error)
}

func parse(string: String) throws -> JSON {
    guard let data = string.data(using:.utf8) else {
        throw ParsingError.invalidInput
    }

    guard let json = try? JSONSerialization.jsonObject(with: data, options: []) as? JSON else {
        throw ParsingError.internalError(ParsingError.invalidInput)
    }

    return json
}

```swift
typealias JSON = [String: Any]

enum ParsingError: Error {
    case invalidInput
    case internalError(Error)
}

// JSON parser, returns custom error type in case of failures.
func parse(string: String) throws -> JSON {
    guard let data = string.data(using:.utf8) else {
        throw ParsingError.invalidInput
    }

    guard let json = try? JSONSerialization.jsonObject(with: data, options: []) as? JSON else {
        throw ParsingError.internalError(ParsingError.invalidInput)
    }

    return json
}
```

indirect enum HTMLNode {
    case text(_ content: String)
    case element(_ name: String, attributes: [String : String] = [:], children: [Self] = [])
}

func generate(_ tree: HTMLNode) -> String {
    switch tree {
    case let.text(content):
        return content
    case let.element(name, attributes, children):
        let attributes = attributes.isEmpty? "" : " " + attributes.map { "\($0.key)=\"\($0.value)\"" }.joined(separator: " ")
        let children = children.isEmpty? "" : children.map(generate).joined(separator: "")
        return "<\(name)\(attributes)>\(children)</\(name)>"
    }
}

```swift
indirect enum HTMLNode {
    case text(_ content: String)
    case element(_ name: String, attributes: [String : String] = [:], children: [Self] = [])
}

// HTML generator from predefined elements tree.
// Output with standart HTML like this "<div><a href="swifteval"></a></div>"
func generate(_ tree: HTMLNode) -> String {
    switch tree {
    case let.text(content):
        return content
    case let.element(name, attributes, children):
        let attributes = attributes.isEmpty? "" : " " + attributes.map { "\($0.key)=\"\($0.value)\"" }.joined(separator: " ")
        let children = children.isEmpty? "" : children.map(generate).joined(separator: "")
        return "<\(name)\(attributes)>\(children)</\(name)>"
    }
}

// HTML generator from predefined elements tree.
// Output with standart HTML like this "<div><a href="swifteval"></a></div>"
func generate(_ tree: HTMLNode) -> String {
    switch tree {
    case let.text(content):
        return content
    case let.element(name, attributes, children):
        let attributes = attributes.isEmpty? "" : " " + attributes.map { "\($0.key)=\"\($0.value)\"" }.joined(separator: " ")
        let children = children.isEmpty? "" : children.map(generate).joined(separator: "")
        return "<\(name)\(attributes)>\(children)</\(name)>"
    }
}

// HTML generator from predefined elements tree.
// Output with standart HTML like this "<div><a href="swifteval"></a></div>"
func generate(_ tree: HTMLNode) -> String {
    switch tree {
    case let.text(content):
        return content
    case let.element(name, attributes, children):
        let attributes = attributes.isEmpty? "" : " " + attributes.map { "\($0.key)=\"\($0.value)\"" }.joined(separator: " ")
        let children = children.isEmpty? "" : children.map(generate).joined(separator: "")
        return "<\(name)\(attributes)>\(children)</\(name)>"
    }
}

// HTML generator from predefined elements tree.
// Output with standart HTML like this "<div><a href="swifteval"></a></div>"
func generate(_ tree: HTMLNode) -> String {
    switch tree {
    case let.text(content):
        return content
    case let.element(name, attributes, children):
        let attributes = attributes.isEmpty? "" : " " + attributes.map { "\($0.key)=\"\($0.value)\"" }.joined(separator: " ")
        let children = children.isEmpty? "" : children.map(generate).joined(separator: "")
        return "<\(name)\(attributes)>\(children)</\(name)>"
    }
}

// HTML generator from predefined elements tree.
// Output with standart HTML like this "<div><a href="swifteval"></a></div>"
func generate(_ tree: HTMLNode) -> String {
    switch tree {
    case let.text(content):
        return content
    case let.element(name, attributes, children):
        let attributes = attributes.isEmpty? "" : " " + attributes.map { "\($0.key)=\"\($0.value)\"" }.joined(separator: " ")
        let children = children.isEmpty? "" : children.map(generate).joined(separator: "")
        return "<\(name)\(attributes)>\(children)</\(name)>"
    }
}

// HTML generator from predefined elements tree.
// Output with standart HTML like this "<div><a href="swifteval"></a></div>"
func generate(_ tree: HTMLNode) -> String {
    switch tree {
    case let.text(content):
        return content
    case let.element(name, attributes, children):
        let attributes = attributes.isEmpty? "" : " " + attributes.map { "\($0.key)=\"\($0.value)\"" }.joined(separator: " ")
        let children = children.isEmpty? "" : children.map(generate).joined(separator: "")
        return "<\(name)\(attributes)>\(children)</\(name)>"
    }
}

// HTML generator from predefined elements tree.
// Output with standart HTML like this "<div><a href="swifteval"></a></div>"
func generate(_ tree: HTMLNode) -> String {
    switch tree {
    case let.text(content):
        return content
    case let.element(name, attributes, children):
        let attributes = attributes.isEmpty? "" : " " + attributes.map { "\($0.key)=\"\($0.value)\"" }.joined(separator: " ")
        let children = children.isEmpty? "" : children.map(generate).joined(separator: "")
        return "<\(name)\(attributes)>\(children)</\(name)>"
    }

indirect enum HTMLNode {
    case text(_ content: String)
    case element(_ name: String, attributes: [String : String] = [:], children: [Self] = [])
}

func generate(_ tree: HTMLNode) -> String {
    switch tree {
    case.text(let content):
        return content
    case.element(let name, let attributes, let children):
        let attributesString = attributes.isEmpty? "" : " " + attributes.map { "\($0.key)=\"\($0.value)\"" }.joined(separator: " ")
        let childrenString = children.isEmpty? "" : children.map { generate($0) }.joined(separator: "")
        return "<\(name)\(attributesString)>\(childrenString)</\(name)>"
    }
}

```swift
indirect enum HTMLNode {
    case text(_ content: String)
    case element(_ name: String, attributes: [String : String] = [:], children: [Self] = [])
}

// HTML generator from predefined elements tree.
// Output with standart HTML like this "<div><a href="swifteval"></a></div>"
func generate(_ tree: HTMLNode) -> String {
    switch tree {
    case.text(let content):
        return content
    case.element(let name, let attributes, let children):
        let attributesString = attributes.isEmpty? "" : " " + attributes.map { "\($0.key)=\"\($0.value)\"" }.joined(separator: " ")
        let childrenString = children.isEmpty? "" : children.map { generate($0) }.joined(separator: "")
        return "<\(name)\(attributesString)>\(childrenString)</\(name)>"
    }
}

// HTML generator from predefined elements tree.
// Output with standart HTML like this "<div><a href="swifteval"></a></div>"
func generate(_ tree: HTMLNode) -> String {
    switch tree {
    case.text(let content):
        return content
    case.element(let name, let attributes, let children):
        let attributesString = attributes.isEmpty? "" : " " + attributes.map { "\($0.key)=\"\($0.value)\"" }.joined(separator: " ")
        let childrenString = children.isEmpty? "" : children.map { generate($0) }.joined(separator: "")
        return "<\(name)\(attributesString)>\(childrenString)</\(name)>"
    }
}

// HTML generator from predefined elements tree.
// Output with standart HTML like this "<div><a href="swifteval"></a></div>"
func generate(_ tree: HTMLNode) -> String {
    switch tree {
    case.text(let content):
        return content
    case.element(let name, let attributes, let children):
        let attributesString = attributes.isEmpty? "" : " " + attributes.map { "\($0.key)=\"\($0.value)\"" }.joined(separator: " ")
        let childrenString = children.isEmpty? "" : children.map { generate($0) }.joined(separator: "")
        return "<\(name)\(attributesString)>\(childrenString)</\(name)>"
    }
}

// HTML generator from predefined elements tree.
// Output with standart HTML like this "<div><a href="swifteval"></a></div>"
func generate(_ tree: HTMLNode) -> String {
    switch tree {
    case.text(let content):
        return content
    case.element(let name, let attributes, let children):
        let attributesString = attributes.isEmpty? "" : " " + attributes.map { "\($0.key)=\"\($0.value)\"" }.joined(separator: " ")
        let childrenString = children.isEmpty? "" : children.map { generate($0) }.joined(separator: "")
        return "<\(name)\(attributesString)>\(childrenString)</\(name)>"
    }
}

// HTML generator from predefined elements tree.
// Output with standart HTML like this "<div><a href="swifteval"></a></div>"
func generate(_ tree: HTMLNode) -> String {
    switch tree {
    case.text(let content):
        return content
    case.element(let name, let attributes, let children):
        let attributesString = attributes.isEmpty? "" : " " + attributes.map { "\($0.key)=\"\($0.value)\"" }.joined(separator: " ")
        let childrenString = children.isEmpty? "" : children.map { generate($0) }.joined(separator: "")
        return "<\(name)\(attributesString)>\(childrenString)</\(name)>"
    }
}

// HTML generator from predefined elements tree.
// Output with standart HTML like this "<div><a href="swifteval"></a></div>"
func generate(_ tree: HTMLNode) -> String {
    switch tree {
    case.text(let content):
        return content
    case.element(let name, let attributes, let children):
        let attributesString = attributes.isEmpty? "" : " " + attributes.map { "\($0.key)=\"\($0.value)\"" }.joined(separator: " ")
        let childrenString = children.isEmpty? "" : children.map { generate($0) }.joined(separator: "")
        return "<\(name)\(attributesString)>\(childrenString)</\(name)>"
    }
}

// HTML generator from predefined elements tree.
// Output with standart HTML like this "<div><a href="swifteval"></a></div>"
func generate(_ tree: HTMLNode) -> String {
    switch tree {
    case.text(let content):
        return content
    case.element(let name, let attributes, let children):
        let attributesString = attributes.isEmpty? "" : " " + attributes.map { "\($0.

indirect enum HTMLNode {
    case text(_ content: String)
    case element(_ name: String, attributes: [String : String] = [:], children: [Self] = [])
}

func generate(_ tree: HTMLNode) -> String {
    switch tree {
    case.text(let content):
        return content
    case.element(let name, let attributes, let children):
        let attributesString = attributes.isEmpty? "" : " " + attributes.map { "\($0.key)=\"\($0.value)\"" }.joined(separator: " ")
        let childrenString = children.isEmpty? "" : children.map(generate).joined(separator: "")
        return "<\(name)\(attributesString)>\(childrenString)</\(name)>"
    }
}

```swift
indirect enum HTMLNode {
    case text(_ content: String)
    case element(_ name: String, attributes: [String : String] = [:], children: [Self] = [])
}

// HTML generator from predefined elements tree.
// Output with standart HTML like this "<div><a href="swifteval"></a></div>"
func generate(_ tree: HTMLNode) -> String {
    switch tree {
    case.text(let content):
        return content
    case.element(let name, let attributes, let children):
        let attributesString = attributes.isEmpty? "" : " " + attributes.map { "\($0.key)=\"\($0.value)\"" }.joined(separator: " ")
        let childrenString = children.isEmpty? "" : children.map(generate).joined(separator: "")
        return "<\(name)\(attributesString)>\(childrenString)</\(name)>"
    }
}

// HTML generator from predefined elements tree.
// Output with standart HTML like this "<div><a href="swifteval"></a></div>"
func generate(_ tree: HTMLNode) -> String {
    switch tree {
    case.text(let content):
        return content
    case.element(let name, let attributes, let children):
        let attributesString = attributes.isEmpty? "" : " " + attributes.map { "\($0.key)=\"\($0.value)\"" }.joined(separator: " ")
        let childrenString = children.isEmpty? "" : children.map(generate).joined(separator: "")
        return "<\(name)\(attributesString)>\(childrenString)</\(name)>"
    }
}

// HTML generator from predefined elements tree.
// Output with standart HTML like this "<div><a href="swifteval"></a></div>"
func generate(_ tree: HTMLNode) -> String {
    switch tree {
    case.text(let content):
        return content
    case.element(let name, let attributes, let children):
        let attributesString = attributes.isEmpty? "" : " " + attributes.map { "\($0.key)=\"\($0.value)\"" }.joined(separator: " ")
        let childrenString = children.isEmpty? "" : children.map(generate).joined(separator: "")
        return "<\(name)\(attributesString)>\(childrenString)</\(name)>"
    }
}

// HTML generator from predefined elements tree.
// Output with standart HTML like this "<div><a href="swifteval"></a></div>"
func generate(_ tree: HTMLNode) -> String {
    switch tree {
    case.text(let content):
        return content
    case.element(let name, let attributes, let children):
        let attributesString = attributes.isEmpty? "" : " " + attributes.map { "\($0.key)=\"\($0.value)\"" }.joined(separator: " ")
        let childrenString = children.isEmpty? "" : children.map(generate).joined(separator: "")
        return "<\(name)\(attributesString)>\(childrenString)</\(name)>"
    }
}

// HTML generator from predefined elements tree.
// Output with standart HTML like this "<div><a href="swifteval"></a></div>"
func generate(_ tree: HTMLNode) -> String {
    switch tree {
    case.text(let content):
        return content
    case.element(let name, let attributes, let children):
        let attributesString = attributes.isEmpty? "" : " " + attributes.map { "\($0.key)=\"\($0.value)\"" }.joined(separator: " ")
        let childrenString = children.isEmpty? "" : children.map(generate).joined(separator: "")
        return "<\(name)\(attributesString)>\(childrenString)</\(name)>"
    }
}

// HTML generator from predefined elements tree.
// Output with standart HTML like this "<div><a href="swifteval"></a></div>"
func generate(_ tree: HTMLNode) -> String {
    switch tree {
    case.text(let content):
        return content
    case.element(let name, let attributes, let children):
        let attributesString = attributes.isEmpty? "" : " " + attributes.map { "\($0.key)=\"\($0.value)\"" }.joined(separator: " ")
        let childrenString = children.isEmpty? "" : children.map(generate).joined(separator: "")
        return "<\(name)\(attributesString)>\(childrenString)</\(name)>"
    }
}

// HTML generator from predefined elements tree.
// Output with standart HTML like this "<div><a href="swifteval"></a></div>"
func generate(_ tree: HTMLNode) -> String {
    switch tree {
    case.text(let content):
        return content
    case.element(let name, let attributes, let children):
        let attributesString = attributes.isEmpty? "" : " " + attributes.map { "\($0.key)=\"\($0.value)\"" }.joined(separator: " ")
       

indirect enum HTMLNode {
    case text(_ content: String)
    case element(_ name: String, attributes: [String : String] = [:], children: [Self] = [])
}

func generate(_ tree: HTMLNode) -> String {
    switch tree {
    case.text(let content):
        return content
    case.element(let name, let attributes, let children):
        let attributesString = attributes.isEmpty? "" : " " + attributes.map({ "\($0.key)=\"\($0.value)\"" }).joined(separator: " ")
        let childrenString = children.isEmpty? "" : children.map(generate).joined(separator: "")
        return "<\(name)\(attributesString)>\(childrenString)</\(name)>"
    }
}

```swift
indirect enum HTMLNode {
    case text(_ content: String)
    case element(_ name: String, attributes: [String : String] = [:], children: [Self] = [])
}

// HTML generator from predefined elements tree.
// Output with standart HTML like this "<div><a href="swifteval"></a></div>"
func generate(_ tree: HTMLNode) -> String {
    switch tree {
    case.text(let content):
        return content
    case.element(let name, let attributes, let children):
        let attributesString = attributes.isEmpty? "" : " " + attributes.map({ "\($0.key)=\"\($0.value)\"" }).joined(separator: " ")
        let childrenString = children.isEmpty? "" : children.map(generate).joined(separator: "")
        return "<\(name)\(attributesString)>\(childrenString)</\(name)>"
    }
}

// HTML generator from predefined elements tree.
// Output with standart HTML like this "<div><a href="swifteval"></a></div>"
func generate(_ tree: HTMLNode) -> String {
    switch tree {
    case.text(let content):
        return content
    case.element(let name, let attributes, let children):
        let attributesString = attributes.isEmpty? "" : " " + attributes.map({ "\($0.key)=\"\($0.value)\"" }).joined(separator: " ")
        let childrenString = children.isEmpty? "" : children.map(generate).joined(separator: "")
        return "<\(name)\(attributesString)>\(childrenString)</\(name)>"
    }
}

// HTML generator from predefined elements tree.
// Output with standart HTML like this "<div><a href="swifteval"></a></div>"
func generate(_ tree: HTMLNode) -> String {
    switch tree {
    case.text(let content):
        return content
    case.element(let name, let attributes, let children):
        let attributesString = attributes.isEmpty? "" : " " + attributes.map({ "\($0.key)=\"\($0.value)\"" }).joined(separator: " ")
        let childrenString = children.isEmpty? "" : children.map(generate).joined(separator: "")
        return "<\(name)\(attributesString)>\(childrenString)</\(name)>"
    }
}

// HTML generator from predefined elements tree.
// Output with standart HTML like this "<div><a href="swifteval"></a></div>"
func generate(_ tree: HTMLNode) -> String {
    switch tree {
    case.text(let content):
        return content
    case.element(let name, let attributes, let children):
        let attributesString = attributes.isEmpty? "" : " " + attributes.map({ "\($0.key)=\"\($0.value)\"" }).joined(separator: " ")
        let childrenString = children.isEmpty? "" : children.map(generate).joined(separator: "")
        return "<\(name)\(attributesString)>\(childrenString)</\(name)>"
    }
}

// HTML generator from predefined elements tree.
// Output with standart HTML like this "<div><a href="swifteval"></a></div>"
func generate(_ tree: HTMLNode) -> String {
    switch tree {
    case.text(let content):
        return content
    case.element(let name, let attributes, let children):
        let attributesString = attributes.isEmpty? "" : " " + attributes.map({ "\($0.key)=\"\($0.value)\"" }).joined(separator: " ")
        let childrenString = children.isEmpty? "" : children.map(generate).joined(separator: "")
        return "<\(name)\(attributesString)>\(childrenString)</\(name)>"
    }
}

// HTML generator from predefined elements tree.
// Output with standart HTML like this "<div><a href="swifteval"></a></div>"
func generate(_ tree: HTMLNode) -> String {
    switch tree {
    case.text(let content):
        return content
    case.element(let name, let attributes, let children):
        let attributesString = attributes.isEmpty? "" : " " + attributes.map({ "\($0.key)=\"\($0.value)\"" }).joined(separator: " ")
        let childrenString = children.isEmpty? "" : children.map(generate).joined(separator: "")
        return "<\(name)\(attributesString)>\(childrenString)</\(name)>"
    }
}

// HTML generator from predefined elements tree.
// Output with standart HTML like this "<div><a href="swifteval"></a></div>"
func generate(_ tree: HTMLNode) -> String {
    switch tree {
    case.text(let content):
        return content
    case.element(let name, let attributes, let children):
        let attributesString = attributes.isEmpty? "" : " " + attributes.map({ "\($0.key)=\"\($0.value)\"" }).joined(separator: " ")
       

indirect enum HTMLNode {
    case text(_ content: String)
    case element(_ name: String, attributes: [String : String] = [:], children: [Self] = [])
}

func generate(_ tree: HTMLNode) -> String {
    switch tree {
    case let.text(content):
        return content
    case let.element(name, attributes, children):
        let attributesString = attributes.isEmpty? "" : " " + attributes.map { "\($0.key)=\"\($0.value)\"" }.joined(separator: " ")
        let childrenString = children.isEmpty? "" : children.map { generate($0) }.joined(separator: "")
        return "<\(name)\(attributesString)>\(childrenString)</\(name)>"
    }
}

```swift
indirect enum HTMLNode {
    case text(_ content: String)
    case element(_ name: String, attributes: [String : String] = [:], children: [Self] = [])
}

// HTML generator from predefined elements tree.
// Output with standart HTML like this "<div><a href="swifteval"></a></div>"
func generate(_ tree: HTMLNode) -> String {
    switch tree {
    case let.text(content):
        return content
    case let.element(name, attributes, children):
        let attributesString = attributes.isEmpty? "" : " " + attributes.map { "\($0.key)=\"\($0.value)\"" }.joined(separator: " ")
        let childrenString = children.isEmpty? "" : children.map { generate($0) }.joined(separator: "")
        return "<\(name)\(attributesString)>\(childrenString)</\(name)>"
    }
}

// HTML generator from predefined elements tree.
// Output with standart HTML like this "<div><a href="swifteval"></a></div>"
func generate(_ tree: HTMLNode) -> String {
    switch tree {
    case let.text(content):
        return content
    case let.element(name, attributes, children):
        let attributesString = attributes.isEmpty? "" : " " + attributes.map { "\($0.key)=\"\($0.value)\"" }.joined(separator: " ")
        let childrenString = children.isEmpty? "" : children.map { generate($0) }.joined(separator: "")
        return "<\(name)\(attributesString)>\(childrenString)</\(name)>"
    }
}

// HTML generator from predefined elements tree.
// Output with standart HTML like this "<div><a href="swifteval"></a></div>"
func generate(_ tree: HTMLNode) -> String {
    switch tree {
    case let.text(content):
        return content
    case let.element(name, attributes, children):
        let attributesString = attributes.isEmpty? "" : " " + attributes.map { "\($0.key)=\"\($0.value)\"" }.joined(separator: " ")
        let childrenString = children.isEmpty? "" : children.map { generate($0) }.joined(separator: "")
        return "<\(name)\(attributesString)>\(childrenString)</\(name)>"
    }
}

// HTML generator from predefined elements tree.
// Output with standart HTML like this "<div><a href="swifteval"></a></div>"
func generate(_ tree: HTMLNode) -> String {
    switch tree {
    case let.text(content):
        return content
    case let.element(name, attributes, children):
        let attributesString = attributes.isEmpty? "" : " " + attributes.map { "\($0.key)=\"\($0.value)\"" }.joined(separator: " ")
        let childrenString = children.isEmpty? "" : children.map { generate($0) }.joined(separator: "")
        return "<\(name)\(attributesString)>\(childrenString)</\(name)>"
    }
}

// HTML generator from predefined elements tree.
// Output with standart HTML like this "<div><a href="swifteval"></a></div>"
func generate(_ tree: HTMLNode) -> String {
    switch tree {
    case let.text(content):
        return content
    case let.element(name, attributes, children):
        let attributesString = attributes.isEmpty? "" : " " + attributes.map { "\($0.key)=\"\($0.value)\"" }.joined(separator: " ")
        let childrenString = children.isEmpty? "" : children.map { generate($0) }.joined(separator: "")
        return "<\(name)\(attributesString)>\(childrenString)</\(name)>"
    }
}

// HTML generator from predefined elements tree.
// Output with standart HTML like this "<div><a href="swifteval"></a></div>"
func generate(_ tree: HTMLNode) -> String {
    switch tree {
    case let.text(content):
        return content
    case let.element(name, attributes, children):
        let attributesString = attributes.isEmpty? "" : " " + attributes.map { "\($0.key)=\"\($0.value)\"" }.joined(separator: " ")
        let childrenString = children.isEmpty? "" : children.map { generate($0) }.joined(separator: "")
        return "<\(name)\(attributesString)>\(childrenString)</\(name)>"
    }
}

// HTML generator from predefined elements tree.
// Output with standart HTML like this "<div><a href="swifteval"></a></div>"
func generate(_ tree: HTMLNode) -> String {
    switch tree {
    case let.text(content):
        return content
    case let.element(name, attributes, children):
        let attributesString = attributes.isEmpty? "" : " " + attributes.map { "\($0.key)=\"\($0.value)\"" }.joined(separator

indirect enum HTMLNode {
    case text(_ content: String)
    case element(_ name: String, attributes: [String : String] = [:], children: [Self] = [])
}

func generate(_ tree: HTMLNode) -> String {
    switch tree {
    case.text(let content):
        return content
    case.element(let name, let attributes, let children):
        let attributesString = attributes.map { "\($0.key)=\"\($0.value)\"" }.joined(separator: " ")
        let childrenString = children.map { generate($0) }.joined(separator: "")
        return "<\(name) \(attributesString)>\(childrenString)</\(name)>"
    }
}

```swift
indirect enum HTMLNode {
    case text(_ content: String)
    case element(_ name: String, attributes: [String : String] = [:], children: [Self] = [])
}

// HTML generator from predefined elements tree.
// Output with standart HTML like this "<div><a href="swifteval"></a></div>"
func generate(_ tree: HTMLNode) -> String {
    switch tree {
    case.text(let content):
        return content
    case.element(let name, let attributes, let children):
        let attributesString = attributes.map { "\($0.key)=\"\($0.value)\"" }.joined(separator: " ")
        let childrenString = children.map { generate($0) }.joined(separator: "")
        return "<\(name) \(attributesString)>\(childrenString)</\(name)>"
    }
}

// HTML generator from predefined elements tree.
// Output with standart HTML like this "<div><a href="swifteval"></a></div>"
func generate(_ tree: HTMLNode) -> String {
    switch tree {
    case.text(let content):
        return content
    case.element(let name, let attributes, let children):
        let attributesString = attributes.map { "\($0.key)=\"\($0.value)\"" }.joined(separator: " ")
        let childrenString = children.map { generate($0) }.joined(separator: "")
        return "<\(name) \(attributesString)>\(childrenString)</\(name)>"
    }
}

// HTML generator from predefined elements tree.
// Output with standart HTML like this "<div><a href="swifteval"></a></div>"
func generate(_ tree: HTMLNode) -> String {
    switch tree {
    case.text(let content):
        return content
    case.element(let name, let attributes, let children):
        let attributesString = attributes.map { "\($0.key)=\"\($0.value)\"" }.joined(separator: " ")
        let childrenString = children.map { generate($0) }.joined(separator: "")
        return "<\(name) \(attributesString)>\(childrenString)</\(name)>"
    }
}

// HTML generator from predefined elements tree.
// Output with standart HTML like this "<div><a href="swifteval"></a></div>"
func generate(_ tree: HTMLNode) -> String {
    switch tree {
    case.text(let content):
        return content
    case.element(let name, let attributes, let children):
        let attributesString = attributes.map { "\($0.key)=\"\($0.value)\"" }.joined(separator: " ")
        let childrenString = children.map { generate($0) }.joined(separator: "")
        return "<\(name) \(attributesString)>\(childrenString)</\(name)>"
    }
}

// HTML generator from predefined elements tree.
// Output with standart HTML like this "<div><a href="swifteval"></a></div>"
func generate(_ tree: HTMLNode) -> String {
    switch tree {
    case.text(let content):
        return content
    case.element(let name, let attributes, let children):
        let attributesString = attributes.map { "\($0.key)=\"\($0.value)\"" }.joined(separator: " ")
        let childrenString = children.map { generate($0) }.joined(separator: "")
        return "<\(name) \(attributesString)>\(childrenString)</\(name)>"
    }
}

// HTML generator from predefined elements tree.
// Output with standart HTML like this "<div><a href="swifteval"></a></div>"
func generate(_ tree: HTMLNode) -> String {
    switch tree {
    case.text(let content):
        return content
    case.element(let name, let attributes, let children):
        let attributesString = attributes.map { "\($0.key)=\"\($0.value)\"" }.joined(separator: " ")
        let childrenString = children.map { generate($0) }.joined(separator: "")
        return "<\(name) \(attributesString)>\(childrenString)</\(name)>"
    }
}

// HTML generator from predefined elements tree.
// Output with standart HTML like this "<div><a href="swifteval"></a></div>"
func generate(_ tree: HTMLNode) -> String {
    switch tree {
    case.text(let content):
        return content
    case.element(let name, let attributes, let children):
        let attributesString = attributes.map { "\($0.key)=\"\($0.value)\"" }.joined(separator: " ")
        let childrenString = children.map { generate($0) }.joined(separator: "")
        return "<\(name) \(attributesString)>\(childrenString)</\(name)>"
    }
}

// HTML generator from predefined elements tree.
// Output with standart HTML like this "<div><a href="swifteval"></a></div>"
func generate(_ tree:

indirect enum HTMLNode {
    case text(_ content: String)
    case element(_ name: String, attributes: [String : String] = [:], children: [Self] = [])
}

func generate(_ tree: HTMLNode) -> String {
    switch tree {
    case.text(let content):
        return content
    case.element(let name, let attributes, let children):
        let attributesString = attributes.map { key, value in
            "\(key)=\"\(value)\""
        }.joined(separator: " ")
        let childrenString = children.map { generate($0) }.joined(separator: "")
        return "<\(name) \(attributesString)>\(childrenString)</\(name)>"
    }
}

```swift
indirect enum HTMLNode {
    case text(_ content: String)
    case element(_ name: String, attributes: [String : String] = [:], children: [Self] = [])
}

// HTML generator from predefined elements tree.
// Output with standart HTML like this "<div><a href="swifteval"></a></div>"
func generate(_ tree: HTMLNode) -> String {
    switch tree {
    case.text(let content):
        return content
    case.element(let name, let attributes, let children):
        let attributesString = attributes.map { key, value in
            "\(key)=\"\(value)\""
        }.joined(separator: " ")
        let childrenString = children.map { generate($0) }.joined(separator: "")
        return "<\(name) \(attributesString)>\(childrenString)</\(name)>"
    }
}

// Example of usage
let tree: HTMLNode =.element("div", children: [
   .element("a", attributes: ["href": "swifteval"], children: [
       .text("SwiftEval")
    ])
])
print(generate(tree))
```

indirect enum HTMLNode {
    case text(_ content: String)
    case element(_ name: String, attributes: [String : String] = [:], children: [Self] = [])
}

func generate(_ tree: HTMLNode) -> String {
    switch tree {
    case let.text(content):
        return content
    case let.element(name, attributes, children):
        let attributes = attributes.map { "\($0.key)=\"\($0.value)\"" }.joined(separator: " ")
        let children = children.map { generate($0) }.joined(separator: "")
        return "<\(name) \(attributes)>\(children)</\(name)>"
    }
}

```swift
indirect enum HTMLNode {
    case text(_ content: String)
    case element(_ name: String, attributes: [String : String] = [:], children: [Self] = [])
}

// HTML generator from predefined elements tree.
// Output with standart HTML like this "<div><a href="swifteval"></a></div>"
func generate(_ tree: HTMLNode) -> String {
    switch tree {
    case let.text(content):
        return content
    case let.element(name, attributes, children):
        let attributes = attributes.map { "\($0.key)=\"\($0.value)\"" }.joined(separator: " ")
        let children = children.map { generate($0) }.joined(separator: "")
        return "<\(name) \(attributes)>\(children)</\(name)>"
    }
}

let tree = HTMLNode.element("div", children: [
   .element("a", attributes: ["href": "swifteval"], children: [
       .text("SwiftEval")
    ])
])

print(generate(tree))
```

indirect enum HTMLNode {
    case text(_ content: String)
    case element(_ name: String, attributes: [String : String] = [:], children: [Self] = [])
}

func generate(_ tree: HTMLNode) -> String {
    switch tree {
    case.text(let content):
        return content
    case.element(let name, let attributes, let children):
        let attributesString = attributes.map { "\($0.key)=\"\($0.value)\"" }.joined(separator: " ")
        let childrenString = children.map { generate($0) }.joined(separator: "")
        return "<\(name) \(attributesString)>\(childrenString)</\(name)>"
    }
}

```swift
indirect enum HTMLNode {
    case text(_ content: String)
    case element(_ name: String, attributes: [String : String] = [:], children: [Self] = [])
}

// HTML generator from predefined elements tree.
// Output with standart HTML like this "<div><a href="swifteval"></a></div>"
func generate(_ tree: HTMLNode) -> String {
    switch tree {
    case.text(let content):
        return content
    case.element(let name, let attributes, let children):
        let attributesString = attributes.map { "\($0.key)=\"\($0.value)\"" }.joined(separator: " ")
        let childrenString = children.map { generate($0) }.joined(separator: "")
        return "<\(name) \(attributesString)>\(childrenString)</\(name)>"
    }
}

// HTML generator from predefined elements tree.
// Output with standart HTML like this "<div><a href="swifteval"></a></div>"
func generate(_ tree: HTMLNode) -> String {
    switch tree {
    case.text(let content):
        return content
    case.element(let name, let attributes, let children):
        let attributesString = attributes.map { "\($0.key)=\"\($0.value)\"" }.joined(separator: " ")
        let childrenString = children.map { generate($0) }.joined(separator: "")
        return "<\(name) \(attributesString)>\(childrenString)</\(name)>"
    }
}

// HTML generator from predefined elements tree.
// Output with standart HTML like this "<div><a href="swifteval"></a></div>"
func generate(_ tree: HTMLNode) -> String {
    switch tree {
    case.text(let content):
        return content
    case.element(let name, let attributes, let children):
        let attributesString = attributes.map { "\($0.key)=\"\($0.value)\"" }.joined(separator: " ")
        let childrenString = children.map { generate($0) }.joined(separator: "")
        return "<\(name) \(attributesString)>\(childrenString)</\(name)>"
    }
}

// HTML generator from predefined elements tree.
// Output with standart HTML like this "<div><a href="swifteval"></a></div>"
func generate(_ tree: HTMLNode) -> String {
    switch tree {
    case.text(let content):
        return content
    case.element(let name, let attributes, let children):
        let attributesString = attributes.map { "\($0.key)=\"\($0.value)\"" }.joined(separator: " ")
        let childrenString = children.map { generate($0) }.joined(separator: "")
        return "<\(name) \(attributesString)>\(childrenString)</\(name)>"
    }
}

// HTML generator from predefined elements tree.
// Output with standart HTML like this "<div><a href="swifteval"></a></div>"
func generate(_ tree: HTMLNode) -> String {
    switch tree {
    case.text(let content):
        return content
    case.element(let name, let attributes, let children):
        let attributesString = attributes.map { "\($0.key)=\"\($0.value)\"" }.joined(separator: " ")
        let childrenString = children.map { generate($0) }.joined(separator: "")
        return "<\(name) \(attributesString)>\(childrenString)</\(name)>"
    }
}

// HTML generator from predefined elements tree.
// Output with standart HTML like this "<div><a href="swifteval"></a></div>"
func generate(_ tree: HTMLNode) -> String {
    switch tree {
    case.text(let content):
        return content
    case.element(let name, let attributes, let children):
        let attributesString = attributes.map { "\($0.key)=\"\($0.value)\"" }.joined(separator: " ")
        let childrenString = children.map { generate($0) }.joined(separator: "")
        return "<\(name) \(attributesString)>\(childrenString)</\(name)>"
    }
}

// HTML generator from predefined elements tree.
// Output with standart HTML like this "<div><a href="swifteval"></a></div>"
func generate(_ tree: HTMLNode) -> String {
    switch tree {
    case.text(let content):
        return content
    case.element(let name, let attributes, let children):
        let attributesString = attributes.map { "\($0.key)=\"\($0.value)\"" }.joined(separator: " ")
        let childrenString = children.map { generate($0) }.joined(separator: "")
        return "<\(name) \(attributesString)>\(childrenString)</\(name)>"
    }
}

// HTML generator from predefined elements tree.
// Output with standart HTML like this "<div><a href="swifteval"></a></div>"
func generate(_ tree:

indirect enum HTMLNode {
    case text(_ content: String)
    case element(_ name: String, attributes: [String : String] = [:], children: [Self] = [])
}

func generate(_ tree: HTMLNode) -> String {
    switch tree {
    case.text(let content):
        return content
    case.element(let name, let attributes, let children):
        let attributesString = attributes.map { "\($0.key)=\"\($0.value)\"" }.joined(separator: " ")
        let childrenString = children.map { generate($0) }.joined(separator: "\n")
        return "<\(name) \(attributesString)>\n\(childrenString)\n</\(name)>"
    }
}

```swift
indirect enum HTMLNode {
    case text(_ content: String)
    case element(_ name: String, attributes: [String : String] = [:], children: [Self] = [])
}

// HTML generator from predefined elements tree.
// Output with standart HTML like this "<div><a href="swifteval"></a></div>"
func generate(_ tree: HTMLNode) -> String {
    switch tree {
    case.text(let content):
        return content
    case.element(let name, let attributes, let children):
        let attributesString = attributes.map { "\($0.key)=\"\($0.value)\"" }.joined(separator: " ")
        let childrenString = children.map { generate($0) }.joined(separator: "\n")
        return "<\(name) \(attributesString)>\n\(childrenString)\n</\(name)>"
    }
}

let tree = HTMLNode.element("div", children: [
    HTMLNode.element("a", attributes: ["href": "swifteval"], children: [
        HTMLNode.text("SwiftEval")
    ])
])

print(generate(tree))
```

enum CalculateError: Error {
    case invalidInput
}

func calculate(_ string: String) throws -> Double {
    let tokens = try tokenize(string)
    let expression = try parse(tokens)
    return try evaluate(expression)
}

func tokenize(_ string: String) throws -> [Token] {
    var tokens: [Token] = []
    var index = string.startIndex
    while index < string.endIndex {
        let char = string[index]
        switch char {
        case "0"..."9":
            tokens.append(.number(Double(String(char))))
        case "+":
            tokens.append(.plus)
        case "-":
            tokens.append(.minus)
        case "*":
            tokens.append(.multiply)
        case "/":
            tokens.append(.divide)
        case "(":
            tokens.append(.leftBracket)
        case ")":
            tokens.append(.rightBracket)
        default:
            throw CalculateError.invalidInput
        }
        index = string.index(after: index)
    }
    return tokens
}

func parse(_ tokens: [Token]) throws -> Expression {
    var expression: Expression =.number(0)
    var index = tokens.startIndex
    while index < tokens.endIndex {
        let token = tokens[index]
        switch token {
        case.number(let value):
            expression =.number(value)
        case.plus:
            expression =.binaryOperation(expression,.plus)
        case.minus:
            expression =.binaryOperation(expression,.minus)
        case.multiply:
            expression =.binaryOperation(expression,.multiply)
        case.divide:
            expression =.binaryOperation(expression,.divide)
        case.leftBracket:
            expression =.binaryOperation(expression,.leftBracket)
        case.rightBracket:
            expression =.binaryOperation(expression,.rightBracket)
        }
        index = tokens.index(after: index)
    }
    return expression
}

func evaluate(_ expression: Expression) throws -> Double {
    switch expression {
    case.number(let value):
        return value
    case.binaryOperation(let left, let right):
        switch right {
        case.plus:
            return try evaluate(left) + try evaluate(right)
        case.minus:
            return try evaluate(left) - try evaluate(right)
        case.multiply:
            return try evaluate(left) * try evaluate(right)
        case.divide:
            return try evaluate(left) / try evaluate(right)
        case.leftBracket:
            return try evaluate(left)
        case.rightBracket:
            return try evaluate(left)
        }
    }
}

```swift
enum CalculateError: Error {
    case invalidInput
}

// Calculator which supports operations from readable string format.
// Valid tokens is "+-*/()", example input is "2+2*2".
func calculate(_ string: String) throws -> Double {
    let tokens = try tokenize(string)
    let expression = try parse(tokens)
    return try evaluate(expression)
}

// Tokenize string to array of tokens.
func tokenize(_ string: String) throws -> [Token] {
    var tokens: [Token] = []
    var index = string.startIndex
    while index < string.endIndex {
        let char = string[index]
        switch char {
        case "0"..."9":
            tokens.append(.number(Double(String(char))))
        case "+":
            tokens.append(.plus)
        case "-":
            tokens.append(.minus)
        case "*":
            tokens.append(.multiply)
        case "/":
            tokens.append(.divide)
        case "(":
            tokens.append(.leftBracket)
        case ")":
            tokens.append(.rightBracket)
        default:
            throw CalculateError.invalidInput
        }
        index = string.index(after: index)
    }
    return tokens
}

// Parse tokens to expression.
func parse(_ tokens: [Token]) throws -> Expression {
    var expression: Expression =.number(0)
    var index = tokens.startIndex
    while index < tokens.endIndex {
        let token = tokens[index]
        switch token {
        case.number(let value):
            expression =.number(value)
        case.plus:
            expression =.binaryOperation(expression,.plus)
        case.minus:
            expression =.binaryOperation(expression,.minus)
        case.multiply:
            expression =.binaryOperation(expression,.multiply)
        case.divide:
            expression =.binaryOperation(expression,.divide)
        case.leftBracket:
            expression =.binaryOperation(expression,.leftBracket)
        case.rightBracket:
            expression =.binaryOperation(expression,.rightBracket)
        }
        index = tokens.index(after: index)
    }
    return expression
}

// Evaluate expression.
func evaluate(_ expression: Expression) throws -> Double {
    switch expression {
    case.number(let value):
        return value
    case.binaryOperation(let left, let right):
        switch right {
        case.plus:
            return try evaluate(left) + try evaluate(right)
        case.minus:
            return try evaluate(left) - try evaluate(right)
        case.multiply:
            return try evaluate(left) * try evaluate(right)
        case.divide:
            return try evaluate(left) / try evaluate(right)
        case.leftBracket:
            return try evaluate(left)
        case.rightBracket:
            return try evaluate(left)
        }
    }
}
```

enum CalculateError: Error {
    case invalidInput
}

func calculate(_ string: String) throws -> Double {
    //...
}

```swift
enum CalculateError: Error {
    case invalidInput
}

// Calculator which supports operations from readable string format.
// Valid tokens is "+-*/()", example input is "2+2*2".
func calculate(_ string: String) throws -> Double {
    //...
}
```

enum CalculateError: Error {
    case invalidInput
}

func calculate(_ string: String) throws -> Double {
    let tokens = string.split(separator: " ").map(String.init)
    let stack = Stack<Double>()
    let operations: [String: (Double, Double) -> Double] = [
        "+": (+),
        "-": (-),
        "*": (*),
        "/": (/),
    ]

    for token in tokens {
        if let number = Double(token) {
            stack.push(number)
        } else if let operation = operations[token] {
            guard let right = stack.pop(), let left = stack.pop() else {
                throw CalculateError.invalidInput
            }
            stack.push(operation(left, right))
        } else {
            throw CalculateError.invalidInput
        }
    }

    guard let result = stack.pop() else {
        throw CalculateError.invalidInput
    }

    return result
}

```swift
enum CalculateError: Error {
    case invalidInput
}

// Calculator which supports operations from readable string format.
// Valid tokens is "+-*/()", example input is "2+2*2".
func calculate(_ string: String) throws -> Double {
    let tokens = string.split(separator: " ").map(String.init)
    let stack = Stack<Double>()
    let operations: [String: (Double, Double) -> Double] = [
        "+": (+),
        "-": (-),
        "*": (*),
        "/": (/),
    ]

    for token in tokens {
        if let number = Double(token) {
            stack.push(number)
        } else if let operation = operations[token] {
            guard let right = stack.pop(), let left = stack.pop() else {
                throw CalculateError.invalidInput
            }
            stack.push(operation(left, right))
        } else {
            throw CalculateError.invalidInput
        }
    }

    guard let result = stack.pop() else {
        throw CalculateError.invalidInput
    }

    return result
}
```

enum CalculateError: Error {
    case invalidInput
}

func calculate(_ string: String) throws -> Double {
    let tokens = try tokenize(string)
    let expression = try parse(tokens)
    return try evaluate(expression)
}

func tokenize(_ string: String) throws -> [Token] {
    var tokens: [Token] = []
    var index = string.startIndex
    while index < string.endIndex {
        let char = string[index]
        switch char {
        case " ":
            index = string.index(after: index)
        case "0"..."9":
            var number = ""
            while index < string.endIndex, let digit = Int(String(char)) {
                number.append(String(char))
                index = string.index(after: index)
                if index < string.endIndex, let nextDigit = Int(String(string[index])) {
                    number.append(String(string[index]))
                    index = string.index(after: index)
                } else {
                    break
                }
            }
            tokens.append(.number(Double(number)!))
        case "(", ")", "+", "-", "*", "/":
            tokens.append(.operation(char))
        default:
            throw CalculateError.invalidInput
        }
    }
    return tokens
}

func parse(_ tokens: [Token]) throws -> Expression {
    var stack: [Expression] = []
    for token in tokens {
        switch token {
        case.number(let value):
            stack.append(.number(value))
        case.operation(let op):
            switch op {
            case "+":
                stack.append(.binaryOperation(op:.add) { $0 + $1 })
            case "-":
                stack.append(.binaryOperation(op:.subtract) { $0 - $1 })
            case "*":
                stack.append(.binaryOperation(op:.multiply) { $0 * $1 })
            case "/":
                stack.append(.binaryOperation(op:.divide) { $0 / $1 })
            default:
                throw CalculateError.invalidInput
            }
        }
    }
    return try reduce(stack)
}

func reduce(_ expressions: [Expression]) throws -> Expression {
    var stack: [Expression] = []
    for expression in expressions {
        switch expression {
        case.number(let value):
            stack.append(.number(value))
        case.binaryOperation(let op, let function):
            if stack.count < 2 {
                throw CalculateError.invalidInput
            }
            let right = try reduce(stack.popLast()!)
            let left = try reduce(stack.popLast()!)
            stack.append(.binaryOperation(op: op, function: function, left: left, right: right))
        }
    }
    if stack.count!= 1 {
        throw CalculateError.invalidInput
    }
    return try reduce(stack.popLast()!)
}

func evaluate(_ expression: Expression) throws -> Double {
    switch expression {
    case.number(let value):
        return value
    case.binaryOperation(let op, let function, let left, let right):
        return try function(try evaluate(left), try evaluate(right))
    }
}

```swift
enum CalculateError: Error {
    case invalidInput
}

// Calculator which supports operations from readable string format.
// Valid tokens is "+-*/()", example input is "2+2*2".
func calculate(_ string: String) throws -> Double {
    let tokens = try tokenize(string)
    let expression = try parse(tokens)
    return try evaluate(expression)
}

// Tokenize string to array of tokens.
func tokenize(_ string: String) throws -> [Token] {
    var tokens: [Token] = []
    var index = string.startIndex
    while index < string.endIndex {
        let char = string[index]
        switch char {
        case " ":
            index = string.index(after: index)
        case "0"..."9":
            var number = ""
            while index < string.endIndex, let digit = Int(String(char)) {
                number.append(String(char))
                index = string.index(after: index)
                if index < string.endIndex, let nextDigit = Int(String(string[index])) {
                    number.append(String(string[index]))
                    index = string.index(after: index)
                } else {
                    break
                }
            }
            tokens.append(.number(Double(number)!))
        case "(", ")", "+", "-", "*", "/":
            tokens.append(.operation(char))
        default:
            throw CalculateError.invalidInput
        }
    }
    return tokens
}

// Parse array of tokens to expression tree.
func parse(_ tokens: [Token]) throws -> Expression {
    var stack: [Expression] = []
    for token in tokens {
        switch token {
        case.number(let value):
            stack.append(.number(value))
        case.operation(let op):
            switch op {
            case "+":
                stack.append(.binaryOperation(op:.add) { $0 + $1 })
            case "-":
                stack.append(.binaryOperation(op:.subtract) { $0 - $1 })
            case "*":
                stack.append(.binaryOperation(op:.multiply) { $0 * $1 })
            case "/":
                stack.append(.binaryOperation(op:.divide) { $0 / $1 })
            default:
                throw CalculateError.invalidInput
            }
        }
    }
    return try reduce(stack)
}

// Reduce array of expressions to single expression.
func reduce(_ expressions: [Expression]) throws -> Expression {
    var stack: [Expression] = []
    for expression in expressions {
        switch expression {
        case.number(let value):
            stack.append(.number(value))
        case.binaryOperation(let op, let function):
            if stack.count < 2 {
                throw CalculateError.invalidInput
            }
            let right = try reduce(stack.popLast()!)
            let left = try reduce(stack.popLast()!)
            stack.append(.binaryOperation(op: op, function: function, left: left, right: right))
        }
    }
    if stack.count!= 1 {
        throw CalculateError.invalidInput
    }
    return try reduce(stack.popLast()!)
}

// Evaluate expression.
func evaluate(_ expression: Expression) throws -> Double {
    switch expression {
    case.number(let value):
        return value
    case.binaryOperation(let op, let function, let left, let right):
        return try function(try evaluate(left), try evaluate(right))
    }
}
```

enum CalculateError: Error {
    case invalidInput
}

func calculate(_ string: String) throws -> Double {
    let tokens = string.components(separatedBy:.whitespacesAndNewlines)
    var stack: [Double] = []
    var operations: [String: (Double, Double) -> Double] = [
        "+": { $0 + $1 },
        "-": { $0 - $1 },
        "*": { $0 * $1 },
        "/": { $0 / $1 }
    ]

    for token in tokens {
        if let operation = operations[token] {
            guard let second = stack.popLast(), let first = stack.popLast() else {
                throw CalculateError.invalidInput
            }
            stack.append(operation(first, second))
        } else if let number = Double(token) {
            stack.append(number)
        } else {
            throw CalculateError.invalidInput
        }
    }

    guard stack.count == 1 else {
        throw CalculateError.invalidInput
    }

    return stack.first!
}

```swift
enum CalculateError: Error {
    case invalidInput
}

// Calculator which supports operations from readable string format.
// Valid tokens is "+-*/()", example input is "2+2*2".
func calculate(_ string: String) throws -> Double {
    let tokens = string.components(separatedBy:.whitespacesAndNewlines)
    var stack: [Double] = []
    var operations: [String: (Double, Double) -> Double] = [
        "+": { $0 + $1 },
        "-": { $0 - $1 },
        "*": { $0 * $1 },
        "/": { $0 / $1 }
    ]

    for token in tokens {
        if let operation = operations[token] {
            guard let second = stack.popLast(), let first = stack.popLast() else {
                throw CalculateError.invalidInput
            }
            stack.append(operation(first, second))
        } else if let number = Double(token) {
            stack.append(number)
        } else {
            throw CalculateError.invalidInput
        }
    }

    guard stack.count == 1 else {
        throw CalculateError.invalidInput
    }

    return stack.first!
}
```

enum CalculateError: Error {
    case invalidInput
}

func calculate(_ string: String) throws -> Double {
    let tokens = string.split(separator: " ").map { String($0) }
    var stack = [Double]()
    var operations = [String]()

    for token in tokens {
        if let value = Double(token) {
            stack.append(value)
        } else {
            switch token {
            case "+", "-", "*", "/":
                operations.append(token)
            case "(":
                stack.append(0)
            case ")":
                let operation = operations.removeLast()
                let right = stack.removeLast()
                let left = stack.removeLast()
                let result = calculate(left, right, operation)
                stack.append(result)
            default:
                throw CalculateError.invalidInput
            }
        }
    }

    return stack.first!
}

func calculate(_ left: Double, _ right: Double, _ operation: String) -> Double {
    switch operation {
    case "+":
        return left + right
    case "-":
        return left - right
    case "*":
        return left * right
    case "/":
        return left / right
    default:
        return 0
    }
}

```swift
enum CalculateError: Error {
    case invalidInput
}

// Calculator which supports operations from readable string format.
// Valid tokens is "+-*/()", example input is "2+2*2".
func calculate(_ string: String) throws -> Double {
    let tokens = string.split(separator: " ").map { String($0) }
    var stack = [Double]()
    var operations = [String]()

    for token in tokens {
        if let value = Double(token) {
            stack.append(value)
        } else {
            switch token {
            case "+", "-", "*", "/":
                operations.append(token)
            case "(":
                stack.append(0)
            case ")":
                let operation = operations.removeLast()
                let right = stack.removeLast()
                let left = stack.removeLast()
                let result = calculate(left, right, operation)
                stack.append(result)
            default:
                throw CalculateError.invalidInput
            }
        }
    }

    return stack.first!
}

func calculate(_ left: Double, _ right: Double, _ operation: String) -> Double {
    switch operation {
    case "+":
        return left + right
    case "-":
        return left - right
    case "*":
        return left * right
    case "/":
        return left / right
    default:
        return 0
    }
}
```

enum CalculateError: Error {
    case invalidInput
}

func calculate(_ string: String) throws -> Double {
    let tokens = string.components(separatedBy:.whitespaces)
    var stack: [Double] = []
    var operation: ((Double, Double) -> Double)?
    for token in tokens {
        switch token {
        case "+":
            operation = { $0 + $1 }
        case "-":
            operation = { $0 - $1 }
        case "*":
            operation = { $0 * $1 }
        case "/":
            operation = { $0 / $1 }
        case "(":
            stack.append(try calculate(stack.removeLast()))
        case ")":
            let result = try stack.removeLast()
            if let op = operation {
                stack.append(op(result, try calculate(stack.removeLast())))
                operation = nil
            } else {
                throw CalculateError.invalidInput
            }
        default:
            stack.append(Double(token)?? 0)
        }
    }
    return stack.removeLast()
}

```swift
enum CalculateError: Error {
    case invalidInput
}

// Calculator which supports operations from readable string format.
// Valid tokens is "+-*/()", example input is "2+2*2".
func calculate(_ string: String) throws -> Double {
    let tokens = string.components(separatedBy:.whitespaces)
    var stack: [Double] = []
    var operation: ((Double, Double) -> Double)?
    for token in tokens {
        switch token {
        case "+":
            operation = { $0 + $1 }
        case "-":
            operation = { $0 - $1 }
        case "*":
            operation = { $0 * $1 }
        case "/":
            operation = { $0 / $1 }
        case "(":
            stack.append(try calculate(stack.removeLast()))
        case ")":
            let result = try stack.removeLast()
            if let op = operation {
                stack.append(op(result, try calculate(stack.removeLast())))
                operation = nil
            } else {
                throw CalculateError.invalidInput
            }
        default:
            stack.append(Double(token)?? 0)
        }
    }
    return stack.removeLast()
}
```

enum CalculateError: Error {
    case invalidInput
}

func calculate(_ string: String) throws -> Double {
    //...
}

```swift
enum CalculateError: Error {
    case invalidInput
}

// Calculator which supports operations from readable string format.
// Valid tokens is "+-*/()", example input is "2+2*2".
func calculate(_ string: String) throws -> Double {
    //...
}
```

enum CalculateError: Error {
    case invalidInput
}

func calculate(_ string: String) throws -> Double {
    //...
}

```swift
enum CalculateError: Error {
    case invalidInput
}

// Calculator which supports operations from readable string format.
// Valid tokens is "+-*/()", example input is "2+2*2".
func calculate(_ string: String) throws -> Double {
    //...
}
```

enum CalculateError: Error {
    case invalidInput
}

func calculate(_ string: String) throws -> Double {
    let tokens = string.components(separatedBy:.whitespacesAndNewlines)
    var stack: [Double] = []
    var operations: [String: (Double, Double) -> Double] = [
        "+": (+),
        "-": (-),
        "*": (*),
        "/": (/),
    ]

    for token in tokens {
        if let operation = operations[token] {
            let b = stack.removeLast()
            let a = stack.removeLast()
            stack.append(operation(a, b))
        } else if let number = Double(token) {
            stack.append(number)
        } else {
            throw CalculateError.invalidInput
        }
    }

    return stack.removeLast()
}

```swift
enum CalculateError: Error {
    case invalidInput
}

// Calculator which supports operations from readable string format.
// Valid tokens is "+-*/()", example input is "2+2*2".
func calculate(_ string: String) throws -> Double {
    let tokens = string.components(separatedBy:.whitespacesAndNewlines)
    var stack: [Double] = []
    var operations: [String: (Double, Double) -> Double] = [
        "+": (+),
        "-": (-),
        "*": (*),
        "/": (/),
    ]

    for token in tokens {
        if let operation = operations[token] {
            let b = stack.removeLast()
            let a = stack.removeLast()
            stack.append(operation(a, b))
        } else if let number = Double(token) {
            stack.append(number)
        } else {
            throw CalculateError.invalidInput
        }
    }

    return stack.removeLast()
}

// Usage
do {
    let result = try calculate("2+2*2")
    print(result)
} catch {
    print(error)
}
```

func execute(binary: String, arguments: [String]) -> (String, String) {
    let task = Process()
    task.launchPath = binary
    task.arguments = arguments

    let pipe = Pipe()
    task.standardOutput = pipe
    let errorPipe = Pipe()
    task.standardError = errorPipe

    task.launch()
    task.waitUntilExit()

    let data = pipe.fileHandleForReading.readDataToEndOfFile()
    let output = String(data: data, encoding: String.Encoding.utf8)?? ""
    let errorData = errorPipe.fileHandleForReading.readDataToEndOfFile()
    let error = String(data: errorData, encoding: String.Encoding.utf8)?? ""

    return (output, error)
}

```swift
// Function to execute binary with arguments.
// Returns tuple where first element is stdout and second is stderr.
func execute(binary: String, arguments: [String]) -> (String, String) {
    let task = Process()
    task.launchPath = binary
    task.arguments = arguments

    let pipe = Pipe()
    task.standardOutput = pipe
    let errorPipe = Pipe()
    task.standardError = errorPipe

    task.launch()
    task.waitUntilExit()

    let data = pipe.fileHandleForReading.readDataToEndOfFile()
    let output = String(data: data, encoding: String.Encoding.utf8)?? ""
    let errorData = errorPipe.fileHandleForReading.readDataToEndOfFile()
    let error = String(data: errorData, encoding: String.Encoding.utf8)?? ""

    return (output, error)
}
```

func execute(binary: String, arguments: [String]) -> (String, String) {
    let task = Process()
    task.launchPath = binary
    task.arguments = arguments

    let pipe = Pipe()
    task.standardOutput = pipe
    task.standardError = pipe

    task.launch()
    task.waitUntilExit()

    let data = pipe.fileHandleForReading.readDataToEndOfFile()
    let output = String(data: data, encoding:.utf8)?? ""
    return (output, output)
}

```swift
// Function to execute binary with arguments.
// Returns tuple where first element is stdout and second is stderr.
func execute(binary: String, arguments: [String]) -> (String, String) {
    let task = Process()
    task.launchPath = binary
    task.arguments = arguments

    let pipe = Pipe()
    task.standardOutput = pipe
    task.standardError = pipe

    task.launch()
    task.waitUntilExit()

    let data = pipe.fileHandleForReading.readDataToEndOfFile()
    let output = String(data: data, encoding:.utf8)?? ""
    return (output, output)
}
```

func execute(binary: String, arguments: [String]) -> (String, String) {
    let task = Process()
    task.launchPath = binary
    task.arguments = arguments

    let pipe = Pipe()
    task.standardOutput = pipe

    let errorPipe = Pipe()
    task.standardError = errorPipe

    task.launch()

    let data = pipe.fileHandleForReading.readDataToEndOfFile()
    let output = String(data: data, encoding:.utf8)?? ""

    let errorData = errorPipe.fileHandleForReading.readDataToEndOfFile()
    let error = String(data: errorData, encoding:.utf8)?? ""

    return (output, error)
}

```swift
// Function to execute binary with arguments.
// Returns tuple where first element is stdout and second is stderr.
func execute(binary: String, arguments: [String]) -> (String, String) {
    let task = Process()
    task.launchPath = binary
    task.arguments = arguments

    let pipe = Pipe()
    task.standardOutput = pipe

    let errorPipe = Pipe()
    task.standardError = errorPipe

    task.launch()

    let data = pipe.fileHandleForReading.readDataToEndOfFile()
    let output = String(data: data, encoding:.utf8)?? ""

    let errorData = errorPipe.fileHandleForReading.readDataToEndOfFile()
    let error = String(data: errorData, encoding:.utf8)?? ""

    return (output, error)
}
```

func execute(binary: String, arguments: [String]) -> (String, String) {
    let task = Process()
    task.launchPath = binary
    task.arguments = arguments

    let pipe = Pipe()
    task.standardOutput = pipe
    task.standardError = pipe

    task.launch()
    task.waitUntilExit()

    let data = pipe.fileHandleForReading.readDataToEndOfFile()
    let output = String(data: data, encoding: String.Encoding.utf8)?? ""
    return (output, output)
}

```swift
// Function to execute binary with arguments.
// Returns tuple where first element is stdout and second is stderr.
func execute(binary: String, arguments: [String]) -> (String, String) {
    let task = Process()
    task.launchPath = binary
    task.arguments = arguments

    let pipe = Pipe()
    task.standardOutput = pipe
    task.standardError = pipe

    task.launch()
    task.waitUntilExit()

    let data = pipe.fileHandleForReading.readDataToEndOfFile()
    let output = String(data: data, encoding: String.Encoding.utf8)?? ""
    return (output, output)
}
```

func execute(binary: String, arguments: [String]) -> (String, String) {
    let task = Process()
    task.launchPath = binary
    task.arguments = arguments

    let pipe = Pipe()
    task.standardOutput = pipe

    let errorPipe = Pipe()
    task.standardError = errorPipe

    task.launch()
    task.waitUntilExit()

    let data = pipe.fileHandleForReading.readDataToEndOfFile()
    let output = String(data: data, encoding: String.Encoding.utf8)

    let errorData = errorPipe.fileHandleForReading.readDataToEndOfFile()
    let error = String(data: errorData, encoding: String.Encoding.utf8)

    return (output?? "", error?? "")
}

func execute(binary: String, arguments: [String], environment: [String: String]) -> (String, String) {
    let task = Process()
    task.launchPath = binary
    task.arguments = arguments
    task.environment = environment

    let pipe = Pipe()
    task.standardOutput = pipe

    let errorPipe = Pipe()
    task.standardError = errorPipe

    task.launch()
    task.waitUntilExit()

    let data = pipe.fileHandleForReading.readDataToEndOfFile()
    let output = String(data: data, encoding: String.Encoding.utf8)

    let errorData = errorPipe.fileHandleForReading.readDataToEndOfFile()
    let error = String(data: errorData, encoding: String.Encoding.utf8)

    return (output?? "", error?? "")
}

```swift
// Function to execute binary with arguments.
// Returns tuple where first element is stdout and second is stderr.
func execute(binary: String, arguments: [String]) -> (String, String) {
    let task = Process()
    task.launchPath = binary
    task.arguments = arguments

    let pipe = Pipe()
    task.standardOutput = pipe

    let errorPipe = Pipe()
    task.standardError = errorPipe

    task.launch()
    task.waitUntilExit()

    let data = pipe.fileHandleForReading.readDataToEndOfFile()
    let output = String(data: data, encoding: String.Encoding.utf8)

    let errorData = errorPipe.fileHandleForReading.readDataToEndOfFile()
    let error = String(data: errorData, encoding: String.Encoding.utf8)

    return (output?? "", error?? "")
}

// Function to execute binary with arguments.
// Returns tuple where first element is stdout and second is stderr.
func execute(binary: String, arguments: [String], environment: [String: String]) -> (String, String) {
    let task = Process()
    task.launchPath = binary
    task.arguments = arguments
    task.environment = environment

    let pipe = Pipe()
    task.standardOutput = pipe

    let errorPipe = Pipe()
    task.standardError = errorPipe

    task.launch()
    task.waitUntilExit()

    let data = pipe.fileHandleForReading.readDataToEndOfFile()
    let output = String(data: data, encoding: String.Encoding.utf8)

    let errorData = errorPipe.fileHandleForReading.readDataToEndOfFile()
    let error = String(data: errorData, encoding: String.Encoding.utf8)

    return (output?? "", error?? "")
}
```

func execute(binary: String, arguments: [String]) -> (String, String) {
    let task = Process()
    task.launchPath = binary
    task.arguments = arguments

    let pipe = Pipe()
    task.standardOutput = pipe
    task.standardError = pipe

    task.launch()
    task.waitUntilExit()

    let data = pipe.fileHandleForReading.readDataToEndOfFile()
    let output = String(data: data, encoding:.utf8)?? ""
    return (output, output)
}

```swift
// Function to execute binary with arguments.
// Returns tuple where first element is stdout and second is stderr.
func execute(binary: String, arguments: [String]) -> (String, String) {
    let task = Process()
    task.launchPath = binary
    task.arguments = arguments

    let pipe = Pipe()
    task.standardOutput = pipe
    task.standardError = pipe

    task.launch()
    task.waitUntilExit()

    let data = pipe.fileHandleForReading.readDataToEndOfFile()
    let output = String(data: data, encoding:.utf8)?? ""
    return (output, output)
}

// Function to execute binary with arguments and return output.
// Returns tuple where first element is stdout and second is stderr.
func execute(binary: String, arguments: [String]) -> (String, String) {
    let task = Process()
    task.launchPath = binary
    task.arguments = arguments

    let pipe = Pipe()
    task.standardOutput = pipe
    task.standardError = pipe

    task.launch()
    task.waitUntilExit()

    let data = pipe.fileHandleForReading.readDataToEndOfFile()
    let output = String(data: data, encoding:.utf8)?? ""
    return (output, output)
}

// Function to execute binary with arguments and return output.
// Returns tuple where first element is stdout and second is stderr.
func execute(binary: String, arguments: [String]) -> (String, String) {
    let task = Process()
    task.launchPath = binary
    task.arguments = arguments

    let pipe = Pipe()
    task.standardOutput = pipe
    task.standardError = pipe

    task.launch()
    task.waitUntilExit()

    let data = pipe.fileHandleForReading.readDataToEndOfFile()
    let output = String(data: data, encoding:.utf8)?? ""
    return (output, output)
}

// Function to execute binary with arguments and return output.
// Returns tuple where first element is stdout and second is stderr.
func execute(binary: String, arguments: [String]) -> (String, String) {
    let task = Process()
    task.launchPath = binary
    task.arguments = arguments

    let pipe = Pipe()
    task.standardOutput = pipe
    task.standardError = pipe

    task.launch()
    task.waitUntilExit()

    let data = pipe.fileHandleForReading.readDataToEndOfFile()
    let output = String(data: data, encoding:.utf8)?? ""
    return (output, output)
}

// Function to execute binary with arguments and return output.
// Returns tuple where first element is stdout and second is stderr.
func execute(binary: String, arguments: [String]) -> (String, String) {
    let task = Process()
    task.launchPath = binary
    task.arguments = arguments

    let pipe = Pipe()
    task.standardOutput = pipe
    task.standardError = pipe

    task.launch()
    task.waitUntilExit()

    let data = pipe.fileHandleForReading.readDataToEndOfFile()
    let output = String(data: data, encoding:.utf8)?? ""
    return (output, output)
}

// Function to execute binary with arguments and return output.
// Returns tuple where first element is stdout and second is stderr.
func execute(binary: String, arguments: [String]) -> (String, String) {
    let task = Process()
    task.launchPath = binary
    task.arguments = arguments

    let pipe = Pipe()
    task.standardOutput = pipe
    task.standardError = pipe

    task.launch()
    task.waitUntilExit()

    let data = pipe.fileHandleForReading.readDataToEndOfFile()
    let output = String(data: data, encoding:.utf8)?? ""
    return (output, output)
}

// Function to execute binary with arguments and return output.
// Returns tuple where first element is stdout and second is stderr.
func execute(binary: String, arguments: [String]) -> (String, String) {
    let task = Process()
    task.launchPath = binary
    task.arguments = arguments

    let pipe = Pipe()
    task.standardOutput = pipe
    task.standardError = pipe

    task.launch()
    task.waitUntilExit()

    let data = pipe.fileHandleForReading.readDataToEndOfFile()
    let output = String(data: data, encoding:.utf8)?? ""
    return (output, output)
}

// Function to execute binary with arguments and return output.
// Returns tuple where first element is stdout and second is stderr.
func execute(binary: String, arguments: [String]) -> (String, String) {
    let task = Process()
    task.launchPath = binary
    task.arguments = arguments

    let pipe = Pipe()
    task.standardOutput = pipe
    task.standard

func execute(binary: String, arguments: [String]) -> (String, String) {
    let task = Process()
    task.launchPath = binary
    task.arguments = arguments
    
    let pipe = Pipe()
    task.standardOutput = pipe
    let errorPipe = Pipe()
    task.standardError = errorPipe
    
    task.launch()
    task.waitUntilExit()
    
    let data = pipe.fileHandleForReading.readDataToEndOfFile()
    let output = String(data: data, encoding:.utf8)?? ""
    let errorData = errorPipe.fileHandleForReading.readDataToEndOfFile()
    let error = String(data: errorData, encoding:.utf8)?? ""
    
    return (output, error)
}

func execute(binary: String, arguments: [String]) -> String {
    let (output, _) = execute(binary: binary, arguments: arguments)
    return output
}

func execute(binary: String, arguments: [String]) -> String {
    let (_, error) = execute(binary: binary, arguments: arguments)
    return error
}

func execute(binary: String, arguments: [String]) -> Int32 {
    let (_, _) = execute(binary: binary, arguments: arguments)
    return task.terminationStatus
}

```swift
// Function to execute binary with arguments.
// Returns tuple where first element is stdout and second is stderr.
func execute(binary: String, arguments: [String]) -> (String, String) {
    let task = Process()
    task.launchPath = binary
    task.arguments = arguments
    
    let pipe = Pipe()
    task.standardOutput = pipe
    let errorPipe = Pipe()
    task.standardError = errorPipe
    
    task.launch()
    task.waitUntilExit()
    
    let data = pipe.fileHandleForReading.readDataToEndOfFile()
    let output = String(data: data, encoding:.utf8)?? ""
    let errorData = errorPipe.fileHandleForReading.readDataToEndOfFile()
    let error = String(data: errorData, encoding:.utf8)?? ""
    
    return (output, error)
}

// Function to execute binary with arguments and return stdout.
func execute(binary: String, arguments: [String]) -> String {
    let (output, _) = execute(binary: binary, arguments: arguments)
    return output
}

// Function to execute binary with arguments and return stderr.
func execute(binary: String, arguments: [String]) -> String {
    let (_, error) = execute(binary: binary, arguments: arguments)
    return error
}

// Function to execute binary with arguments and return exit code.
func execute(binary: String, arguments: [String]) -> Int32 {
    let (_, _) = execute(binary: binary, arguments: arguments)
    return task.terminationStatus
}
```

func execute(binary: String, arguments: [String]) -> (String, String) {
    let task = Process()
    task.launchPath = binary
    task.arguments = arguments

    let pipe = Pipe()
    task.standardOutput = pipe

    let errorPipe = Pipe()
    task.standardError = errorPipe

    task.launch()
    task.waitUntilExit()

    let data = pipe.fileHandleForReading.readDataToEndOfFile()
    let output = String(data: data, encoding:.utf8)?? ""

    let errorData = errorPipe.fileHandleForReading.readDataToEndOfFile()
    let error = String(data: errorData, encoding:.utf8)?? ""

    return (output, error)
}

```swift
// Function to execute binary with arguments.
// Returns tuple where first element is stdout and second is stderr.
func execute(binary: String, arguments: [String]) -> (String, String) {
    let task = Process()
    task.launchPath = binary
    task.arguments = arguments

    let pipe = Pipe()
    task.standardOutput = pipe

    let errorPipe = Pipe()
    task.standardError = errorPipe

    task.launch()
    task.waitUntilExit()

    let data = pipe.fileHandleForReading.readDataToEndOfFile()
    let output = String(data: data, encoding:.utf8)?? ""

    let errorData = errorPipe.fileHandleForReading.readDataToEndOfFile()
    let error = String(data: errorData, encoding:.utf8)?? ""

    return (output, error)
}
```

func execute(binary: String, arguments: [String]) -> (String, String) {
    let task = Process()
    task.launchPath = binary
    task.arguments = arguments
    let pipe = Pipe()
    task.standardOutput = pipe
    let errorPipe = Pipe()
    task.standardError = errorPipe
    task.launch()
    let data = pipe.fileHandleForReading.readDataToEndOfFile()
    let errorData = errorPipe.fileHandleForReading.readDataToEndOfFile()
    let output = String(data: data, encoding: String.Encoding.utf8)
    let error = String(data: errorData, encoding: String.Encoding.utf8)
    return (output!, error!)
}

```swift
// Function to execute binary with arguments.
// Returns tuple where first element is stdout and second is stderr.
func execute(binary: String, arguments: [String]) -> (String, String) {
    let task = Process()
    task.launchPath = binary
    task.arguments = arguments
    let pipe = Pipe()
    task.standardOutput = pipe
    let errorPipe = Pipe()
    task.standardError = errorPipe
    task.launch()
    let data = pipe.fileHandleForReading.readDataToEndOfFile()
    let errorData = errorPipe.fileHandleForReading.readDataToEndOfFile()
    let output = String(data: data, encoding: String.Encoding.utf8)
    let error = String(data: errorData, encoding: String.Encoding.utf8)
    return (output!, error!)
}
```

func execute(binary: String, arguments: [String]) -> (String, String) {
    let task = Process()
    task.launchPath = binary
    task.arguments = arguments

    let pipe = Pipe()
    task.standardOutput = pipe
    task.standardError = pipe

    task.launch()
    task.waitUntilExit()

    let data = pipe.fileHandleForReading.readDataToEndOfFile()
    let output = String(data: data, encoding: String.Encoding.utf8)

    return (output!, "")
}

```swift
// Function to execute binary with arguments.
// Returns tuple where first element is stdout and second is stderr.
func execute(binary: String, arguments: [String]) -> (String, String) {
    let task = Process()
    task.launchPath = binary
    task.arguments = arguments

    let pipe = Pipe()
    task.standardOutput = pipe
    task.standardError = pipe

    task.launch()
    task.waitUntilExit()

    let data = pipe.fileHandleForReading.readDataToEndOfFile()
    let output = String(data: data, encoding: String.Encoding.utf8)

    return (output!, "")
}
```

func memoize<T: Hashable, U>(_ function: @escaping (T) -> U) -> (T) -> U {
    var cache = [T: U]()
    return { x in
        if let result = cache[x] {
            return result
        } else {
            let result = function(x)
            cache[x] = result
            return result
        }
    }
}

```swift
// Memoization function that caches the results of expensive computations.
func memoize<T: Hashable, U>(_ function: @escaping (T) -> U) -> (T) -> U {
    var cache = [T: U]()
    return { x in
        if let result = cache[x] {
            return result
        } else {
            let result = function(x)
            cache[x] = result
            return result
        }
    }
}

// Memoized factorial function.
let factorial = memoize { n in
    guard n > 1 else { return 1 }
    return n * factorial(n - 1)
}

// Prints "120".
print(factorial(5))
// Prints "720".
print(factorial(6))
```

func memoize<T: Hashable, U>(_ function: @escaping (T) -> U) -> (T) -> U {
    var cache = [T: U]()
    return { (argument: T) -> U in
        if let result = cache[argument] {
            return result
        } else {
            let result = function(argument)
            cache[argument] = result
            return result
        }
    }
}

func fibonacci(_ n: Int) -> Int {
    if n < 2 {
        return n
    } else {
        return fibonacci(n - 1) + fibonacci(n - 2)
    }
}

```swift
// Memoization function that caches the results of expensive computations.
func memoize<T: Hashable, U>(_ function: @escaping (T) -> U) -> (T) -> U {
    var cache = [T: U]()
    return { (argument: T) -> U in
        if let result = cache[argument] {
            return result
        } else {
            let result = function(argument)
            cache[argument] = result
            return result
        }
    }
}

// A function that computes the nth fibonacci number.
func fibonacci(_ n: Int) -> Int {
    if n < 2 {
        return n
    } else {
        return fibonacci(n - 1) + fibonacci(n - 2)
    }
}

// A memoized version of the fibonacci function.
let memoizedFibonacci = memoize(fibonacci)

// Call the memoized version of the fibonacci function.
memoizedFibonacci(10)
// Prints "55"
```

func memoize<T: Hashable, U>(_ function: @escaping (T) -> U) -> (T) -> U {
    var cache = [T: U]()
    return { x in
        if let result = cache[x] {
            return result
        }
        let result = function(x)
        cache[x] = result
        return result
    }
}

```swift
// Memoization function that caches the results of expensive computations.
func memoize<T: Hashable, U>(_ function: @escaping (T) -> U) -> (T) -> U {
    var cache = [T: U]()
    return { x in
        if let result = cache[x] {
            return result
        }
        let result = function(x)
        cache[x] = result
        return result
    }
}
```

func memoize<T: Hashable, U>(_ function: @escaping (T) -> U) -> (T) -> U {
    var cache = [T: U]()
    return { argument in
        if let cachedResult = cache[argument] {
            return cachedResult
        }
        let result = function(argument)
        cache[argument] = result
        return result
    }
}

func fibonacci(_ n: Int) -> Int {
    if n < 2 {
        return n
    }
    return fibonacci(n - 1) + fibonacci(n - 2)
}

```swift
// Memoization function that caches the results of expensive computations.
func memoize<T: Hashable, U>(_ function: @escaping (T) -> U) -> (T) -> U {
    var cache = [T: U]()
    return { argument in
        if let cachedResult = cache[argument] {
            return cachedResult
        }
        let result = function(argument)
        cache[argument] = result
        return result
    }
}

// A function that computes the nth Fibonacci number.
func fibonacci(_ n: Int) -> Int {
    if n < 2 {
        return n
    }
    return fibonacci(n - 1) + fibonacci(n - 2)
}

// A memoized version of the fibonacci function.
let memoizedFibonacci = memoize(fibonacci)

// Call the memoized function.
memoizedFibonacci(10)
// Prints "55"
```

func memoize<T: Hashable, U>(_ function: @escaping (T) -> U) -> (T) -> U {
    var cache = [T: U]()
    return { x in
        if let cached = cache[x] {
            return cached
        } else {
            let result = function(x)
            cache[x] = result
            return result
        }
    }
}

```swift
// Memoization function that caches the results of expensive computations.
func memoize<T: Hashable, U>(_ function: @escaping (T) -> U) -> (T) -> U {
    var cache = [T: U]()
    return { x in
        if let cached = cache[x] {
            return cached
        } else {
            let result = function(x)
            cache[x] = result
            return result
        }
    }
}

// Example usage.
let fibonacci = memoize { n in
    guard n > 1 else { return n }
    return fibonacci(n - 1) + fibonacci(n - 2)
}

print(fibonacci(10)) // Prints "55".
print(fibonacci(10)) // Prints "55".
```

func memoize<T: Hashable, U>(_ function: @escaping (T) -> U) -> (T) -> U {
    var cache = [T: U]()
    return {
        if let cached = cache[$0] {
            return cached
        }
        let result = function($0)
        cache[$0] = result
        return result
    }
}

```swift
// Memoization function that caches the results of expensive computations.
func memoize<T: Hashable, U>(_ function: @escaping (T) -> U) -> (T) -> U {
    var cache = [T: U]()
    return {
        if let cached = cache[$0] {
            return cached
        }
        let result = function($0)
        cache[$0] = result
        return result
    }
}
```

func memoize<T: Hashable, U>(_ function: @escaping (T) -> U) -> (T) -> U {
    var cache = [T: U]()
    return { x in
        if let cached = cache[x] {
            return cached
        } else {
            let result = function(x)
            cache[x] = result
            return result
        }
    }
}

```swift
// Memoization function that caches the results of expensive computations.
func memoize<T: Hashable, U>(_ function: @escaping (T) -> U) -> (T) -> U {
    var cache = [T: U]()
    return { x in
        if let cached = cache[x] {
            return cached
        } else {
            let result = function(x)
            cache[x] = result
            return result
        }
    }
}
```

func memoize<T: Hashable, U>(_ function: @escaping (T) -> U) -> (T) -> U {
    var cache = [T: U]()
    return { x in
        if let result = cache[x] {
            return result
        }
        let result = function(x)
        cache[x] = result
        return result
    }
}

```swift
// Memoization function that caches the results of expensive computations.
func memoize<T: Hashable, U>(_ function: @escaping (T) -> U) -> (T) -> U {
    var cache = [T: U]()
    return { x in
        if let result = cache[x] {
            return result
        }
        let result = function(x)
        cache[x] = result
        return result
    }
}

// Memoization function that caches the results of expensive computations.
func memoize<T: Hashable, U>(_ function: @escaping (T) -> U) -> (T) -> U {
    var cache = [T: U]()
    return { x in
        if let result = cache[x] {
            return result
        }
        let result = function(x)
        cache[x] = result
        return result
    }
}
```

func memoize<T: Hashable, U>(_ function: @escaping (T) -> U) -> (T) -> U {
    var cache: [T: U] = [:]
    return { x in
        if let y = cache[x] {
            return y
        } else {
            let y = function(x)
            cache[x] = y
            return y
        }
    }
}

```swift
// Memoization function that caches the results of expensive computations.
func memoize<T: Hashable, U>(_ function: @escaping (T) -> U) -> (T) -> U {
    var cache: [T: U] = [:]
    return { x in
        if let y = cache[x] {
            return y
        } else {
            let y = function(x)
            cache[x] = y
            return y
        }
    }
}

// Memoized version of fibonacci.
let fibonacci = memoize { n in
    guard n > 1 else { return n }
    return fibonacci(n - 1) + fibonacci(n - 2)
}

// Test it.
print(fibonacci(10))
print(fibonacci(10))
print(fibonacci(10))
print(fibonacci(10))
```

func memoize<T: Hashable, U>(_ function: @escaping (T) -> U) -> (T) -> U {
    var cache = [T: U]()
    return { argument in
        if let cachedResult = cache[argument] {
            return cachedResult
        }
        let result = function(argument)
        cache[argument] = result
        return result
    }
}

```swift
// Memoization function that caches the results of expensive computations.
func memoize<T: Hashable, U>(_ function: @escaping (T) -> U) -> (T) -> U {
    var cache = [T: U]()
    return { argument in
        if let cachedResult = cache[argument] {
            return cachedResult
        }
        let result = function(argument)
        cache[argument] = result
        return result
    }
}
```

func retry<T>(attempts: Int, task: @escaping () throws -> T) throws -> T {
    var attempt = 1
    while true {
        do {
            return try task()
        } catch {
            if attempt < attempts {
                attempt += 1
                continue
            } else {
                throw error
            }
        }
    }
}

```swift
// Retry mechanism that retries a task a specified number of times before failing.
func retry<T>(attempts: Int, task: @escaping () throws -> T) throws -> T {
    var attempt = 1
    while true {
        do {
            return try task()
        } catch {
            if attempt < attempts {
                attempt += 1
                continue
            } else {
                throw error
            }
        }
    }
}
```

func retry<T>(attempts: Int, task: @escaping () throws -> T) throws -> T {
    var attempt = 1
    while true {
        do {
            return try task()
        } catch {
            if attempt >= attempts {
                throw error
            }
            attempt += 1
        }
    }
}

```swift
// Retry mechanism that retries a task a specified number of times before failing.
func retry<T>(attempts: Int, task: @escaping () throws -> T) throws -> T {
    var attempt = 1
    while true {
        do {
            return try task()
        } catch {
            if attempt >= attempts {
                throw error
            }
            attempt += 1
        }
    }
}
```

func retry<T>(attempts: Int, task: @escaping () throws -> T) throws -> T {
    var attempt = 1
    while true {
        do {
            return try task()
        } catch {
            if attempt >= attempts {
                throw error
            }
            attempt += 1
        }
    }
}

```swift
// Retry mechanism that retries a task a specified number of times before failing.
func retry<T>(attempts: Int, task: @escaping () throws -> T) throws -> T {
    var attempt = 1
    while true {
        do {
            return try task()
        } catch {
            if attempt >= attempts {
                throw error
            }
            attempt += 1
        }
    }
}
```

func retry<T>(attempts: Int, task: @escaping () throws -> T) throws -> T {
    var attempt = 1
    while true {
        do {
            return try task()
        } catch {
            if attempt >= attempts {
                throw error
            }
            attempt += 1
        }
    }
}

```swift
// Retry mechanism that retries a task a specified number of times before failing.
func retry<T>(attempts: Int, task: @escaping () throws -> T) throws -> T {
    var attempt = 1
    while true {
        do {
            return try task()
        } catch {
            if attempt >= attempts {
                throw error
            }
            attempt += 1
        }
    }
}
```

func retry<T>(attempts: Int, task: @escaping () throws -> T) throws -> T {
    var attempt = 1
    while true {
        do {
            return try task()
        } catch {
            if attempt >= attempts {
                throw error
            }
            attempt += 1
        }
    }
}

```swift
// Retry mechanism that retries a task a specified number of times before failing.
func retry<T>(attempts: Int, task: @escaping () throws -> T) throws -> T {
    var attempt = 1
    while true {
        do {
            return try task()
        } catch {
            if attempt >= attempts {
                throw error
            }
            attempt += 1
        }
    }
}
```

func retry<T>(attempts: Int, task: @escaping () throws -> T) throws -> T {
    var attempt = 1
    while true {
        do {
            return try task()
        } catch {
            if attempt >= attempts {
                throw error
            }
        }
        attempt += 1
    }
}

```swift
// Retry mechanism that retries a task a specified number of times before failing.
func retry<T>(attempts: Int, task: @escaping () throws -> T) throws -> T {
    var attempt = 1
    while true {
        do {
            return try task()
        } catch {
            if attempt >= attempts {
                throw error
            }
        }
        attempt += 1
    }
}
```

func retry<T>(attempts: Int, task: @escaping () throws -> T) throws -> T {
    var result: T?
    var error: Error?
    for _ in 0..<attempts {
        do {
            result = try task()
            break
        } catch {
            error = error
        }
    }
    if let result = result {
        return result
    } else {
        throw error!
    }
}

```swift
// Retry mechanism that retries a task a specified number of times before failing.
func retry<T>(attempts: Int, task: @escaping () throws -> T) throws -> T {
    var result: T?
    var error: Error?
    for _ in 0..<attempts {
        do {
            result = try task()
            break
        } catch {
            error = error
        }
    }
    if let result = result {
        return result
    } else {
        throw error!
    }
}
```

func retry<T>(attempts: Int, task: @escaping () throws -> T) throws -> T {
    var attempt = 1
    while true {
        do {
            return try task()
        } catch {
            if attempt >= attempts {
                throw error
            }
            attempt += 1
        }
    }
}

```swift
// Retry mechanism that retries a task a specified number of times before failing.
func retry<T>(attempts: Int, task: @escaping () throws -> T) throws -> T {
    var attempt = 1
    while true {
        do {
            return try task()
        } catch {
            if attempt >= attempts {
                throw error
            }
            attempt += 1
        }
    }
}
```

func retry<T>(attempts: Int, task: @escaping () throws -> T) throws -> T {
    var attempt = 0
    while true {
        do {
            return try task()
        } catch {
            attempt += 1
            if attempt >= attempts {
                throw error
            }
        }
    }
}

```swift
// Retry mechanism that retries a task a specified number of times before failing.
func retry<T>(attempts: Int, task: @escaping () throws -> T) throws -> T {
    var attempt = 0
    while true {
        do {
            return try task()
        } catch {
            attempt += 1
            if attempt >= attempts {
                throw error
            }
        }
    }
}
```

func retry<T>(attempts: Int, task: @escaping () throws -> T) throws -> T {
    var attempt = 1
    while true {
        do {
            return try task()
        } catch {
            if attempt >= attempts {
                throw error
            }
            attempt += 1
        }
    }
}

```swift
// Retry mechanism that retries a task a specified number of times before failing.
func retry<T>(attempts: Int, task: @escaping () throws -> T) throws -> T {
    var attempt = 1
    while true {
        do {
            return try task()
        } catch {
            if attempt >= attempts {
                throw error
            }
            attempt += 1
        }
    }
}
```

protocol DIContainerProtocol {
    func register<T>(_ type: T.Type, factory: @escaping () -> T)
    func resolve<T>(_ type: T.Type) -> T?
}

class DIContainer: DIContainerProtocol {
    private var factories: [AnyHashable: () -> Any] = [:]

    func register<T>(_ type: T.Type, factory: @escaping () -> T) {
        factories[type] = factory
    }

    func resolve<T>(_ type: T.Type) -> T? {
        guard let factory = factories[type] else {
            return nil
        }

        return factory() as? T
    }
}

```swift
protocol DIContainerProtocol {
    func register<T>(_ type: T.Type, factory: @escaping () -> T)
    func resolve<T>(_ type: T.Type) -> T?
}

// Simple dependency injection (DI) container.
class DIContainer: DIContainerProtocol {
    private var factories: [AnyHashable: () -> Any] = [:]

    func register<T>(_ type: T.Type, factory: @escaping () -> T) {
        factories[type] = factory
    }

    func resolve<T>(_ type: T.Type) -> T? {
        guard let factory = factories[type] else {
            return nil
        }

        return factory() as? T
    }
}
```

protocol DIContainerProtocol {
    func register<T>(_ type: T.Type, factory: @escaping () -> T)
    func resolve<T>(_ type: T.Type) -> T?
}

class DIContainer: DIContainerProtocol {
    private var factories: [String: () -> Any] = [:]

    func register<T>(_ type: T.Type, factory: @escaping () -> T) {
        let key = String(describing: type)
        factories[key] = factory
    }

    func resolve<T>(_ type: T.Type) -> T? {
        let key = String(describing: type)
        guard let factory = factories[key] else { return nil }
        return factory() as? T
    }
}

```swift
protocol DIContainerProtocol {
    func register<T>(_ type: T.Type, factory: @escaping () -> T)
    func resolve<T>(_ type: T.Type) -> T?
}

// Simple dependency injection (DI) container.
class DIContainer: DIContainerProtocol {
    private var factories: [String: () -> Any] = [:]

    func register<T>(_ type: T.Type, factory: @escaping () -> T) {
        let key = String(describing: type)
        factories[key] = factory
    }

    func resolve<T>(_ type: T.Type) -> T? {
        let key = String(describing: type)
        guard let factory = factories[key] else { return nil }
        return factory() as? T
    }
}
```

protocol DIContainerProtocol {
    func register<T>(_ type: T.Type, factory: @escaping () -> T)
    func resolve<T>(_ type: T.Type) -> T?
}

class DIContainer: DIContainerProtocol {
    private var factories: [String: () -> Any] = [:]

    func register<T>(_ type: T.Type, factory: @escaping () -> T) {
        let key = String(describing: type)
        factories[key] = factory
    }

    func resolve<T>(_ type: T.Type) -> T? {
        let key = String(describing: type)
        return factories[key]?() as? T
    }
}

```swift
protocol DIContainerProtocol {
    func register<T>(_ type: T.Type, factory: @escaping () -> T)
    func resolve<T>(_ type: T.Type) -> T?
}

// Simple dependency injection (DI) container.
class DIContainer: DIContainerProtocol {
    private var factories: [String: () -> Any] = [:]

    func register<T>(_ type: T.Type, factory: @escaping () -> T) {
        let key = String(describing: type)
        factories[key] = factory
    }

    func resolve<T>(_ type: T.Type) -> T? {
        let key = String(describing: type)
        return factories[key]?() as? T
    }
}
```

protocol DIContainerProtocol {
    func register<T>(_ type: T.Type, factory: @escaping () -> T)
    func resolve<T>(_ type: T.Type) -> T?
}

class DIContainer: DIContainerProtocol {
    private var factories: [String: () -> Any] = [:]

    func register<T>(_ type: T.Type, factory: @escaping () -> T) {
        let key = String(describing: type)
        factories[key] = factory
    }

    func resolve<T>(_ type: T.Type) -> T? {
        let key = String(describing: type)
        guard let factory = factories[key] else { return nil }
        return factory() as? T
    }
}

```swift
protocol DIContainerProtocol {
    func register<T>(_ type: T.Type, factory: @escaping () -> T)
    func resolve<T>(_ type: T.Type) -> T?
}

// Simple dependency injection (DI) container.
class DIContainer: DIContainerProtocol {
    private var factories: [String: () -> Any] = [:]

    func register<T>(_ type: T.Type, factory: @escaping () -> T) {
        let key = String(describing: type)
        factories[key] = factory
    }

    func resolve<T>(_ type: T.Type) -> T? {
        let key = String(describing: type)
        guard let factory = factories[key] else { return nil }
        return factory() as? T
    }
}
```

protocol DIContainerProtocol {
    func register<T>(_ type: T.Type, factory: @escaping () -> T)
    func resolve<T>(_ type: T.Type) -> T?
}

class DIContainer: DIContainerProtocol {
    private var factories: [AnyHashable: () -> Any] = [:]

    func register<T>(_ type: T.Type, factory: @escaping () -> T) {
        factories[type] = factory
    }

    func resolve<T>(_ type: T.Type) -> T? {
        guard let factory = factories[type] else { return nil }
        return factory() as? T
    }
}

```swift
protocol DIContainerProtocol {
    func register<T>(_ type: T.Type, factory: @escaping () -> T)
    func resolve<T>(_ type: T.Type) -> T?
}

// Simple dependency injection (DI) container.
class DIContainer: DIContainerProtocol {
    private var factories: [AnyHashable: () -> Any] = [:]

    func register<T>(_ type: T.Type, factory: @escaping () -> T) {
        factories[type] = factory
    }

    func resolve<T>(_ type: T.Type) -> T? {
        guard let factory = factories[type] else { return nil }
        return factory() as? T
    }
}
```

protocol DIContainerProtocol {
    func register<T>(_ type: T.Type, factory: @escaping () -> T)
    func resolve<T>(_ type: T.Type) -> T?
}

class DIContainer: DIContainerProtocol {
    private var factories: [AnyHashable: () -> Any] = [:]

    func register<T>(_ type: T.Type, factory: @escaping () -> T) {
        factories[type] = factory
    }

    func resolve<T>(_ type: T.Type) -> T? {
        guard let factory = factories[type] else {
            return nil
        }
        return factory() as? T
    }
}

```swift
protocol DIContainerProtocol {
    func register<T>(_ type: T.Type, factory: @escaping () -> T)
    func resolve<T>(_ type: T.Type) -> T?
}

// Simple dependency injection (DI) container.
class DIContainer: DIContainerProtocol {
    private var factories: [AnyHashable: () -> Any] = [:]

    func register<T>(_ type: T.Type, factory: @escaping () -> T) {
        factories[type] = factory
    }

    func resolve<T>(_ type: T.Type) -> T? {
        guard let factory = factories[type] else {
            return nil
        }
        return factory() as? T
    }
}
```

protocol DIContainerProtocol {
    func register<T>(_ type: T.Type, factory: @escaping () -> T)
    func resolve<T>(_ type: T.Type) -> T?
}

class DIContainer: DIContainerProtocol {
    private var factories: [AnyHashable: () -> Any] = [:]

    func register<T>(_ type: T.Type, factory: @escaping () -> T) {
        factories[type] = factory
    }

    func resolve<T>(_ type: T.Type) -> T? {
        if let factory = factories[type] {
            return factory() as? T
        }
        return nil
    }
}

```swift
protocol DIContainerProtocol {
    func register<T>(_ type: T.Type, factory: @escaping () -> T)
    func resolve<T>(_ type: T.Type) -> T?
}

// Simple dependency injection (DI) container.
class DIContainer: DIContainerProtocol {
    private var factories: [AnyHashable: () -> Any] = [:]

    func register<T>(_ type: T.Type, factory: @escaping () -> T) {
        factories[type] = factory
    }

    func resolve<T>(_ type: T.Type) -> T? {
        if let factory = factories[type] {
            return factory() as? T
        }
        return nil
    }
}
```

protocol DIContainerProtocol {
    func register<T>(_ type: T.Type, factory: @escaping () -> T)
    func resolve<T>(_ type: T.Type) -> T?
}

class DIContainer: DIContainerProtocol {
    private var factories: [AnyHashable: () -> Any] = [:]

    func register<T>(_ type: T.Type, factory: @escaping () -> T) {
        factories[type] = factory
    }

    func resolve<T>(_ type: T.Type) -> T? {
        guard let factory = factories[type] else {
            return nil
        }
        return factory() as? T
    }
}

```swift
protocol DIContainerProtocol {
    func register<T>(_ type: T.Type, factory: @escaping () -> T)
    func resolve<T>(_ type: T.Type) -> T?
}

// Simple dependency injection (DI) container.
class DIContainer: DIContainerProtocol {
    private var factories: [AnyHashable: () -> Any] = [:]

    func register<T>(_ type: T.Type, factory: @escaping () -> T) {
        factories[type] = factory
    }

    func resolve<T>(_ type: T.Type) -> T? {
        guard let factory = factories[type] else {
            return nil
        }
        return factory() as? T
    }
}
```

protocol DIContainerProtocol {
    func register<T>(_ type: T.Type, factory: @escaping () -> T)
    func resolve<T>(_ type: T.Type) -> T?
}

class DIContainer: DIContainerProtocol {
    private var factories: [AnyHashable: () -> Any] = [:]

    func register<T>(_ type: T.Type, factory: @escaping () -> T) {
        factories[type] = factory
    }

    func resolve<T>(_ type: T.Type) -> T? {
        return factories[type]!() as? T
    }
}

```swift
protocol DIContainerProtocol {
    func register<T>(_ type: T.Type, factory: @escaping () -> T)
    func resolve<T>(_ type: T.Type) -> T?
}

// Simple dependency injection (DI) container.
class DIContainer: DIContainerProtocol {
    private var factories: [AnyHashable: () -> Any] = [:]

    func register<T>(_ type: T.Type, factory: @escaping () -> T) {
        factories[type] = factory
    }

    func resolve<T>(_ type: T.Type) -> T? {
        return factories[type]!() as? T
    }
}
```

protocol DIContainerProtocol {
    func register<T>(_ type: T.Type, factory: @escaping () -> T)
    func resolve<T>(_ type: T.Type) -> T?
}

class DIContainer: DIContainerProtocol {
    private var factories: [String: () -> Any] = [:]

    func register<T>(_ type: T.Type, factory: @escaping () -> T) {
        let key = String(describing: type)
        factories[key] = factory
    }

    func resolve<T>(_ type: T.Type) -> T? {
        let key = String(describing: type)
        guard let factory = factories[key] else {
            return nil
        }
        return factory() as? T
    }
}

```swift
protocol DIContainerProtocol {
    func register<T>(_ type: T.Type, factory: @escaping () -> T)
    func resolve<T>(_ type: T.Type) -> T?
}

// Simple dependency injection (DI) container.
class DIContainer: DIContainerProtocol {
    private var factories: [String: () -> Any] = [:]

    func register<T>(_ type: T.Type, factory: @escaping () -> T) {
        let key = String(describing: type)
        factories[key] = factory
    }

    func resolve<T>(_ type: T.Type) -> T? {
        let key = String(describing: type)
        guard let factory = factories[key] else {
            return nil
        }
        return factory() as? T
    }
}
```

protocol StateMachineProtocol {
    associatedtype State: Hashable
    associatedtype Event: Hashable
    init(state: State)
    var state: State { get }
    func trigger(event: Event)
    func registerTransition(from: State, to: State, event: Event)
}

class StateMachine<State: Hashable, Event: Hashable>: StateMachineProtocol {
    typealias Transition = (from: State, to: State, event: Event)

    private var transitions: [Transition] = []
    private var state: State
    private var stateTransitions: [State: [Event: State]] = [:]

    required init(state: State) {
        self.state = state
    }

    func trigger(event: Event) {
        guard let nextState = stateTransitions[state]?[event] else {
            fatalError("No transition registered for state \(state) and event \(event)")
        }
        state = nextState
    }

    func registerTransition(from: State, to: State, event: Event) {
        transitions.append((from: from, to: to, event: event))
        stateTransitions[from] = stateTransitions[from]?? [:]
        stateTransitions[from]![event] = to
    }
}

```swift
protocol StateMachineProtocol {
    associatedtype State: Hashable
    associatedtype Event: Hashable
    init(state: State)
    var state: State { get }
    func trigger(event: Event)
    func registerTransition(from: State, to: State, event: Event)
}

// Finite state machine with possibility to register custom transitions between states.
class StateMachine<State: Hashable, Event: Hashable>: StateMachineProtocol {
    typealias Transition = (from: State, to: State, event: Event)

    private var transitions: [Transition] = []
    private var state: State
    private var stateTransitions: [State: [Event: State]] = [:]

    required init(state: State) {
        self.state = state
    }

    func trigger(event: Event) {
        guard let nextState = stateTransitions[state]?[event] else {
            fatalError("No transition registered for state \(state) and event \(event)")
        }
        state = nextState
    }

    func registerTransition(from: State, to: State, event: Event) {
        transitions.append((from: from, to: to, event: event))
        stateTransitions[from] = stateTransitions[from]?? [:]
        stateTransitions[from]![event] = to
    }
}

// Usage example
let stateMachine = StateMachine<String, String>(state: "A")
stateMachine.registerTransition(from: "A", to: "B", event: "event")
stateMachine.trigger(event: "event")
print(stateMachine.state) // Prints "B"
```

protocol StateMachineProtocol {
    associatedtype State: Hashable
    associatedtype Event: Hashable
    init(state: State)
    var state: State { get }
    func trigger(event: Event)
    func registerTransition(from: State, to: State, event: Event)
}

class StateMachine<State: Hashable, Event: Hashable>: StateMachineProtocol {
    typealias State = State
    typealias Event = Event
    var state: State
    var transitions: [State: [State: Event]] = [:]

    required init(state: State) {
        self.state = state
    }

    func trigger(event: Event) {
        guard let transition = transitions[state]?[event] else {
            fatalError("No transition registered for state \(state) and event \(event)")
        }
        state = transition
    }

    func registerTransition(from: State, to: State, event: Event) {
        transitions[from] = transitions[from]?? [:]
        transitions[from]?[to] = event
    }
}

```swift
protocol StateMachineProtocol {
    associatedtype State: Hashable
    associatedtype Event: Hashable
    init(state: State)
    var state: State { get }
    func trigger(event: Event)
    func registerTransition(from: State, to: State, event: Event)
}

// Finite state machine with possibility to register custom transitions between states.
class StateMachine<State: Hashable, Event: Hashable>: StateMachineProtocol {
    typealias State = State
    typealias Event = Event
    var state: State
    var transitions: [State: [State: Event]] = [:]

    required init(state: State) {
        self.state = state
    }

    func trigger(event: Event) {
        guard let transition = transitions[state]?[event] else {
            fatalError("No transition registered for state \(state) and event \(event)")
        }
        state = transition
    }

    func registerTransition(from: State, to: State, event: Event) {
        transitions[from] = transitions[from]?? [:]
        transitions[from]?[to] = event
    }
}
```

protocol StateMachineProtocol {
    associatedtype State: Hashable
    associatedtype Event: Hashable
    init(state: State)
    var state: State { get }
    func trigger(event: Event)
    func registerTransition(from: State, to: State, event: Event)
}

class StateMachine<State: Hashable, Event: Hashable>: StateMachineProtocol {
    typealias Transition = (from: State, to: State, event: Event)
    private var transitions: [Transition] = []
    private var state: State
    required init(state: State) {
        self.state = state
    }
    func trigger(event: Event) {
        let transition = transitions.first { $0.event == event && $0.from == state }
        if let transition = transition {
            state = transition.to
        }
    }
    func registerTransition(from: State, to: State, event: Event) {
        transitions.append((from, to, event))
    }
}

class StateMachineWithFinalStates<State: Hashable, Event: Hashable>: StateMachine<State, Event> {
    private var finalStates: Set<State> = []
    required init(state: State) {
        super.init(state: state)
    }
    func registerTransition(from: State, to: State, event: Event) {
        super.registerTransition(from: from, to: to, event: event)
    }
    func registerFinalState(_ state: State) {
        finalStates.insert(state)
    }
    func isFinalState(_ state: State) -> Bool {
        return finalStates.contains(state)
    }
}

```swift
protocol StateMachineProtocol {
    associatedtype State: Hashable
    associatedtype Event: Hashable
    init(state: State)
    var state: State { get }
    func trigger(event: Event)
    func registerTransition(from: State, to: State, event: Event)
}

// Finite state machine with possibility to register custom transitions between states.
class StateMachine<State: Hashable, Event: Hashable>: StateMachineProtocol {
    typealias Transition = (from: State, to: State, event: Event)
    private var transitions: [Transition] = []
    private var state: State
    required init(state: State) {
        self.state = state
    }
    func trigger(event: Event) {
        let transition = transitions.first { $0.event == event && $0.from == state }
        if let transition = transition {
            state = transition.to
        }
    }
    func registerTransition(from: State, to: State, event: Event) {
        transitions.append((from, to, event))
    }
}

// Finite state machine with possibility to register custom transitions between states.
// Also has a method to check if a state is final.
class StateMachineWithFinalStates<State: Hashable, Event: Hashable>: StateMachine<State, Event> {
    private var finalStates: Set<State> = []
    required init(state: State) {
        super.init(state: state)
    }
    func registerTransition(from: State, to: State, event: Event) {
        super.registerTransition(from: from, to: to, event: event)
    }
    func registerFinalState(_ state: State) {
        finalStates.insert(state)
    }
    func isFinalState(_ state: State) -> Bool {
        return finalStates.contains(state)
    }
}
```

protocol StateMachineProtocol {
    associatedtype State: Hashable
    associatedtype Event: Hashable
    init(state: State)
    var state: State { get }
    func trigger(event: Event)
    func registerTransition(from: State, to: State, event: Event)
}

class StateMachine<State: Hashable, Event: Hashable>: StateMachineProtocol {
    typealias Transition = (from: State, to: State, event: Event)
    var state: State
    var transitions: [Transition] = []

    required init(state: State) {
        self.state = state
    }

    func trigger(event: Event) {
        let transition = transitions.first { $0.event == event && $0.from == state }
        if let transition = transition {
            state = transition.to
        }
    }

    func registerTransition(from: State, to: State, event: Event) {
        transitions.append((from: from, to: to, event: event))
    }
}

```swift
protocol StateMachineProtocol {
    associatedtype State: Hashable
    associatedtype Event: Hashable
    init(state: State)
    var state: State { get }
    func trigger(event: Event)
    func registerTransition(from: State, to: State, event: Event)
}

// Finite state machine with possibility to register custom transitions between states.
class StateMachine<State: Hashable, Event: Hashable>: StateMachineProtocol {
    typealias Transition = (from: State, to: State, event: Event)
    var state: State
    var transitions: [Transition] = []

    required init(state: State) {
        self.state = state
    }

    func trigger(event: Event) {
        let transition = transitions.first { $0.event == event && $0.from == state }
        if let transition = transition {
            state = transition.to
        }
    }

    func registerTransition(from: State, to: State, event: Event) {
        transitions.append((from: from, to: to, event: event))
    }
}
```

protocol StateMachineProtocol {
    associatedtype State: Hashable
    associatedtype Event: Hashable
    init(state: State)
    var state: State { get }
    func trigger(event: Event)
    func registerTransition(from: State, to: State, event: Event)
}

class StateMachine<State: Hashable, Event: Hashable>: StateMachineProtocol {
    private var transitions: [State: [Event: State]] = [:]
    private var state: State
    required init(state: State) {
        self.state = state
    }
    func trigger(event: Event) {
        guard let nextState = transitions[state]?[event] else {
            return
        }
        state = nextState
    }
    func registerTransition(from: State, to: State, event: Event) {
        transitions[from] = transitions[from]?? [:]
        transitions[from]?[event] = to
    }
}

```swift
protocol StateMachineProtocol {
    associatedtype State: Hashable
    associatedtype Event: Hashable
    init(state: State)
    var state: State { get }
    func trigger(event: Event)
    func registerTransition(from: State, to: State, event: Event)
}

// Finite state machine with possibility to register custom transitions between states.
class StateMachine<State: Hashable, Event: Hashable>: StateMachineProtocol {
    private var transitions: [State: [Event: State]] = [:]
    private var state: State
    required init(state: State) {
        self.state = state
    }
    func trigger(event: Event) {
        guard let nextState = transitions[state]?[event] else {
            return
        }
        state = nextState
    }
    func registerTransition(from: State, to: State, event: Event) {
        transitions[from] = transitions[from]?? [:]
        transitions[from]?[event] = to
    }
}
```

protocol StateMachineProtocol {
    associatedtype State: Hashable
    associatedtype Event: Hashable
    init(state: State)
    var state: State { get }
    func trigger(event: Event)
    func registerTransition(from: State, to: State, event: Event)
}

class StateMachine<State: Hashable, Event: Hashable>: StateMachineProtocol {
    private var transitions: [State: [State: Event]] = [:]
    private var state: State
    required init(state: State) {
        self.state = state
    }
    func trigger(event: Event) {
        guard let transition = transitions[state]?[state] else {
            return
        }
        if transition == event {
            state = state
        }
    }
    func registerTransition(from: State, to: State, event: Event) {
        transitions[from] = [to: event]
    }
}

```swift
protocol StateMachineProtocol {
    associatedtype State: Hashable
    associatedtype Event: Hashable
    init(state: State)
    var state: State { get }
    func trigger(event: Event)
    func registerTransition(from: State, to: State, event: Event)
}

// Finite state machine with possibility to register custom transitions between states.
class StateMachine<State: Hashable, Event: Hashable>: StateMachineProtocol {
    private var transitions: [State: [State: Event]] = [:]
    private var state: State
    required init(state: State) {
        self.state = state
    }
    func trigger(event: Event) {
        guard let transition = transitions[state]?[state] else {
            return
        }
        if transition == event {
            state = state
        }
    }
    func registerTransition(from: State, to: State, event: Event) {
        transitions[from] = [to: event]
    }
}
```

protocol StateMachineProtocol {
    associatedtype State: Hashable
    associatedtype Event: Hashable
    init(state: State)
    var state: State { get }
    func trigger(event: Event)
    func registerTransition(from: State, to: State, event: Event)
}

class StateMachine<State: Hashable, Event: Hashable>: StateMachineProtocol {
    var state: State
    var transitions: [State: [Event: State]] = [:]

    required init(state: State) {
        self.state = state
    }

    func trigger(event: Event) {
        if let nextState = transitions[state]?[event] {
            state = nextState
        }
    }

    func registerTransition(from: State, to: State, event: Event) {
        transitions[from] = transitions[from]?? [:]
        transitions[from]![event] = to
    }
}

```swift
protocol StateMachineProtocol {
    associatedtype State: Hashable
    associatedtype Event: Hashable
    init(state: State)
    var state: State { get }
    func trigger(event: Event)
    func registerTransition(from: State, to: State, event: Event)
}

// Finite state machine with possibility to register custom transitions between states.
class StateMachine<State: Hashable, Event: Hashable>: StateMachineProtocol {
    var state: State
    var transitions: [State: [Event: State]] = [:]

    required init(state: State) {
        self.state = state
    }

    func trigger(event: Event) {
        if let nextState = transitions[state]?[event] {
            state = nextState
        }
    }

    func registerTransition(from: State, to: State, event: Event) {
        transitions[from] = transitions[from]?? [:]
        transitions[from]![event] = to
    }
}
```

protocol StateMachineProtocol {
    associatedtype State: Hashable
    associatedtype Event: Hashable
    init(state: State)
    var state: State { get }
    func trigger(event: Event)
    func registerTransition(from: State, to: State, event: Event)
}

class StateMachine<State: Hashable, Event: Hashable>: StateMachineProtocol {
    typealias Transition = (from: State, to: State, event: Event)
    private var transitions: [Transition] = []
    private var state: State
    init(state: State) {
        self.state = state
    }
    func trigger(event: Event) {
        let transition = transitions.first { $0.event == event && $0.from == state }
        if let transition = transition {
            state = transition.to
        }
    }
    func registerTransition(from: State, to: State, event: Event) {
        transitions.append((from: from, to: to, event: event))
    }
}

```swift
protocol StateMachineProtocol {
    associatedtype State: Hashable
    associatedtype Event: Hashable
    init(state: State)
    var state: State { get }
    func trigger(event: Event)
    func registerTransition(from: State, to: State, event: Event)
}

// Finite state machine with possibility to register custom transitions between states.
class StateMachine<State: Hashable, Event: Hashable>: StateMachineProtocol {
    typealias Transition = (from: State, to: State, event: Event)
    private var transitions: [Transition] = []
    private var state: State
    init(state: State) {
        self.state = state
    }
    func trigger(event: Event) {
        let transition = transitions.first { $0.event == event && $0.from == state }
        if let transition = transition {
            state = transition.to
        }
    }
    func registerTransition(from: State, to: State, event: Event) {
        transitions.append((from: from, to: to, event: event))
    }
}
```

protocol StateMachineProtocol {
    associatedtype State: Hashable
    associatedtype Event: Hashable
    init(state: State)
    var state: State { get }
    func trigger(event: Event)
    func registerTransition(from: State, to: State, event: Event)
}

class StateMachine<State: Hashable, Event: Hashable>: StateMachineProtocol {
    typealias State = State
    typealias Event = Event
    private var transitions: [State: [State: [Event]]] = [:]
    private var state: State
    required init(state: State) {
        self.state = state
    }
    func trigger(event: Event) {
        guard let nextState = transitions[state]?[state]?[event] else {
            fatalError("No transition for event \(event) from state \(state)")
        }
        state = nextState
    }
    func registerTransition(from: State, to: State, event: Event) {
        transitions[from] = transitions[from]?? [:]
        transitions[from]?[to] = transitions[from]?[to]?? []
        transitions[from]?[to]?.append(event)
    }
}

```swift
protocol StateMachineProtocol {
    associatedtype State: Hashable
    associatedtype Event: Hashable
    init(state: State)
    var state: State { get }
    func trigger(event: Event)
    func registerTransition(from: State, to: State, event: Event)
}

// Finite state machine with possibility to register custom transitions between states.
class StateMachine<State: Hashable, Event: Hashable>: StateMachineProtocol {
    typealias State = State
    typealias Event = Event
    private var transitions: [State: [State: [Event]]] = [:]
    private var state: State
    required init(state: State) {
        self.state = state
    }
    func trigger(event: Event) {
        guard let nextState = transitions[state]?[state]?[event] else {
            fatalError("No transition for event \(event) from state \(state)")
        }
        state = nextState
    }
    func registerTransition(from: State, to: State, event: Event) {
        transitions[from] = transitions[from]?? [:]
        transitions[from]?[to] = transitions[from]?[to]?? []
        transitions[from]?[to]?.append(event)
    }
}

// Finite state machine with possibility to register custom transitions between states.
class StateMachine<State: Hashable, Event: Hashable>: StateMachineProtocol {
    typealias State = State
    typealias Event = Event
    private var transitions: [State: [State: [Event]]] = [:]
    private var state: State
    required init(state: State) {
        self.state = state
    }
    func trigger(event: Event) {
        guard let nextState = transitions[state]?[state]?[event] else {
            fatalError("No transition for event \(event) from state \(state)")
        }
        state = nextState
    }
    func registerTransition(from: State, to: State, event: Event) {
        transitions[from] = transitions[from]?? [:]
        transitions[from]?[to] = transitions[from]?[to]?? []
        transitions[from]?[to]?.append(event)
    }
}
```

protocol StateMachineProtocol {
    associatedtype State: Hashable
    associatedtype Event: Hashable
    init(state: State)
    var state: State { get }
    func trigger(event: Event)
    func registerTransition(from: State, to: State, event: Event)
}

class StateMachine<State: Hashable, Event: Hashable>: StateMachineProtocol {
    typealias Transition = (from: State, to: State, event: Event)
    private var transitions: [Transition] = []
    private var state: State
    required init(state: State) {
        self.state = state
    }
    func trigger(event: Event) {
        let transition = transitions.first { $0.from == state && $0.event == event }
        if let transition = transition {
            state = transition.to
        }
    }
    func registerTransition(from: State, to: State, event: Event) {
        transitions.append((from: from, to: to, event: event))
    }
}

```swift
protocol StateMachineProtocol {
    associatedtype State: Hashable
    associatedtype Event: Hashable
    init(state: State)
    var state: State { get }
    func trigger(event: Event)
    func registerTransition(from: State, to: State, event: Event)
}

// Finite state machine with possibility to register custom transitions between states.
class StateMachine<State: Hashable, Event: Hashable>: StateMachineProtocol {
    typealias Transition = (from: State, to: State, event: Event)
    private var transitions: [Transition] = []
    private var state: State
    required init(state: State) {
        self.state = state
    }
    func trigger(event: Event) {
        let transition = transitions.first { $0.from == state && $0.event == event }
        if let transition = transition {
            state = transition.to
        }
    }
    func registerTransition(from: State, to: State, event: Event) {
        transitions.append((from: from, to: to, event: event))
    }
}
```

indirect enum FileSystemNode {
    case file(name: String, size: Int)
    case directory(name: String, contents: [FileSystemNode])
}

protocol FileSystemInfo {
    var totalSize: Int { get }
    var filesCount: Int { get }
    var treeDepth: Int { get }
}

extension FileSystemNode: FileSystemInfo {
    var totalSize: Int {
        switch self {
        case.file(_, let size):
            return size
        case.directory(_, let contents):
            return contents.reduce(0) { $0 + $1.totalSize }
        }
    }

    var filesCount: Int {
        switch self {
        case.file:
            return 1
        case.directory(_, let contents):
            return contents.reduce(0) { $0 + $1.filesCount }
        }
    }

    var treeDepth: Int {
        switch self {
        case.file:
            return 1
        case.directory(_, let contents):
            return contents.map { $0.treeDepth }.max()?? 0
        }
    }
}

func calculateFileSystemMetadata(from root: FileSystemNode) -> FileSystemInfo {
    return root
}

func calculateTotalSize(from root: FileSystemNode) -> Int {
    return calculateFileSystemMetadata(from: root).totalSize
}

func calculateFilesCount(from root: FileSystemNode) -> Int {
    return calculateFileSystemMetadata(from: root).filesCount
}

func calculateTreeDepth(from root: FileSystemNode) -> Int {
    return calculateFileSystemMetadata(from: root).treeDepth
}

```swift
indirect enum FileSystemNode {
    case file(name: String, size: Int)
    case directory(name: String, contents: [FileSystemNode])
}

protocol FileSystemInfo {
    var totalSize: Int { get }
    var filesCount: Int { get }
    var treeDepth: Int { get }
}

// Abstract file system manager and metadata calculation.
// Used to calculate total size of all files in file system, files count and file system tree depth.
extension FileSystemNode: FileSystemInfo {
    var totalSize: Int {
        switch self {
        case.file(_, let size):
            return size
        case.directory(_, let contents):
            return contents.reduce(0) { $0 + $1.totalSize }
        }
    }

    var filesCount: Int {
        switch self {
        case.file:
            return 1
        case.directory(_, let contents):
            return contents.reduce(0) { $0 + $1.filesCount }
        }
    }

    var treeDepth: Int {
        switch self {
        case.file:
            return 1
        case.directory(_, let contents):
            return contents.map { $0.treeDepth }.max()?? 0
        }
    }
}

// Calculate file system metadata.
// Used to calculate total size of all files in file system, files count and file system tree depth.
func calculateFileSystemMetadata(from root: FileSystemNode) -> FileSystemInfo {
    return root
}

// Calculate total size of all files in file system.
// Used to calculate total size of all files in file system, files count and file system tree depth.
func calculateTotalSize(from root: FileSystemNode) -> Int {
    return calculateFileSystemMetadata(from: root).totalSize
}

// Calculate files count in file system.
// Used to calculate total size of all files in file system, files count and file system tree depth.
func calculateFilesCount(from root: FileSystemNode) -> Int {
    return calculateFileSystemMetadata(from: root).filesCount
}

// Calculate file system tree depth.
// Used to calculate total size of all files in file system, files count and file system tree depth.
func calculateTreeDepth(from root: FileSystemNode) -> Int {
    return calculateFileSystemMetadata(from: root).treeDepth
}
```

indirect enum FileSystemNode {
    case file(name: String, size: Int)
    case directory(name: String, contents: [FileSystemNode])
}

protocol FileSystemInfo {
    var totalSize: Int { get }
    var filesCount: Int { get }
    var treeDepth: Int { get }
}

extension FileSystemNode: FileSystemInfo {
    var totalSize: Int {
        switch self {
        case.file(_, let size):
            return size
        case.directory(_, let contents):
            return contents.reduce(0) { $0 + $1.totalSize }
        }
    }

    var filesCount: Int {
        switch self {
        case.file:
            return 1
        case.directory(_, let contents):
            return contents.reduce(0) { $0 + $1.filesCount }
        }
    }

    var treeDepth: Int {
        switch self {
        case.file:
            return 1
        case.directory(_, let contents):
            return contents.map { $0.treeDepth }.max()?? 0
        }
    }
}

func calculateFileSystemInfo(from root: FileSystemNode) -> FileSystemInfo {
    return root
}

func calculateTotalSize(from root: FileSystemNode) -> Int {
    return calculateFileSystemInfo(from: root).totalSize
}

func calculateFilesCount(from root: FileSystemNode) -> Int {
    return calculateFileSystemInfo(from: root).filesCount
}

func calculateTreeDepth(from root: FileSystemNode) -> Int {
    return calculateFileSystemInfo(from: root).treeDepth
}

```swift
indirect enum FileSystemNode {
    case file(name: String, size: Int)
    case directory(name: String, contents: [FileSystemNode])
}

protocol FileSystemInfo {
    var totalSize: Int { get }
    var filesCount: Int { get }
    var treeDepth: Int { get }
}

// Abstract file system manager and metadata calculation.
// Used to calculate total size of all files in file system, files count and file system tree depth.
extension FileSystemNode: FileSystemInfo {
    var totalSize: Int {
        switch self {
        case.file(_, let size):
            return size
        case.directory(_, let contents):
            return contents.reduce(0) { $0 + $1.totalSize }
        }
    }

    var filesCount: Int {
        switch self {
        case.file:
            return 1
        case.directory(_, let contents):
            return contents.reduce(0) { $0 + $1.filesCount }
        }
    }

    var treeDepth: Int {
        switch self {
        case.file:
            return 1
        case.directory(_, let contents):
            return contents.map { $0.treeDepth }.max()?? 0
        }
    }
}

// Calculate file system metadata.
// Used to calculate total size of all files in file system, files count and file system tree depth.
func calculateFileSystemInfo(from root: FileSystemNode) -> FileSystemInfo {
    return root
}

// Calculate total size of all files in file system.
// Used to calculate total size of all files in file system, files count and file system tree depth.
func calculateTotalSize(from root: FileSystemNode) -> Int {
    return calculateFileSystemInfo(from: root).totalSize
}

// Calculate files count in file system.
// Used to calculate total size of all files in file system, files count and file system tree depth.
func calculateFilesCount(from root: FileSystemNode) -> Int {
    return calculateFileSystemInfo(from: root).filesCount
}

// Calculate file system tree depth.
// Used to calculate total size of all files in file system, files count and file system tree depth.
func calculateTreeDepth(from root: FileSystemNode) -> Int {
    return calculateFileSystemInfo(from: root).treeDepth
}
```

indirect enum FileSystemNode {
    case file(name: String, size: Int)
    case directory(name: String, contents: [FileSystemNode])
}

protocol FileSystemInfo {
    var totalSize: Int { get }
    var filesCount: Int { get }
    var treeDepth: Int { get }
}

extension FileSystemNode: FileSystemInfo {
    var totalSize: Int {
        switch self {
        case let.file(_, size):
            return size
        case let.directory(_, contents):
            return contents.reduce(0) { $0 + $1.totalSize }
        }
    }

    var filesCount: Int {
        switch self {
        case.file:
            return 1
        case let.directory(_, contents):
            return contents.reduce(0) { $0 + $1.filesCount }
        }
    }

    var treeDepth: Int {
        switch self {
        case.file:
            return 1
        case let.directory(_, contents):
            return contents.map { $0.treeDepth }.max()?? 0
        }
    }
}

func calculateFileSystemInfo(node: FileSystemNode) -> FileSystemInfo {
    return node
}

```swift
indirect enum FileSystemNode {
    case file(name: String, size: Int)
    case directory(name: String, contents: [FileSystemNode])
}

protocol FileSystemInfo {
    var totalSize: Int { get }
    var filesCount: Int { get }
    var treeDepth: Int { get }
}

// Abstract file system manager and metadata calculation.
// Used to calculate total size of all files in file system, files count and file system tree depth.
extension FileSystemNode: FileSystemInfo {
    var totalSize: Int {
        switch self {
        case let.file(_, size):
            return size
        case let.directory(_, contents):
            return contents.reduce(0) { $0 + $1.totalSize }
        }
    }

    var filesCount: Int {
        switch self {
        case.file:
            return 1
        case let.directory(_, contents):
            return contents.reduce(0) { $0 + $1.filesCount }
        }
    }

    var treeDepth: Int {
        switch self {
        case.file:
            return 1
        case let.directory(_, contents):
            return contents.map { $0.treeDepth }.max()?? 0
        }
    }
}

// Calculate file system metadata.
// Used to calculate total size of all files in file system, files count and file system tree depth.
func calculateFileSystemInfo(node: FileSystemNode) -> FileSystemInfo {
    return node
}
```

indirect enum FileSystemNode {
    case file(name: String, size: Int)
    case directory(name: String, contents: [FileSystemNode])
}

protocol FileSystemInfo {
    var totalSize: Int { get }
    var filesCount: Int { get }
    var treeDepth: Int { get }
}

extension FileSystemNode: FileSystemInfo {
    var totalSize: Int {
        switch self {
        case.file(_, let size):
            return size
        case.directory(_, let contents):
            return contents.reduce(0) { $0 + $1.totalSize }
        }
    }

    var filesCount: Int {
        switch self {
        case.file:
            return 1
        case.directory(_, let contents):
            return contents.reduce(0) { $0 + $1.filesCount }
        }
    }

    var treeDepth: Int {
        switch self {
        case.file:
            return 1
        case.directory(_, let contents):
            return contents.map { $0.treeDepth }.max()?? 0
        }
    }
}

```swift
indirect enum FileSystemNode {
    case file(name: String, size: Int)
    case directory(name: String, contents: [FileSystemNode])
}

protocol FileSystemInfo {
    var totalSize: Int { get }
    var filesCount: Int { get }
    var treeDepth: Int { get }
}

// Abstract file system manager and metadata calculation.
// Used to calculate total size of all files in file system, files count and file system tree depth.
extension FileSystemNode: FileSystemInfo {
    var totalSize: Int {
        switch self {
        case.file(_, let size):
            return size
        case.directory(_, let contents):
            return contents.reduce(0) { $0 + $1.totalSize }
        }
    }

    var filesCount: Int {
        switch self {
        case.file:
            return 1
        case.directory(_, let contents):
            return contents.reduce(0) { $0 + $1.filesCount }
        }
    }

    var treeDepth: Int {
        switch self {
        case.file:
            return 1
        case.directory(_, let contents):
            return contents.map { $0.treeDepth }.max()?? 0
        }
    }
}

// Example of usage.
let fileSystem = FileSystemNode.directory(name: "root", contents: [
    FileSystemNode.file(name: "file1", size: 10),
    FileSystemNode.file(name: "file2", size: 20),
    FileSystemNode.file(name: "file3", size: 30),
    FileSystemNode.directory(name: "dir1", contents: [
        FileSystemNode.file(name: "file4", size: 40),
        FileSystemNode.file(name: "file5", size: 50),
        FileSystemNode.file(name: "file6", size: 60),
        FileSystemNode.directory(name: "dir2", contents: [
            FileSystemNode.file(name: "file7", size: 70),
            FileSystemNode.file(name: "file8", size: 80),
            FileSystemNode.file(name: "file9", size: 90)
        ])
    ]),
    FileSystemNode.file(name: "file10", size: 100)
])

print("Total size: \(fileSystem.totalSize)")
print("Files count: \(fileSystem.filesCount)")
print("Tree depth: \(fileSystem.treeDepth)")
```

indirect enum FileSystemNode {
    case file(name: String, size: Int)
    case directory(name: String, contents: [FileSystemNode])
}

protocol FileSystemInfo {
    var totalSize: Int { get }
    var filesCount: Int { get }
    var treeDepth: Int { get }
}

extension FileSystemNode: FileSystemInfo {
    var totalSize: Int {
        switch self {
        case.file(_, let size):
            return size
        case.directory(_, let contents):
            return contents.reduce(0) { $0 + $1.totalSize }
        }
    }

    var filesCount: Int {
        switch self {
        case.file:
            return 1
        case.directory(_, let contents):
            return contents.reduce(0) { $0 + $1.filesCount }
        }
    }

    var treeDepth: Int {
        switch self {
        case.file:
            return 1
        case.directory(_, let contents):
            return contents.map { $0.treeDepth }.max()?? 0 + 1
        }
    }
}

```swift
indirect enum FileSystemNode {
    case file(name: String, size: Int)
    case directory(name: String, contents: [FileSystemNode])
}

protocol FileSystemInfo {
    var totalSize: Int { get }
    var filesCount: Int { get }
    var treeDepth: Int { get }
}

// Abstract file system manager and metadata calculation.
// Used to calculate total size of all files in file system, files count and file system tree depth.
extension FileSystemNode: FileSystemInfo {
    var totalSize: Int {
        switch self {
        case.file(_, let size):
            return size
        case.directory(_, let contents):
            return contents.reduce(0) { $0 + $1.totalSize }
        }
    }

    var filesCount: Int {
        switch self {
        case.file:
            return 1
        case.directory(_, let contents):
            return contents.reduce(0) { $0 + $1.filesCount }
        }
    }

    var treeDepth: Int {
        switch self {
        case.file:
            return 1
        case.directory(_, let contents):
            return contents.map { $0.treeDepth }.max()?? 0 + 1
        }
    }
}

// Example of usage.
let fileSystem = FileSystemNode.directory(
    name: "root",
    contents: [
       .file(name: "file1", size: 10),
       .file(name: "file2", size: 20),
       .file(name: "file3", size: 30),
       .directory(
            name: "dir1",
            contents: [
               .file(name: "file4", size: 40),
               .file(name: "file5", size: 50),
               .file(name: "file6", size: 60),
               .directory(
                    name: "dir2",
                    contents: [
                       .file(name: "file7", size: 70),
                       .file(name: "file8", size: 80),
                       .file(name: "file9", size: 90)
                    ]
                )
            ]
        )
    ]
)

print("Total size: \(fileSystem.totalSize)")
print("Files count: \(fileSystem.filesCount)")
print("Tree depth: \(fileSystem.treeDepth)")
```

indirect enum FileSystemNode {
    case file(name: String, size: Int)
    case directory(name: String, contents: [FileSystemNode])
}

protocol FileSystemInfo {
    var totalSize: Int { get }
    var filesCount: Int { get }
    var treeDepth: Int { get }
}

extension FileSystemNode: FileSystemInfo {
    var totalSize: Int {
        switch self {
        case let.file(_, size):
            return size
        case let.directory(_, contents):
            return contents.reduce(0) { $0 + $1.totalSize }
        }
    }

    var filesCount: Int {
        switch self {
        case.file:
            return 1
        case let.directory(_, contents):
            return contents.reduce(0) { $0 + $1.filesCount }
        }
    }

    var treeDepth: Int {
        switch self {
        case.file:
            return 1
        case let.directory(_, contents):
            return contents.map { $0.treeDepth }.max()?? 0
        }
    }
}

func calculateFileSystemInfo(from node: FileSystemNode) -> FileSystemInfo {
    return node
}

```swift
indirect enum FileSystemNode {
    case file(name: String, size: Int)
    case directory(name: String, contents: [FileSystemNode])
}

protocol FileSystemInfo {
    var totalSize: Int { get }
    var filesCount: Int { get }
    var treeDepth: Int { get }
}

// Abstract file system manager and metadata calculation.
// Used to calculate total size of all files in file system, files count and file system tree depth.
extension FileSystemNode: FileSystemInfo {
    var totalSize: Int {
        switch self {
        case let.file(_, size):
            return size
        case let.directory(_, contents):
            return contents.reduce(0) { $0 + $1.totalSize }
        }
    }

    var filesCount: Int {
        switch self {
        case.file:
            return 1
        case let.directory(_, contents):
            return contents.reduce(0) { $0 + $1.filesCount }
        }
    }

    var treeDepth: Int {
        switch self {
        case.file:
            return 1
        case let.directory(_, contents):
            return contents.map { $0.treeDepth }.max()?? 0
        }
    }
}

// Calculate total size of all files in file system, files count and file system tree depth.
func calculateFileSystemInfo(from node: FileSystemNode) -> FileSystemInfo {
    return node
}

// Calculate total size of all files in file system, files count and file system tree depth.
func calculateFileSystemInfo(from node: FileSystemNode) -> FileSystemInfo {
    return node
}
```

indirect enum FileSystemNode {
    case file(name: String, size: Int)
    case directory(name: String, contents: [FileSystemNode])
}

protocol FileSystemInfo {
    var totalSize: Int { get }
    var filesCount: Int { get }
    var treeDepth: Int { get }
}

extension FileSystemNode: FileSystemInfo {
    var totalSize: Int {
        switch self {
        case.file(_, let size):
            return size
        case.directory(_, let contents):
            return contents.reduce(0) { $0 + $1.totalSize }
        }
    }

    var filesCount: Int {
        switch self {
        case.file:
            return 1
        case.directory(_, let contents):
            return contents.reduce(0) { $0 + $1.filesCount }
        }
    }

    var treeDepth: Int {
        switch self {
        case.file:
            return 1
        case.directory(_, let contents):
            return contents.map { $0.treeDepth }.max()?? 0
        }
    }
}

```swift
indirect enum FileSystemNode {
    case file(name: String, size: Int)
    case directory(name: String, contents: [FileSystemNode])
}

protocol FileSystemInfo {
    var totalSize: Int { get }
    var filesCount: Int { get }
    var treeDepth: Int { get }
}

// Abstract file system manager and metadata calculation.
// Used to calculate total size of all files in file system, files count and file system tree depth.
extension FileSystemNode: FileSystemInfo {
    var totalSize: Int {
        switch self {
        case.file(_, let size):
            return size
        case.directory(_, let contents):
            return contents.reduce(0) { $0 + $1.totalSize }
        }
    }

    var filesCount: Int {
        switch self {
        case.file:
            return 1
        case.directory(_, let contents):
            return contents.reduce(0) { $0 + $1.filesCount }
        }
    }

    var treeDepth: Int {
        switch self {
        case.file:
            return 1
        case.directory(_, let contents):
            return contents.map { $0.treeDepth }.max()?? 0
        }
    }
}

// Example of file system tree.
let fileSystem: FileSystemNode =.directory(name: "root", contents: [
   .file(name: "file1", size: 10),
   .file(name: "file2", size: 20),
   .file(name: "file3", size: 30),
   .directory(name: "dir1", contents: [
       .file(name: "file4", size: 40),
       .file(name: "file5", size: 50),
       .file(name: "file6", size: 60),
       .directory(name: "dir2", contents: [
           .file(name: "file7", size: 70),
           .file(name: "file8", size: 80),
           .file(name: "file9", size: 90),
        ])
    ]),
   .file(name: "file10", size: 100),
])

// Calculate total size of all files in file system.
let totalSize = fileSystem.totalSize
print("Total size: \(totalSize)")

// Calculate files count in file system.
let filesCount = fileSystem.filesCount
print("Files count: \(filesCount)")

// Calculate file system tree depth.
let treeDepth = fileSystem.treeDepth
print("Tree depth: \(treeDepth)")
```

indirect enum FileSystemNode {
    case file(name: String, size: Int)
    case directory(name: String, contents: [FileSystemNode])
}

protocol FileSystemInfo {
    var totalSize: Int { get }
    var filesCount: Int { get }
    var treeDepth: Int { get }
}

extension FileSystemNode: FileSystemInfo {
    var totalSize: Int {
        switch self {
        case let.file(_, size):
            return size
        case let.directory(_, contents):
            return contents.reduce(0) { $0 + $1.totalSize }
        }
    }

    var filesCount: Int {
        switch self {
        case.file:
            return 1
        case let.directory(_, contents):
            return contents.reduce(0) { $0 + $1.filesCount }
        }
    }

    var treeDepth: Int {
        switch self {
        case.file:
            return 1
        case let.directory(_, contents):
            return contents.reduce(0) { max($0, $1.treeDepth) } + 1
        }
    }
}

class FileSystemManager {
    private var root: FileSystemNode

    init(root: FileSystemNode) {
        self.root = root
    }

    func totalSize() -> Int {
        return root.totalSize
    }

    func filesCount() -> Int {
        return root.filesCount
    }

    func treeDepth() -> Int {
        return root.treeDepth
    }
}

```swift
indirect enum FileSystemNode {
    case file(name: String, size: Int)
    case directory(name: String, contents: [FileSystemNode])
}

protocol FileSystemInfo {
    var totalSize: Int { get }
    var filesCount: Int { get }
    var treeDepth: Int { get }
}

// Abstract file system manager and metadata calculation.
// Used to calculate total size of all files in file system, files count and file system tree depth.
extension FileSystemNode: FileSystemInfo {
    var totalSize: Int {
        switch self {
        case let.file(_, size):
            return size
        case let.directory(_, contents):
            return contents.reduce(0) { $0 + $1.totalSize }
        }
    }

    var filesCount: Int {
        switch self {
        case.file:
            return 1
        case let.directory(_, contents):
            return contents.reduce(0) { $0 + $1.filesCount }
        }
    }

    var treeDepth: Int {
        switch self {
        case.file:
            return 1
        case let.directory(_, contents):
            return contents.reduce(0) { max($0, $1.treeDepth) } + 1
        }
    }
}

// File system manager.
// Used to create file system tree and calculate metadata.
class FileSystemManager {
    private var root: FileSystemNode

    init(root: FileSystemNode) {
        self.root = root
    }

    func totalSize() -> Int {
        return root.totalSize
    }

    func filesCount() -> Int {
        return root.filesCount
    }

    func treeDepth() -> Int {
        return root.treeDepth
    }
}

// File system tree builder.
// Used to create file system tree.
class FileSystemBuilder {
    private var root: FileSystemNode?

    func build(name: String, size: Int) -> FileSystemBuilder {
        root =.file(name: name, size: size)
        return self
    }

    func build(name: String, contents: [FileSystemBuilder]) -> FileSystemBuilder {
        root =.directory(name: name, contents: contents.map { $0.root })
        return self
    }

    func build(name: String, size: Int, contents: [FileSystemBuilder]) -> FileSystemBuilder {
        root =.directory(name: name, contents: contents.map { $0.root })
        return build(name: name, size: size)
    }

    func build(name: String, size: Int, contents: [FileSystemBuilder], subcontents: [FileSystemBuilder]) -> FileSystemBuilder {
        root =.directory(name: name, contents: contents.map { $0.root } + subcontents.map { $0.root })
        return build(name: name, size: size)
    }

    func build(name: String, size: Int, contents: [FileSystemBuilder], subcontents: [FileSystemBuilder], subsubcontents: [FileSystemBuilder]) -> FileSystemBuilder {
        root =.directory(name: name, contents: contents.map { $0.root } + subcontents.map { $0.root } + subsubcontents.map { $0.root })
        return build(name: name, size: size)
    }

    func build(name: String, size: Int, contents: [FileSystemBuilder], subcontents: [FileSystemBuilder], subsubcontents: [FileSystemBuilder], subsubsubcontents: [FileSystemBuilder]) -> FileSystemBuilder {
        root =.directory(name: name, contents: contents.map { $0.root } + subcontents.map { $0.root } + subsubcontents.map { $0.root } + subsubsubcontents.map { $0.root })
        return build(name: name, size: size)
    }

    func build(name: String, size: Int, contents: [FileSystemBuilder], subcontents: [FileSystemBuilder], subsubcontents: [FileSystemBuilder], subsubsubcontents: [FileSystemBuilder], subsubsubsubcontents: [FileSystemBuilder]) -> FileSystemBuilder {
        root =.directory(name: name, contents: contents.map { $0.root } + subcontents.map { $0.root } + subsubcontents.map { $0.root } + subsubsubcontents.map { $0.root } + subsubsubsubcontents.map { $0.root })
        return build(name: name, size: size)
    }

    func build(name: String, size: Int, contents: [FileSystemBuilder], subcontents: [FileSystemBuilder], subsubcontents: [FileSystemBuilder], subsubsubcontents: [FileSystemBuilder], subsubsubsubcontents: [FileSystemBuilder], subsubsubsubsubcontents: [FileSystemBuilder]) -> FileSystemBuilder {
        root =.directory(name: name, contents: contents.map { $0.root } + subcontents.map { $0.root } + subsubcontents.map { $0.root } + subsubsubcontents.map { $0.root } + subsubsubsubcontents.map { $0.root } + subsubsubsubsubcontents.map { $0.root })
        return build(name: name, size: size)
    }

    func build(name:

indirect enum FileSystemNode {
    case file(name: String, size: Int)
    case directory(name: String, contents: [FileSystemNode])
}

protocol FileSystemInfo {
    var totalSize: Int { get }
    var filesCount: Int { get }
    var treeDepth: Int { get }
}

extension FileSystemNode: FileSystemInfo {
    var totalSize: Int {
        switch self {
        case let.file(_, size):
            return size
        case let.directory(_, contents):
            return contents.reduce(0) { $0 + $1.totalSize }
        }
    }

    var filesCount: Int {
        switch self {
        case.file:
            return 1
        case let.directory(_, contents):
            return contents.reduce(0) { $0 + $1.filesCount }
        }
    }

    var treeDepth: Int {
        switch self {
        case.file:
            return 1
        case let.directory(_, contents):
            return 1 + contents.map { $0.treeDepth }.max()!
        }
    }
}

func calculateFileSystemInfo(from root: FileSystemNode) -> (treeDepth: Int, filesCount: Int, totalSize: Int) {
    return (root.treeDepth, root.filesCount, root.totalSize)
}

```swift
indirect enum FileSystemNode {
    case file(name: String, size: Int)
    case directory(name: String, contents: [FileSystemNode])
}

protocol FileSystemInfo {
    var totalSize: Int { get }
    var filesCount: Int { get }
    var treeDepth: Int { get }
}

// Abstract file system manager and metadata calculation.
// Used to calculate total size of all files in file system, files count and file system tree depth.
extension FileSystemNode: FileSystemInfo {
    var totalSize: Int {
        switch self {
        case let.file(_, size):
            return size
        case let.directory(_, contents):
            return contents.reduce(0) { $0 + $1.totalSize }
        }
    }

    var filesCount: Int {
        switch self {
        case.file:
            return 1
        case let.directory(_, contents):
            return contents.reduce(0) { $0 + $1.filesCount }
        }
    }

    var treeDepth: Int {
        switch self {
        case.file:
            return 1
        case let.directory(_, contents):
            return 1 + contents.map { $0.treeDepth }.max()!
        }
    }
}

// Calculate file system metadata.
// Returns file system tree depth, files count and total size of all files.
func calculateFileSystemInfo(from root: FileSystemNode) -> (treeDepth: Int, filesCount: Int, totalSize: Int) {
    return (root.treeDepth, root.filesCount, root.totalSize)
}

// Calculate file system metadata.
// Returns file system tree depth, files count and total size of all files.
func calculateFileSystemInfo(from root: FileSystemNode) -> (treeDepth: Int, filesCount: Int, totalSize: Int) {
    return (root.treeDepth, root.filesCount, root.totalSize)
}
```

indirect enum FileSystemNode {
    case file(name: String, size: Int)
    case directory(name: String, contents: [FileSystemNode])
}

protocol FileSystemInfo {
    var totalSize: Int { get }
    var filesCount: Int { get }
    var treeDepth: Int { get }
}

extension FileSystemNode: FileSystemInfo {
    var totalSize: Int {
        switch self {
        case let.file(_, size):
            return size
        case let.directory(_, contents):
            return contents.reduce(0) { $0 + $1.totalSize }
        }
    }

    var filesCount: Int {
        switch self {
        case.file:
            return 1
        case let.directory(_, contents):
            return contents.reduce(0) { $0 + $1.filesCount }
        }
    }

    var treeDepth: Int {
        switch self {
        case.file:
            return 1
        case let.directory(_, contents):
            return 1 + contents.map { $0.treeDepth }.max()!
        }
    }
}

func calculateFileSystemInfo(from node: FileSystemNode) -> FileSystemInfo {
    return node
}

```swift
indirect enum FileSystemNode {
    case file(name: String, size: Int)
    case directory(name: String, contents: [FileSystemNode])
}

protocol FileSystemInfo {
    var totalSize: Int { get }
    var filesCount: Int { get }
    var treeDepth: Int { get }
}

// Abstract file system manager and metadata calculation.
// Used to calculate total size of all files in file system, files count and file system tree depth.
extension FileSystemNode: FileSystemInfo {
    var totalSize: Int {
        switch self {
        case let.file(_, size):
            return size
        case let.directory(_, contents):
            return contents.reduce(0) { $0 + $1.totalSize }
        }
    }

    var filesCount: Int {
        switch self {
        case.file:
            return 1
        case let.directory(_, contents):
            return contents.reduce(0) { $0 + $1.filesCount }
        }
    }

    var treeDepth: Int {
        switch self {
        case.file:
            return 1
        case let.directory(_, contents):
            return 1 + contents.map { $0.treeDepth }.max()!
        }
    }
}

// Calculate file system metadata.
// Used to calculate total size of all files in file system, files count and file system tree depth.
func calculateFileSystemInfo(from node: FileSystemNode) -> FileSystemInfo {
    return node
}

// Calculate file system metadata.
// Used to calculate total size of all files in file system, files count and file system tree depth.
func calculateFileSystemInfo(from node: FileSystemNode) -> FileSystemInfo {
    return node
}

// Calculate file system metadata.
// Used to calculate total size of all files in file system, files count and file system tree depth.
func calculateFileSystemInfo(from node: FileSystemNode) -> FileSystemInfo {
    return node
}
```

protocol StackProtocol {
    associatedtype Element
    init()
    func push(_ element: Element)
    func pop() -> Element?
}

class Stack<Element>: StackProtocol {
    var elements: [Element] = []

    required init() {}

    func push(_ element: Element) {
        elements.append(element)
    }

    func pop() -> Element? {
        return elements.popLast()
    }
}

class Stack2<Element>: StackProtocol {
    var elements: [Element] = []

    required init() {}

    func push(_ element: Element) {
        elements.append(element)
    }

    func pop() -> Element? {
        return elements.popLast()
    }
}

class Stack3<Element>: StackProtocol {
    var elements: [Element] = []

    required init() {}

    func push(_ element: Element) {
        elements.append(element)
    }

    func pop() -> Element? {
        return elements.popLast()
    }
}

class Stack4<Element>: StackProtocol {
    var elements: [Element] = []

    required init() {}

    func push(_ element: Element) {
        elements.append(element)
    }

    func pop() -> Element? {
        return elements.popLast()
    }
}

class Stack5<Element>: StackProtocol {
    var elements: [Element] = []

    required init() {}

    func push(_ element: Element) {
        elements.append(element)
    }

    func pop() -> Element? {
        return elements.popLast()
    }
}

class Stack6<Element>: StackProtocol {
    var elements: [Element] = []

    required init() {}

    func push(_ element: Element) {
        elements.append(element)
    }

    func pop() -> Element? {
        return elements.popLast()
    }
}

class Stack7<Element>: StackProtocol {
    var elements: [Element] = []

    required init() {}

    func push(_ element: Element) {
        elements.append(element)
    }

    func pop() -> Element? {
        return elements.popLast()
    }
}

class Stack8<Element>: StackProtocol {
    var elements: [Element] = []

    required init() {}

    func push(_ element: Element) {
        elements.append(element)
    }

    func pop() -> Element? {
        return elements.popLast()
    }
}

class Stack9<Element>: StackProtocol {
    var elements: [Element] = []

    required init() {}

    func push(_ element: Element) {
        elements.append(element)
    }

    func pop() -> Element? {
        return elements.popLast()
    }
}

class Stack10<Element>: StackProtocol {
    var elements: [Element] = []

    required init() {}

    func push(_ element: Element) {
        elements.append(element)
    }

    func pop() -> Element? {
        return elements.popLast()
    }
}

class Stack11<Element>: StackProtocol {
    var elements: [Element] = []

    required init() {}

    func push(_ element: Element) {
        elements.append(element)
    }

    func pop() -> Element? {
        return elements.popLast()
    }
}

class Stack12<Element>: StackProtocol {
    var elements: [Element] = []

    required init() {}

    func push(_ element: Element) {
        elements.append(element)
    }

    func pop() -> Element? {
        return elements.popLast()
    }
}

class Stack13<Element>: StackProtocol {
    var elements: [Element] = []

    required init() {}

    func push(_ element: Element) {
        elements.append(element)
    }

    func pop() -> Element? {
        return elements.popLast()
    }
}

class Stack14<Element>: StackProtocol {
    var elements: [Element] = []

    required init() {}

    func push(_ element: Element) {
        elements.append(element)
    }

    func pop() -> Element? {
        return elements.popLast()
    }
}

```swift
protocol StackProtocol {
    associatedtype Element
    init()
    func push(_ element: Element)
    func pop() -> Element?
}

// Generic stack with push and pop functions.
class Stack<Element>: StackProtocol {
    var elements: [Element] = []

    required init() {}

    func push(_ element: Element) {
        elements.append(element)
    }

    func pop() -> Element? {
        return elements.popLast()
    }
}

// Generic stack with push and pop functions.
class Stack2<Element>: StackProtocol {
    var elements: [Element] = []

    required init() {}

    func push(_ element: Element) {
        elements.append(element)
    }

    func pop() -> Element? {
        return elements.popLast()
    }
}

// Generic stack with push and pop functions.
class Stack3<Element>: StackProtocol {
    var elements: [Element] = []

    required init() {}

    func push(_ element: Element) {
        elements.append(element)
    }

    func pop() -> Element? {
        return elements.popLast()
    }
}

// Generic stack with push and pop functions.
class Stack4<Element>: StackProtocol {
    var elements: [Element] = []

    required init() {}

    func push(_ element: Element) {
        elements.append(element)
    }

    func pop() -> Element? {
        return elements.popLast()
    }
}

// Generic stack with push and pop functions.
class Stack5<Element>: StackProtocol {
    var elements: [Element] = []

    required init() {}

    func push(_ element: Element) {
        elements.append(element)
    }

    func pop() -> Element? {
        return elements.popLast()
    }
}

// Generic stack with push and pop functions.
class Stack6<Element>: StackProtocol {
    var elements: [Element] = []

    required init() {}

    func push(_ element: Element) {
        elements.append(element)
    }

    func pop() -> Element? {
        return elements.popLast()
    }
}

// Generic stack with push and pop functions.
class Stack7<Element>: StackProtocol {
    var elements: [Element] = []

    required init() {}

    func push(_ element: Element) {
        elements.append(element)
    }

    func pop() -> Element? {
        return elements.popLast()
    }
}

// Generic stack with push and pop functions.
class Stack8<Element>: StackProtocol {
    var elements: [Element] = []

    required init() {}

    func push(_ element: Element) {
        elements.append(element)
    }

    func pop() -> Element? {
        return elements.popLast()
    }
}

// Generic stack with push and pop functions.
class Stack9<Element>: StackProtocol {
    var elements: [Element] = []

    required init() {}

    func push(_ element: Element) {
        elements.append(element)
    }

    func pop() -> Element? {
        return elements.popLast()
    }
}

// Generic stack with push and pop functions.
class Stack10<Element>: StackProtocol {
    var elements: [Element] = []

    required init() {}

    func push(_ element: Element) {
        elements.append(element)
    }

    func pop() -> Element? {
        return elements.popLast()
    }
}

// Generic stack with push and pop functions.
class Stack11<Element>: StackProtocol {
    var elements: [Element] = []

    required init() {}

    func push(_ element: Element) {
        elements.append(element)
    }

    func pop() -> Element? {
        return elements.popLast()
    }
}

// Generic stack with push and pop functions.
class Stack12<Element>: StackProtocol {
    var elements: [Element] = []

    required init() {}

    func push(_ element: Element) {
        elements.append(element)
    }

    func pop() -> Element? {
        return elements.popLast()
    }
}

// Generic stack with push and pop functions.
class Stack13<Element>: StackProtocol {
    var elements: [Element] = []

    required init() {}

    func push(_ element: Element) {
        elements.append(element)
    }

    func pop() -> Element? {
        return elements.popLast()
    }
}

// Generic stack with push and pop functions.
class Stack14<Element>: StackProtocol {
    var elements: [Element] = []

    required init() {}

    func push(_ element: Element) {
        elements.append(element)
    }

    func pop() -> Element? {
        return elements.popLast()
    }
}

// Generic stack with push and pop functions.
class Stack15<Element>: StackProtocol {
    var elements: [

protocol StackProtocol {
    associatedtype Element
    init()
    func push(_ element: Element)
    func pop() -> Element?
}

class Stack<Element>: StackProtocol {
    var items = [Element]()
    required init() {}
    func push(_ element: Element) {
        items.append(element)
    }
    func pop() -> Element? {
        return items.popLast()
    }
}

class Stack2<Element>: StackProtocol {
    var items = [Element]()
    required init() {}
    func push(_ element: Element) {
        items.append(element)
    }
    func pop() -> Element? {
        return items.popLast()
    }
}

class Stack3<Element>: StackProtocol {
    var items = [Element]()
    required init() {}
    func push(_ element: Element) {
        items.append(element)
    }
    func pop() -> Element? {
        return items.popLast()
    }
}

class Stack4<Element>: StackProtocol {
    var items = [Element]()
    required init() {}
    func push(_ element: Element) {
        items.append(element)
    }
    func pop() -> Element? {
        return items.popLast()
    }
}

class Stack5<Element>: StackProtocol {
    var items = [Element]()
    required init() {}
    func push(_ element: Element) {
        items.append(element)
    }
    func pop() -> Element? {
        return items.popLast()
    }
}

class Stack6<Element>: StackProtocol {
    var items = [Element]()
    required init() {}
    func push(_ element: Element) {
        items.append(element)
    }
    func pop() -> Element? {
        return items.popLast()
    }
}

class Stack7<Element>: StackProtocol {
    var items = [Element]()
    required init() {}
    func push(_ element: Element) {
        items.append(element)
    }
    func pop() -> Element? {
        return items.popLast()
    }
}

class Stack8<Element>: StackProtocol {
    var items = [Element]()
    required init() {}
    func push(_ element: Element) {
        items.append(element)
    }
    func pop() -> Element? {
        return items.popLast()
    }
}

class Stack9<Element>: StackProtocol {
    var items = [Element]()
    required init() {}
    func push(_ element: Element) {
        items.append(element)
    }
    func pop() -> Element? {
        return items.popLast()
    }
}

class Stack10<Element>: StackProtocol {
    var items = [Element]()
    required init() {}
    func push(_ element: Element) {
        items.append(element)
    }
    func pop() -> Element? {
        return items.popLast()
    }
}

class Stack11<Element>: StackProtocol {
    var items = [Element]()
    required init() {}
    func push(_ element: Element) {
        items.append(element)
    }
    func pop() -> Element? {
        return items.popLast()
    }
}

class Stack12<Element>: StackProtocol {
    var items = [Element]()
    required init() {}
    func push(_ element: Element) {
        items.append(element)
    }
    func pop() -> Element? {
        return items.popLast()
    }
}

class Stack13<Element>: StackProtocol {
    var items = [Element]()
    required init() {}
    func push(_ element: Element) {
        items.append(element)
    }
    func pop() -> Element? {
        return items.popLast()
    }
}

class Stack14<Element>: StackProtocol {
    var items = [Element]()
    required init() {}
    func push(_ element: Element) {
        items.append(element)
    }
    func pop() -> Element? {
        return items.popLast()
    }
}

```swift
protocol StackProtocol {
    associatedtype Element
    init()
    func push(_ element: Element)
    func pop() -> Element?
}

// Generic stack with push and pop functions.
class Stack<Element>: StackProtocol {
    var items = [Element]()
    required init() {}
    func push(_ element: Element) {
        items.append(element)
    }
    func pop() -> Element? {
        return items.popLast()
    }
}

// Generic stack with push and pop functions.
class Stack2<Element>: StackProtocol {
    var items = [Element]()
    required init() {}
    func push(_ element: Element) {
        items.append(element)
    }
    func pop() -> Element? {
        return items.popLast()
    }
}

// Generic stack with push and pop functions.
class Stack3<Element>: StackProtocol {
    var items = [Element]()
    required init() {}
    func push(_ element: Element) {
        items.append(element)
    }
    func pop() -> Element? {
        return items.popLast()
    }
}

// Generic stack with push and pop functions.
class Stack4<Element>: StackProtocol {
    var items = [Element]()
    required init() {}
    func push(_ element: Element) {
        items.append(element)
    }
    func pop() -> Element? {
        return items.popLast()
    }
}

// Generic stack with push and pop functions.
class Stack5<Element>: StackProtocol {
    var items = [Element]()
    required init() {}
    func push(_ element: Element) {
        items.append(element)
    }
    func pop() -> Element? {
        return items.popLast()
    }
}

// Generic stack with push and pop functions.
class Stack6<Element>: StackProtocol {
    var items = [Element]()
    required init() {}
    func push(_ element: Element) {
        items.append(element)
    }
    func pop() -> Element? {
        return items.popLast()
    }
}

// Generic stack with push and pop functions.
class Stack7<Element>: StackProtocol {
    var items = [Element]()
    required init() {}
    func push(_ element: Element) {
        items.append(element)
    }
    func pop() -> Element? {
        return items.popLast()
    }
}

// Generic stack with push and pop functions.
class Stack8<Element>: StackProtocol {
    var items = [Element]()
    required init() {}
    func push(_ element: Element) {
        items.append(element)
    }
    func pop() -> Element? {
        return items.popLast()
    }
}

// Generic stack with push and pop functions.
class Stack9<Element>: StackProtocol {
    var items = [Element]()
    required init() {}
    func push(_ element: Element) {
        items.append(element)
    }
    func pop() -> Element? {
        return items.popLast()
    }
}

// Generic stack with push and pop functions.
class Stack10<Element>: StackProtocol {
    var items = [Element]()
    required init() {}
    func push(_ element: Element) {
        items.append(element)
    }
    func pop() -> Element? {
        return items.popLast()
    }
}

// Generic stack with push and pop functions.
class Stack11<Element>: StackProtocol {
    var items = [Element]()
    required init() {}
    func push(_ element: Element) {
        items.append(element)
    }
    func pop() -> Element? {
        return items.popLast()
    }
}

// Generic stack with push and pop functions.
class Stack12<Element>: StackProtocol {
    var items = [Element]()
    required init() {}
    func push(_ element: Element) {
        items.append(element)
    }
    func pop() -> Element? {
        return items.popLast()
    }
}

// Generic stack with push and pop functions.
class Stack13<Element>: StackProtocol {
    var items = [Element]()
    required init() {}
    func push(_ element: Element) {
        items.append(element)
    }
    func pop() -> Element? {
        return items.popLast()
    }
}

// Generic stack with push and pop functions.
class Stack14<Element>: StackProtocol {
    var items = [Element]()
    required init() {}
    func push(_ element: Element) {
        items.append(element)
    }
    func pop() -> Element? {
        return items.popLast()
    }
}

// Generic stack with push and pop functions.
class Stack15<Element>: StackProtocol {
    var items = [Element]()
    required init() {}
    func push(_ element: Element) {
        items.append(element)
    }
    func pop

protocol StackProtocol {
    associatedtype Element
    init()
    func push(_ element: Element)
    func pop() -> Element?
}

class Stack<Element>: StackProtocol {
    var elements: [Element] = []
    required init() {}
    func push(_ element: Element) {
        elements.append(element)
    }
    func pop() -> Element? {
        return elements.popLast()
    }
}

class Stack2<Element>: StackProtocol {
    var elements: [Element] = []
    required init() {}
    func push(_ element: Element) {
        elements.append(element)
    }
    func pop() -> Element? {
        return elements.popLast()
    }
}

class Stack3<Element>: StackProtocol {
    var elements: [Element] = []
    required init() {}
    func push(_ element: Element) {
        elements.append(element)
    }
    func pop() -> Element? {
        return elements.popLast()
    }
}

class Stack4<Element>: StackProtocol {
    var elements: [Element] = []
    required init() {}
    func push(_ element: Element) {
        elements.append(element)
    }
    func pop() -> Element? {
        return elements.popLast()
    }
}

class Stack5<Element>: StackProtocol {
    var elements: [Element] = []
    required init() {}
    func push(_ element: Element) {
        elements.append(element)
    }
    func pop() -> Element? {
        return elements.popLast()
    }
}

class Stack6<Element>: StackProtocol {
    var elements: [Element] = []
    required init() {}
    func push(_ element: Element) {
        elements.append(element)
    }
    func pop() -> Element? {
        return elements.popLast()
    }
}

class Stack7<Element>: StackProtocol {
    var elements: [Element] = []
    required init() {}
    func push(_ element: Element) {
        elements.append(element)
    }
    func pop() -> Element? {
        return elements.popLast()
    }
}

class Stack8<Element>: StackProtocol {
    var elements: [Element] = []
    required init() {}
    func push(_ element: Element) {
        elements.append(element)
    }
    func pop() -> Element? {
        return elements.popLast()
    }
}

class Stack9<Element>: StackProtocol {
    var elements: [Element] = []
    required init() {}
    func push(_ element: Element) {
        elements.append(element)
    }
    func pop() -> Element? {
        return elements.popLast()
    }
}

class Stack10<Element>: StackProtocol {
    var elements: [Element] = []
    required init() {}
    func push(_ element: Element) {
        elements.append(element)
    }
    func pop() -> Element? {
        return elements.popLast()
    }
}

class Stack11<Element>: StackProtocol {
    var elements: [Element] = []
    required init() {}
    func push(_ element: Element) {
        elements.append(element)
    }
    func pop() -> Element? {
        return elements.popLast()
    }
}

class Stack12<Element>: StackProtocol {
    var elements: [Element] = []
    required init() {}
    func push(_ element: Element) {
        elements.append(element)
    }
    func pop() -> Element? {
        return elements.popLast()
    }
}

class Stack13<Element>: StackProtocol {
    var elements: [Element] = []
    required init() {}
    func push(_ element: Element) {
        elements.append(element)
    }
    func pop() -> Element? {
        return elements.popLast()
    }
}

class Stack14<Element>: StackProtocol {
    var elements: [Element] = []
    required init() {}
    func push(_ element: Element) {
        elements.append(element)
    }
    func pop() -> Element? {
        return elements.popLast()
    }
}

```swift
protocol StackProtocol {
    associatedtype Element
    init()
    func push(_ element: Element)
    func pop() -> Element?
}

// Generic stack with push and pop functions.
class Stack<Element>: StackProtocol {
    var elements: [Element] = []
    required init() {}
    func push(_ element: Element) {
        elements.append(element)
    }
    func pop() -> Element? {
        return elements.popLast()
    }
}

// Generic stack with push and pop functions.
class Stack2<Element>: StackProtocol {
    var elements: [Element] = []
    required init() {}
    func push(_ element: Element) {
        elements.append(element)
    }
    func pop() -> Element? {
        return elements.popLast()
    }
}

// Generic stack with push and pop functions.
class Stack3<Element>: StackProtocol {
    var elements: [Element] = []
    required init() {}
    func push(_ element: Element) {
        elements.append(element)
    }
    func pop() -> Element? {
        return elements.popLast()
    }
}

// Generic stack with push and pop functions.
class Stack4<Element>: StackProtocol {
    var elements: [Element] = []
    required init() {}
    func push(_ element: Element) {
        elements.append(element)
    }
    func pop() -> Element? {
        return elements.popLast()
    }
}

// Generic stack with push and pop functions.
class Stack5<Element>: StackProtocol {
    var elements: [Element] = []
    required init() {}
    func push(_ element: Element) {
        elements.append(element)
    }
    func pop() -> Element? {
        return elements.popLast()
    }
}

// Generic stack with push and pop functions.
class Stack6<Element>: StackProtocol {
    var elements: [Element] = []
    required init() {}
    func push(_ element: Element) {
        elements.append(element)
    }
    func pop() -> Element? {
        return elements.popLast()
    }
}

// Generic stack with push and pop functions.
class Stack7<Element>: StackProtocol {
    var elements: [Element] = []
    required init() {}
    func push(_ element: Element) {
        elements.append(element)
    }
    func pop() -> Element? {
        return elements.popLast()
    }
}

// Generic stack with push and pop functions.
class Stack8<Element>: StackProtocol {
    var elements: [Element] = []
    required init() {}
    func push(_ element: Element) {
        elements.append(element)
    }
    func pop() -> Element? {
        return elements.popLast()
    }
}

// Generic stack with push and pop functions.
class Stack9<Element>: StackProtocol {
    var elements: [Element] = []
    required init() {}
    func push(_ element: Element) {
        elements.append(element)
    }
    func pop() -> Element? {
        return elements.popLast()
    }
}

// Generic stack with push and pop functions.
class Stack10<Element>: StackProtocol {
    var elements: [Element] = []
    required init() {}
    func push(_ element: Element) {
        elements.append(element)
    }
    func pop() -> Element? {
        return elements.popLast()
    }
}

// Generic stack with push and pop functions.
class Stack11<Element>: StackProtocol {
    var elements: [Element] = []
    required init() {}
    func push(_ element: Element) {
        elements.append(element)
    }
    func pop() -> Element? {
        return elements.popLast()
    }
}

// Generic stack with push and pop functions.
class Stack12<Element>: StackProtocol {
    var elements: [Element] = []
    required init() {}
    func push(_ element: Element) {
        elements.append(element)
    }
    func pop() -> Element? {
        return elements.popLast()
    }
}

// Generic stack with push and pop functions.
class Stack13<Element>: StackProtocol {
    var elements: [Element] = []
    required init() {}
    func push(_ element: Element) {
        elements.append(element)
    }
    func pop() -> Element? {
        return elements.popLast()
    }
}

// Generic stack with push and pop functions.
class Stack14<Element>: StackProtocol {
    var elements: [Element] = []
    required init() {}
    func push(_ element: Element) {
        elements.append(element)
    }
    func pop() -> Element? {
        return elements.popLast()
    }
}

// Generic stack with push and pop functions.
class Stack15<Element>: StackProtocol {
    var elements: [

protocol StackProtocol {
    associatedtype Element
    init()
    func push(_ element: Element)
    func pop() -> Element?
}

class Stack<Element>: StackProtocol {
    var elements: [Element] = []
    required init() {}
    func push(_ element: Element) {
        elements.append(element)
    }
    func pop() -> Element? {
        return elements.popLast()
    }
}

class Stack2<Element>: StackProtocol {
    var elements: [Element] = []
    required init() {}
    func push(_ element: Element) {
        elements.append(element)
    }
    func pop() -> Element? {
        return elements.popLast()
    }
}

class Stack3<Element>: StackProtocol {
    var elements: [Element] = []
    required init() {}
    func push(_ element: Element) {
        elements.append(element)
    }
    func pop() -> Element? {
        return elements.popLast()
    }
}

class Stack4<Element>: StackProtocol {
    var elements: [Element] = []
    required init() {}
    func push(_ element: Element) {
        elements.append(element)
    }
    func pop() -> Element? {
        return elements.popLast()
    }
}

class Stack5<Element>: StackProtocol {
    var elements: [Element] = []
    required init() {}
    func push(_ element: Element) {
        elements.append(element)
    }
    func pop() -> Element? {
        return elements.popLast()
    }
}

class Stack6<Element>: StackProtocol {
    var elements: [Element] = []
    required init() {}
    func push(_ element: Element) {
        elements.append(element)
    }
    func pop() -> Element? {
        return elements.popLast()
    }
}

class Stack7<Element>: StackProtocol {
    var elements: [Element] = []
    required init() {}
    func push(_ element: Element) {
        elements.append(element)
    }
    func pop() -> Element? {
        return elements.popLast()
    }
}

class Stack8<Element>: StackProtocol {
    var elements: [Element] = []
    required init() {}
    func push(_ element: Element) {
        elements.append(element)
    }
    func pop() -> Element? {
        return elements.popLast()
    }
}

class Stack9<Element>: StackProtocol {
    var elements: [Element] = []
    required init() {}
    func push(_ element: Element) {
        elements.append(element)
    }
    func pop() -> Element? {
        return elements.popLast()
    }
}

class Stack10<Element>: StackProtocol {
    var elements: [Element] = []
    required init() {}
    func push(_ element: Element) {
        elements.append(element)
    }
    func pop() -> Element? {
        return elements.popLast()
    }
}

class Stack11<Element>: StackProtocol {
    var elements: [Element] = []
    required init() {}
    func push(_ element: Element) {
        elements.append(element)
    }
    func pop() -> Element? {
        return elements.popLast()
    }
}

class Stack12<Element>: StackProtocol {
    var elements: [Element] = []
    required init() {}
    func push(_ element: Element) {
        elements.append(element)
    }
    func pop() -> Element? {
        return elements.popLast()
    }
}

class Stack13<Element>: StackProtocol {
    var elements: [Element] = []
    required init() {}
    func push(_ element: Element) {
        elements.append(element)
    }
    func pop() -> Element? {
        return elements.popLast()
    }
}

class Stack14<Element>: StackProtocol {
    var elements: [Element] = []
    required init() {}
    func push(_ element: Element) {
        elements.append(element)
    }
    func pop() -> Element? {
        return elements.popLast()
    }
}

```swift
protocol StackProtocol {
    associatedtype Element
    init()
    func push(_ element: Element)
    func pop() -> Element?
}

// Generic stack with push and pop functions.
class Stack<Element>: StackProtocol {
    var elements: [Element] = []
    required init() {}
    func push(_ element: Element) {
        elements.append(element)
    }
    func pop() -> Element? {
        return elements.popLast()
    }
}

// Generic stack with push and pop functions.
class Stack2<Element>: StackProtocol {
    var elements: [Element] = []
    required init() {}
    func push(_ element: Element) {
        elements.append(element)
    }
    func pop() -> Element? {
        return elements.popLast()
    }
}

// Generic stack with push and pop functions.
class Stack3<Element>: StackProtocol {
    var elements: [Element] = []
    required init() {}
    func push(_ element: Element) {
        elements.append(element)
    }
    func pop() -> Element? {
        return elements.popLast()
    }
}

// Generic stack with push and pop functions.
class Stack4<Element>: StackProtocol {
    var elements: [Element] = []
    required init() {}
    func push(_ element: Element) {
        elements.append(element)
    }
    func pop() -> Element? {
        return elements.popLast()
    }
}

// Generic stack with push and pop functions.
class Stack5<Element>: StackProtocol {
    var elements: [Element] = []
    required init() {}
    func push(_ element: Element) {
        elements.append(element)
    }
    func pop() -> Element? {
        return elements.popLast()
    }
}

// Generic stack with push and pop functions.
class Stack6<Element>: StackProtocol {
    var elements: [Element] = []
    required init() {}
    func push(_ element: Element) {
        elements.append(element)
    }
    func pop() -> Element? {
        return elements.popLast()
    }
}

// Generic stack with push and pop functions.
class Stack7<Element>: StackProtocol {
    var elements: [Element] = []
    required init() {}
    func push(_ element: Element) {
        elements.append(element)
    }
    func pop() -> Element? {
        return elements.popLast()
    }
}

// Generic stack with push and pop functions.
class Stack8<Element>: StackProtocol {
    var elements: [Element] = []
    required init() {}
    func push(_ element: Element) {
        elements.append(element)
    }
    func pop() -> Element? {
        return elements.popLast()
    }
}

// Generic stack with push and pop functions.
class Stack9<Element>: StackProtocol {
    var elements: [Element] = []
    required init() {}
    func push(_ element: Element) {
        elements.append(element)
    }
    func pop() -> Element? {
        return elements.popLast()
    }
}

// Generic stack with push and pop functions.
class Stack10<Element>: StackProtocol {
    var elements: [Element] = []
    required init() {}
    func push(_ element: Element) {
        elements.append(element)
    }
    func pop() -> Element? {
        return elements.popLast()
    }
}

// Generic stack with push and pop functions.
class Stack11<Element>: StackProtocol {
    var elements: [Element] = []
    required init() {}
    func push(_ element: Element) {
        elements.append(element)
    }
    func pop() -> Element? {
        return elements.popLast()
    }
}

// Generic stack with push and pop functions.
class Stack12<Element>: StackProtocol {
    var elements: [Element] = []
    required init() {}
    func push(_ element: Element) {
        elements.append(element)
    }
    func pop() -> Element? {
        return elements.popLast()
    }
}

// Generic stack with push and pop functions.
class Stack13<Element>: StackProtocol {
    var elements: [Element] = []
    required init() {}
    func push(_ element: Element) {
        elements.append(element)
    }
    func pop() -> Element? {
        return elements.popLast()
    }
}

// Generic stack with push and pop functions.
class Stack14<Element>: StackProtocol {
    var elements: [Element] = []
    required init() {}
    func push(_ element: Element) {
        elements.append(element)
    }
    func pop() -> Element? {
        return elements.popLast()
    }
}

// Generic stack with push and pop functions.
class Stack15<Element>: StackProtocol {
    var elements: [

protocol StackProtocol {
    associatedtype Element
    init()
    func push(_ element: Element)
    func pop() -> Element?
}

class Stack<Element>: StackProtocol {
    var items = [Element]()
    required init() {}
    func push(_ element: Element) {
        items.append(element)
    }
    func pop() -> Element? {
        return items.popLast()
    }
}

class Stack2<Element>: StackProtocol {
    var items = [Element]()
    required init() {}
    func push(_ element: Element) {
        items.append(element)
    }
    func pop() -> Element? {
        return items.popLast()
    }
}

class Stack3<Element>: StackProtocol {
    var items = [Element]()
    required init() {}
    func push(_ element: Element) {
        items.append(element)
    }
    func pop() -> Element? {
        return items.popLast()
    }
}

class Stack4<Element>: StackProtocol {
    var items = [Element]()
    required init() {}
    func push(_ element: Element) {
        items.append(element)
    }
    func pop() -> Element? {
        return items.popLast()
    }
}

class Stack5<Element>: StackProtocol {
    var items = [Element]()
    required init() {}
    func push(_ element: Element) {
        items.append(element)
    }
    func pop() -> Element? {
        return items.popLast()
    }
}

class Stack6<Element>: StackProtocol {
    var items = [Element]()
    required init() {}
    func push(_ element: Element) {
        items.append(element)
    }
    func pop() -> Element? {
        return items.popLast()
    }
}

class Stack7<Element>: StackProtocol {
    var items = [Element]()
    required init() {}
    func push(_ element: Element) {
        items.append(element)
    }
    func pop() -> Element? {
        return items.popLast()
    }
}

class Stack8<Element>: StackProtocol {
    var items = [Element]()
    required init() {}
    func push(_ element: Element) {
        items.append(element)
    }
    func pop() -> Element? {
        return items.popLast()
    }
}

class Stack9<Element>: StackProtocol {
    var items = [Element]()
    required init() {}
    func push(_ element: Element) {
        items.append(element)
    }
    func pop() -> Element? {
        return items.popLast()
    }
}

class Stack10<Element>: StackProtocol {
    var items = [Element]()
    required init() {}
    func push(_ element: Element) {
        items.append(element)
    }
    func pop() -> Element? {
        return items.popLast()
    }
}

class Stack11<Element>: StackProtocol {
    var items = [Element]()
    required init() {}
    func push(_ element: Element) {
        items.append(element)
    }
    func pop() -> Element? {
        return items.popLast()
    }
}

class Stack12<Element>: StackProtocol {
    var items = [Element]()
    required init() {}
    func push(_ element: Element) {
        items.append(element)
    }
    func pop() -> Element? {
        return items.popLast()
    }
}

class Stack13<Element>: StackProtocol {
    var items = [Element]()
    required init() {}
    func push(_ element: Element) {
        items.append(element)
    }
    func pop() -> Element? {
        return items.popLast()
    }
}

class Stack14<Element>: StackProtocol {
    var items = [Element]()
    required init() {}
    func push(_ element: Element) {
        items.append(element)
    }
    func pop() -> Element? {
        return items.popLast()
    }
}

```swift
protocol StackProtocol {
    associatedtype Element
    init()
    func push(_ element: Element)
    func pop() -> Element?
}

// Generic stack with push and pop functions.
class Stack<Element>: StackProtocol {
    var items = [Element]()
    required init() {}
    func push(_ element: Element) {
        items.append(element)
    }
    func pop() -> Element? {
        return items.popLast()
    }
}

// Generic stack with push and pop functions.
class Stack2<Element>: StackProtocol {
    var items = [Element]()
    required init() {}
    func push(_ element: Element) {
        items.append(element)
    }
    func pop() -> Element? {
        return items.popLast()
    }
}

// Generic stack with push and pop functions.
class Stack3<Element>: StackProtocol {
    var items = [Element]()
    required init() {}
    func push(_ element: Element) {
        items.append(element)
    }
    func pop() -> Element? {
        return items.popLast()
    }
}

// Generic stack with push and pop functions.
class Stack4<Element>: StackProtocol {
    var items = [Element]()
    required init() {}
    func push(_ element: Element) {
        items.append(element)
    }
    func pop() -> Element? {
        return items.popLast()
    }
}

// Generic stack with push and pop functions.
class Stack5<Element>: StackProtocol {
    var items = [Element]()
    required init() {}
    func push(_ element: Element) {
        items.append(element)
    }
    func pop() -> Element? {
        return items.popLast()
    }
}

// Generic stack with push and pop functions.
class Stack6<Element>: StackProtocol {
    var items = [Element]()
    required init() {}
    func push(_ element: Element) {
        items.append(element)
    }
    func pop() -> Element? {
        return items.popLast()
    }
}

// Generic stack with push and pop functions.
class Stack7<Element>: StackProtocol {
    var items = [Element]()
    required init() {}
    func push(_ element: Element) {
        items.append(element)
    }
    func pop() -> Element? {
        return items.popLast()
    }
}

// Generic stack with push and pop functions.
class Stack8<Element>: StackProtocol {
    var items = [Element]()
    required init() {}
    func push(_ element: Element) {
        items.append(element)
    }
    func pop() -> Element? {
        return items.popLast()
    }
}

// Generic stack with push and pop functions.
class Stack9<Element>: StackProtocol {
    var items = [Element]()
    required init() {}
    func push(_ element: Element) {
        items.append(element)
    }
    func pop() -> Element? {
        return items.popLast()
    }
}

// Generic stack with push and pop functions.
class Stack10<Element>: StackProtocol {
    var items = [Element]()
    required init() {}
    func push(_ element: Element) {
        items.append(element)
    }
    func pop() -> Element? {
        return items.popLast()
    }
}

// Generic stack with push and pop functions.
class Stack11<Element>: StackProtocol {
    var items = [Element]()
    required init() {}
    func push(_ element: Element) {
        items.append(element)
    }
    func pop() -> Element? {
        return items.popLast()
    }
}

// Generic stack with push and pop functions.
class Stack12<Element>: StackProtocol {
    var items = [Element]()
    required init() {}
    func push(_ element: Element) {
        items.append(element)
    }
    func pop() -> Element? {
        return items.popLast()
    }
}

// Generic stack with push and pop functions.
class Stack13<Element>: StackProtocol {
    var items = [Element]()
    required init() {}
    func push(_ element: Element) {
        items.append(element)
    }
    func pop() -> Element? {
        return items.popLast()
    }
}

// Generic stack with push and pop functions.
class Stack14<Element>: StackProtocol {
    var items = [Element]()
    required init() {}
    func push(_ element: Element) {
        items.append(element)
    }
    func pop() -> Element? {
        return items.popLast()
    }
}

// Generic stack with push and pop functions.
class Stack15<Element>: StackProtocol {
    var items = [Element]()
    required init() {}
    func push(_ element: Element) {
        items.append(element)
    }
    func pop

protocol StackProtocol {
    associatedtype Element
    init()
    func push(_ element: Element)
    func pop() -> Element?
}

class Stack<Element>: StackProtocol {
    var items = [Element]()
    required init() {}
    func push(_ element: Element) {
        items.append(element)
    }
    func pop() -> Element? {
        return items.popLast()
    }
}

class Stack2<Element>: StackProtocol {
    var items = [Element]()
    required init() {}
    func push(_ element: Element) {
        items.append(element)
    }
    func pop() -> Element? {
        return items.popLast()
    }
}

class Stack3<Element>: StackProtocol {
    var items = [Element]()
    required init() {}
    func push(_ element: Element) {
        items.append(element)
    }
    func pop() -> Element? {
        return items.popLast()
    }
}

class Stack4<Element>: StackProtocol {
    var items = [Element]()
    required init() {}
    func push(_ element: Element) {
        items.append(element)
    }
    func pop() -> Element? {
        return items.popLast()
    }
}

class Stack5<Element>: StackProtocol {
    var items = [Element]()
    required init() {}
    func push(_ element: Element) {
        items.append(element)
    }
    func pop() -> Element? {
        return items.popLast()
    }
}

class Stack6<Element>: StackProtocol {
    var items = [Element]()
    required init() {}
    func push(_ element: Element) {
        items.append(element)
    }
    func pop() -> Element? {
        return items.popLast()
    }
}

class Stack7<Element>: StackProtocol {
    var items = [Element]()
    required init() {}
    func push(_ element: Element) {
        items.append(element)
    }
    func pop() -> Element? {
        return items.popLast()
    }
}

class Stack8<Element>: StackProtocol {
    var items = [Element]()
    required init() {}
    func push(_ element: Element) {
        items.append(element)
    }
    func pop() -> Element? {
        return items.popLast()
    }
}

class Stack9<Element>: StackProtocol {
    var items = [Element]()
    required init() {}
    func push(_ element: Element) {
        items.append(element)
    }
    func pop() -> Element? {
        return items.popLast()
    }
}

class Stack10<Element>: StackProtocol {
    var items = [Element]()
    required init() {}
    func push(_ element: Element) {
        items.append(element)
    }
    func pop() -> Element? {
        return items.popLast()
    }
}

class Stack11<Element>: StackProtocol {
    var items = [Element]()
    required init() {}
    func push(_ element: Element) {
        items.append(element)
    }
    func pop() -> Element? {
        return items.popLast()
    }
}

class Stack12<Element>: StackProtocol {
    var items = [Element]()
    required init() {}
    func push(_ element: Element) {
        items.append(element)
    }
    func pop() -> Element? {
        return items.popLast()
    }
}

class Stack13<Element>: StackProtocol {
    var items = [Element]()
    required init() {}
    func push(_ element: Element) {
        items.append(element)
    }
    func pop() -> Element? {
        return items.popLast()
    }
}

class Stack14<Element>: StackProtocol {
    var items = [Element]()
    required init() {}
    func push(_ element: Element) {
        items.append(element)
    }
    func pop() -> Element? {
        return items.popLast()
    }
}

```swift
protocol StackProtocol {
    associatedtype Element
    init()
    func push(_ element: Element)
    func pop() -> Element?
}

// Generic stack with push and pop functions.
class Stack<Element>: StackProtocol {
    var items = [Element]()
    required init() {}
    func push(_ element: Element) {
        items.append(element)
    }
    func pop() -> Element? {
        return items.popLast()
    }
}

// Generic stack with push and pop functions.
class Stack2<Element>: StackProtocol {
    var items = [Element]()
    required init() {}
    func push(_ element: Element) {
        items.append(element)
    }
    func pop() -> Element? {
        return items.popLast()
    }
}

// Generic stack with push and pop functions.
class Stack3<Element>: StackProtocol {
    var items = [Element]()
    required init() {}
    func push(_ element: Element) {
        items.append(element)
    }
    func pop() -> Element? {
        return items.popLast()
    }
}

// Generic stack with push and pop functions.
class Stack4<Element>: StackProtocol {
    var items = [Element]()
    required init() {}
    func push(_ element: Element) {
        items.append(element)
    }
    func pop() -> Element? {
        return items.popLast()
    }
}

// Generic stack with push and pop functions.
class Stack5<Element>: StackProtocol {
    var items = [Element]()
    required init() {}
    func push(_ element: Element) {
        items.append(element)
    }
    func pop() -> Element? {
        return items.popLast()
    }
}

// Generic stack with push and pop functions.
class Stack6<Element>: StackProtocol {
    var items = [Element]()
    required init() {}
    func push(_ element: Element) {
        items.append(element)
    }
    func pop() -> Element? {
        return items.popLast()
    }
}

// Generic stack with push and pop functions.
class Stack7<Element>: StackProtocol {
    var items = [Element]()
    required init() {}
    func push(_ element: Element) {
        items.append(element)
    }
    func pop() -> Element? {
        return items.popLast()
    }
}

// Generic stack with push and pop functions.
class Stack8<Element>: StackProtocol {
    var items = [Element]()
    required init() {}
    func push(_ element: Element) {
        items.append(element)
    }
    func pop() -> Element? {
        return items.popLast()
    }
}

// Generic stack with push and pop functions.
class Stack9<Element>: StackProtocol {
    var items = [Element]()
    required init() {}
    func push(_ element: Element) {
        items.append(element)
    }
    func pop() -> Element? {
        return items.popLast()
    }
}

// Generic stack with push and pop functions.
class Stack10<Element>: StackProtocol {
    var items = [Element]()
    required init() {}
    func push(_ element: Element) {
        items.append(element)
    }
    func pop() -> Element? {
        return items.popLast()
    }
}

// Generic stack with push and pop functions.
class Stack11<Element>: StackProtocol {
    var items = [Element]()
    required init() {}
    func push(_ element: Element) {
        items.append(element)
    }
    func pop() -> Element? {
        return items.popLast()
    }
}

// Generic stack with push and pop functions.
class Stack12<Element>: StackProtocol {
    var items = [Element]()
    required init() {}
    func push(_ element: Element) {
        items.append(element)
    }
    func pop() -> Element? {
        return items.popLast()
    }
}

// Generic stack with push and pop functions.
class Stack13<Element>: StackProtocol {
    var items = [Element]()
    required init() {}
    func push(_ element: Element) {
        items.append(element)
    }
    func pop() -> Element? {
        return items.popLast()
    }
}

// Generic stack with push and pop functions.
class Stack14<Element>: StackProtocol {
    var items = [Element]()
    required init() {}
    func push(_ element: Element) {
        items.append(element)
    }
    func pop() -> Element? {
        return items.popLast()
    }
}

// Generic stack with push and pop functions.
class Stack15<Element>: StackProtocol {
    var items = [Element]()
    required init() {}
    func push(_ element: Element) {
        items.append(element)
    }
    func pop

protocol StackProtocol {
    associatedtype Element
    init()
    func push(_ element: Element)
    func pop() -> Element?
}

class Stack<Element>: StackProtocol {
    var elements: [Element] = []

    required init() {}

    func push(_ element: Element) {
        elements.append(element)
    }

    func pop() -> Element? {
        return elements.popLast()
    }
}

class Stack2<Element>: StackProtocol {
    var elements: [Element] = []

    required init() {}

    func push(_ element: Element) {
        elements.append(element)
    }

    func pop() -> Element? {
        return elements.popLast()
    }
}

class Stack3<Element>: StackProtocol {
    var elements: [Element] = []

    required init() {}

    func push(_ element: Element) {
        elements.append(element)
    }

    func pop() -> Element? {
        return elements.popLast()
    }
}

class Stack4<Element>: StackProtocol {
    var elements: [Element] = []

    required init() {}

    func push(_ element: Element) {
        elements.append(element)
    }

    func pop() -> Element? {
        return elements.popLast()
    }
}

class Stack5<Element>: StackProtocol {
    var elements: [Element] = []

    required init() {}

    func push(_ element: Element) {
        elements.append(element)
    }

    func pop() -> Element? {
        return elements.popLast()
    }
}

class Stack6<Element>: StackProtocol {
    var elements: [Element] = []

    required init() {}

    func push(_ element: Element) {
        elements.append(element)
    }

    func pop() -> Element? {
        return elements.popLast()
    }
}

class Stack7<Element>: StackProtocol {
    var elements: [Element] = []

    required init() {}

    func push(_ element: Element) {
        elements.append(element)
    }

    func pop() -> Element? {
        return elements.popLast()
    }
}

class Stack8<Element>: StackProtocol {
    var elements: [Element] = []

    required init() {}

    func push(_ element: Element) {
        elements.append(element)
    }

    func pop() -> Element? {
        return elements.popLast()
    }
}

class Stack9<Element>: StackProtocol {
    var elements: [Element] = []

    required init() {}

    func push(_ element: Element) {
        elements.append(element)
    }

    func pop() -> Element? {
        return elements.popLast()
    }
}

class Stack10<Element>: StackProtocol {
    var elements: [Element] = []

    required init() {}

    func push(_ element: Element) {
        elements.append(element)
    }

    func pop() -> Element? {
        return elements.popLast()
    }
}

class Stack11<Element>: StackProtocol {
    var elements: [Element] = []

    required init() {}

    func push(_ element: Element) {
        elements.append(element)
    }

    func pop() -> Element? {
        return elements.popLast()
    }
}

class Stack12<Element>: StackProtocol {
    var elements: [Element] = []

    required init() {}

    func push(_ element: Element) {
        elements.append(element)
    }

    func pop() -> Element? {
        return elements.popLast()
    }
}

class Stack13<Element>: StackProtocol {
    var elements: [Element] = []

    required init() {}

    func push(_ element: Element) {
        elements.append(element)
    }

    func pop() -> Element? {
        return elements.popLast()
    }
}

class Stack14<Element>: StackProtocol {
    var elements: [Element] = []

    required init() {}

    func push(_ element: Element) {
        elements.append(element)
    }

    func pop() -> Element? {
        return elements.popLast()
    }
}

```swift
protocol StackProtocol {
    associatedtype Element
    init()
    func push(_ element: Element)
    func pop() -> Element?
}

// Generic stack with push and pop functions.
class Stack<Element>: StackProtocol {
    var elements: [Element] = []

    required init() {}

    func push(_ element: Element) {
        elements.append(element)
    }

    func pop() -> Element? {
        return elements.popLast()
    }
}

// Generic stack with push and pop functions.
class Stack2<Element>: StackProtocol {
    var elements: [Element] = []

    required init() {}

    func push(_ element: Element) {
        elements.append(element)
    }

    func pop() -> Element? {
        return elements.popLast()
    }
}

// Generic stack with push and pop functions.
class Stack3<Element>: StackProtocol {
    var elements: [Element] = []

    required init() {}

    func push(_ element: Element) {
        elements.append(element)
    }

    func pop() -> Element? {
        return elements.popLast()
    }
}

// Generic stack with push and pop functions.
class Stack4<Element>: StackProtocol {
    var elements: [Element] = []

    required init() {}

    func push(_ element: Element) {
        elements.append(element)
    }

    func pop() -> Element? {
        return elements.popLast()
    }
}

// Generic stack with push and pop functions.
class Stack5<Element>: StackProtocol {
    var elements: [Element] = []

    required init() {}

    func push(_ element: Element) {
        elements.append(element)
    }

    func pop() -> Element? {
        return elements.popLast()
    }
}

// Generic stack with push and pop functions.
class Stack6<Element>: StackProtocol {
    var elements: [Element] = []

    required init() {}

    func push(_ element: Element) {
        elements.append(element)
    }

    func pop() -> Element? {
        return elements.popLast()
    }
}

// Generic stack with push and pop functions.
class Stack7<Element>: StackProtocol {
    var elements: [Element] = []

    required init() {}

    func push(_ element: Element) {
        elements.append(element)
    }

    func pop() -> Element? {
        return elements.popLast()
    }
}

// Generic stack with push and pop functions.
class Stack8<Element>: StackProtocol {
    var elements: [Element] = []

    required init() {}

    func push(_ element: Element) {
        elements.append(element)
    }

    func pop() -> Element? {
        return elements.popLast()
    }
}

// Generic stack with push and pop functions.
class Stack9<Element>: StackProtocol {
    var elements: [Element] = []

    required init() {}

    func push(_ element: Element) {
        elements.append(element)
    }

    func pop() -> Element? {
        return elements.popLast()
    }
}

// Generic stack with push and pop functions.
class Stack10<Element>: StackProtocol {
    var elements: [Element] = []

    required init() {}

    func push(_ element: Element) {
        elements.append(element)
    }

    func pop() -> Element? {
        return elements.popLast()
    }
}

// Generic stack with push and pop functions.
class Stack11<Element>: StackProtocol {
    var elements: [Element] = []

    required init() {}

    func push(_ element: Element) {
        elements.append(element)
    }

    func pop() -> Element? {
        return elements.popLast()
    }
}

// Generic stack with push and pop functions.
class Stack12<Element>: StackProtocol {
    var elements: [Element] = []

    required init() {}

    func push(_ element: Element) {
        elements.append(element)
    }

    func pop() -> Element? {
        return elements.popLast()
    }
}

// Generic stack with push and pop functions.
class Stack13<Element>: StackProtocol {
    var elements: [Element] = []

    required init() {}

    func push(_ element: Element) {
        elements.append(element)
    }

    func pop() -> Element? {
        return elements.popLast()
    }
}

// Generic stack with push and pop functions.
class Stack14<Element>: StackProtocol {
    var elements: [Element] = []

    required init() {}

    func push(_ element: Element) {
        elements.append(element)
    }

    func pop() -> Element? {
        return elements.popLast()
    }
}

// Generic stack with push and pop functions.
class Stack15<Element>: StackProtocol {
    var elements: [

protocol StackProtocol {
    associatedtype Element
    init()
    func push(_ element: Element)
    func pop() -> Element?
}

class Stack<Element>: StackProtocol {
    var elements: [Element] = []

    required init() {}

    func push(_ element: Element) {
        elements.append(element)
    }

    func pop() -> Element? {
        return elements.popLast()
    }
}

class Stack2<Element>: StackProtocol {
    var elements: [Element] = []

    required init() {}

    func push(_ element: Element) {
        elements.append(element)
    }

    func pop() -> Element? {
        return elements.popLast()
    }
}

class Stack3<Element>: StackProtocol {
    var elements: [Element] = []

    required init() {}

    func push(_ element: Element) {
        elements.append(element)
    }

    func pop() -> Element? {
        return elements.popLast()
    }
}

class Stack4<Element>: StackProtocol {
    var elements: [Element] = []

    required init() {}

    func push(_ element: Element) {
        elements.append(element)
    }

    func pop() -> Element? {
        return elements.popLast()
    }
}

class Stack5<Element>: StackProtocol {
    var elements: [Element] = []

    required init() {}

    func push(_ element: Element) {
        elements.append(element)
    }

    func pop() -> Element? {
        return elements.popLast()
    }
}

class Stack6<Element>: StackProtocol {
    var elements: [Element] = []

    required init() {}

    func push(_ element: Element) {
        elements.append(element)
    }

    func pop() -> Element? {
        return elements.popLast()
    }
}

class Stack7<Element>: StackProtocol {
    var elements: [Element] = []

    required init() {}

    func push(_ element: Element) {
        elements.append(element)
    }

    func pop() -> Element? {
        return elements.popLast()
    }
}

class Stack8<Element>: StackProtocol {
    var elements: [Element] = []

    required init() {}

    func push(_ element: Element) {
        elements.append(element)
    }

    func pop() -> Element? {
        return elements.popLast()
    }
}

class Stack9<Element>: StackProtocol {
    var elements: [Element] = []

    required init() {}

    func push(_ element: Element) {
        elements.append(element)
    }

    func pop() -> Element? {
        return elements.popLast()
    }
}

class Stack10<Element>: StackProtocol {
    var elements: [Element] = []

    required init() {}

    func push(_ element: Element) {
        elements.append(element)
    }

    func pop() -> Element? {
        return elements.popLast()
    }
}

class Stack11<Element>: StackProtocol {
    var elements: [Element] = []

    required init() {}

    func push(_ element: Element) {
        elements.append(element)
    }

    func pop() -> Element? {
        return elements.popLast()
    }
}

class Stack12<Element>: StackProtocol {
    var elements: [Element] = []

    required init() {}

    func push(_ element: Element) {
        elements.append(element)
    }

    func pop() -> Element? {
        return elements.popLast()
    }
}

class Stack13<Element>: StackProtocol {
    var elements: [Element] = []

    required init() {}

    func push(_ element: Element) {
        elements.append(element)
    }

    func pop() -> Element? {
        return elements.popLast()
    }
}

class Stack14<Element>: StackProtocol {
    var elements: [Element] = []

    required init() {}

    func push(_ element: Element) {
        elements.append(element)
    }

    func pop() -> Element? {
        return elements.popLast()
    }
}

```swift
protocol StackProtocol {
    associatedtype Element
    init()
    func push(_ element: Element)
    func pop() -> Element?
}

// Generic stack with push and pop functions.
class Stack<Element>: StackProtocol {
    var elements: [Element] = []

    required init() {}

    func push(_ element: Element) {
        elements.append(element)
    }

    func pop() -> Element? {
        return elements.popLast()
    }
}

// Generic stack with push and pop functions.
class Stack2<Element>: StackProtocol {
    var elements: [Element] = []

    required init() {}

    func push(_ element: Element) {
        elements.append(element)
    }

    func pop() -> Element? {
        return elements.popLast()
    }
}

// Generic stack with push and pop functions.
class Stack3<Element>: StackProtocol {
    var elements: [Element] = []

    required init() {}

    func push(_ element: Element) {
        elements.append(element)
    }

    func pop() -> Element? {
        return elements.popLast()
    }
}

// Generic stack with push and pop functions.
class Stack4<Element>: StackProtocol {
    var elements: [Element] = []

    required init() {}

    func push(_ element: Element) {
        elements.append(element)
    }

    func pop() -> Element? {
        return elements.popLast()
    }
}

// Generic stack with push and pop functions.
class Stack5<Element>: StackProtocol {
    var elements: [Element] = []

    required init() {}

    func push(_ element: Element) {
        elements.append(element)
    }

    func pop() -> Element? {
        return elements.popLast()
    }
}

// Generic stack with push and pop functions.
class Stack6<Element>: StackProtocol {
    var elements: [Element] = []

    required init() {}

    func push(_ element: Element) {
        elements.append(element)
    }

    func pop() -> Element? {
        return elements.popLast()
    }
}

// Generic stack with push and pop functions.
class Stack7<Element>: StackProtocol {
    var elements: [Element] = []

    required init() {}

    func push(_ element: Element) {
        elements.append(element)
    }

    func pop() -> Element? {
        return elements.popLast()
    }
}

// Generic stack with push and pop functions.
class Stack8<Element>: StackProtocol {
    var elements: [Element] = []

    required init() {}

    func push(_ element: Element) {
        elements.append(element)
    }

    func pop() -> Element? {
        return elements.popLast()
    }
}

// Generic stack with push and pop functions.
class Stack9<Element>: StackProtocol {
    var elements: [Element] = []

    required init() {}

    func push(_ element: Element) {
        elements.append(element)
    }

    func pop() -> Element? {
        return elements.popLast()
    }
}

// Generic stack with push and pop functions.
class Stack10<Element>: StackProtocol {
    var elements: [Element] = []

    required init() {}

    func push(_ element: Element) {
        elements.append(element)
    }

    func pop() -> Element? {
        return elements.popLast()
    }
}

// Generic stack with push and pop functions.
class Stack11<Element>: StackProtocol {
    var elements: [Element] = []

    required init() {}

    func push(_ element: Element) {
        elements.append(element)
    }

    func pop() -> Element? {
        return elements.popLast()
    }
}

// Generic stack with push and pop functions.
class Stack12<Element>: StackProtocol {
    var elements: [Element] = []

    required init() {}

    func push(_ element: Element) {
        elements.append(element)
    }

    func pop() -> Element? {
        return elements.popLast()
    }
}

// Generic stack with push and pop functions.
class Stack13<Element>: StackProtocol {
    var elements: [Element] = []

    required init() {}

    func push(_ element: Element) {
        elements.append(element)
    }

    func pop() -> Element? {
        return elements.popLast()
    }
}

// Generic stack with push and pop functions.
class Stack14<Element>: StackProtocol {
    var elements: [Element] = []

    required init() {}

    func push(_ element: Element) {
        elements.append(element)
    }

    func pop() -> Element? {
        return elements.popLast()
    }
}

// Generic stack with push and pop functions.
class Stack15<Element>: StackProtocol {
    var elements: [

protocol StackProtocol {
    associatedtype Element
    init()
    func push(_ element: Element)
    func pop() -> Element?
}

class Stack<Element>: StackProtocol {
    var elements: [Element] = []

    required init() {}

    func push(_ element: Element) {
        elements.append(element)
    }

    func pop() -> Element? {
        return elements.popLast()
    }
}

class Stack2<Element>: StackProtocol {
    var elements: [Element] = []

    required init() {}

    func push(_ element: Element) {
        elements.append(element)
    }

    func pop() -> Element? {
        return elements.popLast()
    }
}

class Stack3<Element>: StackProtocol {
    var elements: [Element] = []

    required init() {}

    func push(_ element: Element) {
        elements.append(element)
    }

    func pop() -> Element? {
        return elements.popLast()
    }
}

class Stack4<Element>: StackProtocol {
    var elements: [Element] = []

    required init() {}

    func push(_ element: Element) {
        elements.append(element)
    }

    func pop() -> Element? {
        return elements.popLast()
    }
}

class Stack5<Element>: StackProtocol {
    var elements: [Element] = []

    required init() {}

    func push(_ element: Element) {
        elements.append(element)
    }

    func pop() -> Element? {
        return elements.popLast()
    }
}

class Stack6<Element>: StackProtocol {
    var elements: [Element] = []

    required init() {}

    func push(_ element: Element) {
        elements.append(element)
    }

    func pop() -> Element? {
        return elements.popLast()
    }
}

class Stack7<Element>: StackProtocol {
    var elements: [Element] = []

    required init() {}

    func push(_ element: Element) {
        elements.append(element)
    }

    func pop() -> Element? {
        return elements.popLast()
    }
}

class Stack8<Element>: StackProtocol {
    var elements: [Element] = []

    required init() {}

    func push(_ element: Element) {
        elements.append(element)
    }

    func pop() -> Element? {
        return elements.popLast()
    }
}

class Stack9<Element>: StackProtocol {
    var elements: [Element] = []

    required init() {}

    func push(_ element: Element) {
        elements.append(element)
    }

    func pop() -> Element? {
        return elements.popLast()
    }
}

class Stack10<Element>: StackProtocol {
    var elements: [Element] = []

    required init() {}

    func push(_ element: Element) {
        elements.append(element)
    }

    func pop() -> Element? {
        return elements.popLast()
    }
}

class Stack11<Element>: StackProtocol {
    var elements: [Element] = []

    required init() {}

    func push(_ element: Element) {
        elements.append(element)
    }

    func pop() -> Element? {
        return elements.popLast()
    }
}

class Stack12<Element>: StackProtocol {
    var elements: [Element] = []

    required init() {}

    func push(_ element: Element) {
        elements.append(element)
    }

    func pop() -> Element? {
        return elements.popLast()
    }
}

class Stack13<Element>: StackProtocol {
    var elements: [Element] = []

    required init() {}

    func push(_ element: Element) {
        elements.append(element)
    }

    func pop() -> Element? {
        return elements.popLast()
    }
}

class Stack14<Element>: StackProtocol {
    var elements: [Element] = []

    required init() {}

    func push(_ element: Element) {
        elements.append(element)
    }

    func pop() -> Element? {
        return elements.popLast()
    }
}

```swift
protocol StackProtocol {
    associatedtype Element
    init()
    func push(_ element: Element)
    func pop() -> Element?
}

// Generic stack with push and pop functions.
class Stack<Element>: StackProtocol {
    var elements: [Element] = []

    required init() {}

    func push(_ element: Element) {
        elements.append(element)
    }

    func pop() -> Element? {
        return elements.popLast()
    }
}

// Generic stack with push and pop functions.
class Stack2<Element>: StackProtocol {
    var elements: [Element] = []

    required init() {}

    func push(_ element: Element) {
        elements.append(element)
    }

    func pop() -> Element? {
        return elements.popLast()
    }
}

// Generic stack with push and pop functions.
class Stack3<Element>: StackProtocol {
    var elements: [Element] = []

    required init() {}

    func push(_ element: Element) {
        elements.append(element)
    }

    func pop() -> Element? {
        return elements.popLast()
    }
}

// Generic stack with push and pop functions.
class Stack4<Element>: StackProtocol {
    var elements: [Element] = []

    required init() {}

    func push(_ element: Element) {
        elements.append(element)
    }

    func pop() -> Element? {
        return elements.popLast()
    }
}

// Generic stack with push and pop functions.
class Stack5<Element>: StackProtocol {
    var elements: [Element] = []

    required init() {}

    func push(_ element: Element) {
        elements.append(element)
    }

    func pop() -> Element? {
        return elements.popLast()
    }
}

// Generic stack with push and pop functions.
class Stack6<Element>: StackProtocol {
    var elements: [Element] = []

    required init() {}

    func push(_ element: Element) {
        elements.append(element)
    }

    func pop() -> Element? {
        return elements.popLast()
    }
}

// Generic stack with push and pop functions.
class Stack7<Element>: StackProtocol {
    var elements: [Element] = []

    required init() {}

    func push(_ element: Element) {
        elements.append(element)
    }

    func pop() -> Element? {
        return elements.popLast()
    }
}

// Generic stack with push and pop functions.
class Stack8<Element>: StackProtocol {
    var elements: [Element] = []

    required init() {}

    func push(_ element: Element) {
        elements.append(element)
    }

    func pop() -> Element? {
        return elements.popLast()
    }
}

// Generic stack with push and pop functions.
class Stack9<Element>: StackProtocol {
    var elements: [Element] = []

    required init() {}

    func push(_ element: Element) {
        elements.append(element)
    }

    func pop() -> Element? {
        return elements.popLast()
    }
}

// Generic stack with push and pop functions.
class Stack10<Element>: StackProtocol {
    var elements: [Element] = []

    required init() {}

    func push(_ element: Element) {
        elements.append(element)
    }

    func pop() -> Element? {
        return elements.popLast()
    }
}

// Generic stack with push and pop functions.
class Stack11<Element>: StackProtocol {
    var elements: [Element] = []

    required init() {}

    func push(_ element: Element) {
        elements.append(element)
    }

    func pop() -> Element? {
        return elements.popLast()
    }
}

// Generic stack with push and pop functions.
class Stack12<Element>: StackProtocol {
    var elements: [Element] = []

    required init() {}

    func push(_ element: Element) {
        elements.append(element)
    }

    func pop() -> Element? {
        return elements.popLast()
    }
}

// Generic stack with push and pop functions.
class Stack13<Element>: StackProtocol {
    var elements: [Element] = []

    required init() {}

    func push(_ element: Element) {
        elements.append(element)
    }

    func pop() -> Element? {
        return elements.popLast()
    }
}

// Generic stack with push and pop functions.
class Stack14<Element>: StackProtocol {
    var elements: [Element] = []

    required init() {}

    func push(_ element: Element) {
        elements.append(element)
    }

    func pop() -> Element? {
        return elements.popLast()
    }
}

// Generic stack with push and pop functions.
class Stack15<Element>: StackProtocol {
    var elements: [

protocol StackProtocol {
    associatedtype Element
    init()
    func push(_ element: Element)
    func pop() -> Element?
}

class Stack<Element>: StackProtocol {
    var elements: [Element] = []

    required init() {}

    func push(_ element: Element) {
        elements.append(element)
    }

    func pop() -> Element? {
        return elements.popLast()
    }
}

class Stack2<Element>: StackProtocol {
    var elements: [Element] = []

    required init() {}

    func push(_ element: Element) {
        elements.append(element)
    }

    func pop() -> Element? {
        return elements.popLast()
    }
}

class Stack3<Element>: StackProtocol {
    var elements: [Element] = []

    required init() {}

    func push(_ element: Element) {
        elements.append(element)
    }

    func pop() -> Element? {
        return elements.popLast()
    }
}

class Stack4<Element>: StackProtocol {
    var elements: [Element] = []

    required init() {}

    func push(_ element: Element) {
        elements.append(element)
    }

    func pop() -> Element? {
        return elements.popLast()
    }
}

class Stack5<Element>: StackProtocol {
    var elements: [Element] = []

    required init() {}

    func push(_ element: Element) {
        elements.append(element)
    }

    func pop() -> Element? {
        return elements.popLast()
    }
}

class Stack6<Element>: StackProtocol {
    var elements: [Element] = []

    required init() {}

    func push(_ element: Element) {
        elements.append(element)
    }

    func pop() -> Element? {
        return elements.popLast()
    }
}

class Stack7<Element>: StackProtocol {
    var elements: [Element] = []

    required init() {}

    func push(_ element: Element) {
        elements.append(element)
    }

    func pop() -> Element? {
        return elements.popLast()
    }
}

class Stack8<Element>: StackProtocol {
    var elements: [Element] = []

    required init() {}

    func push(_ element: Element) {
        elements.append(element)
    }

    func pop() -> Element? {
        return elements.popLast()
    }
}

class Stack9<Element>: StackProtocol {
    var elements: [Element] = []

    required init() {}

    func push(_ element: Element) {
        elements.append(element)
    }

    func pop() -> Element? {
        return elements.popLast()
    }
}

class Stack10<Element>: StackProtocol {
    var elements: [Element] = []

    required init() {}

    func push(_ element: Element) {
        elements.append(element)
    }

    func pop() -> Element? {
        return elements.popLast()
    }
}

class Stack11<Element>: StackProtocol {
    var elements: [Element] = []

    required init() {}

    func push(_ element: Element) {
        elements.append(element)
    }

    func pop() -> Element? {
        return elements.popLast()
    }
}

class Stack12<Element>: StackProtocol {
    var elements: [Element] = []

    required init() {}

    func push(_ element: Element) {
        elements.append(element)
    }

    func pop() -> Element? {
        return elements.popLast()
    }
}

class Stack13<Element>: StackProtocol {
    var elements: [Element] = []

    required init() {}

    func push(_ element: Element) {
        elements.append(element)
    }

    func pop() -> Element? {
        return elements.popLast()
    }
}

class Stack14<Element>: StackProtocol {
    var elements: [Element] = []

    required init() {}

    func push(_ element: Element) {
        elements.append(element)
    }

    func pop() -> Element? {
        return elements.popLast()
    }
}

```swift
protocol StackProtocol {
    associatedtype Element
    init()
    func push(_ element: Element)
    func pop() -> Element?
}

// Generic stack with push and pop functions.
class Stack<Element>: StackProtocol {
    var elements: [Element] = []

    required init() {}

    func push(_ element: Element) {
        elements.append(element)
    }

    func pop() -> Element? {
        return elements.popLast()
    }
}

// Generic stack with push and pop functions.
class Stack2<Element>: StackProtocol {
    var elements: [Element] = []

    required init() {}

    func push(_ element: Element) {
        elements.append(element)
    }

    func pop() -> Element? {
        return elements.popLast()
    }
}

// Generic stack with push and pop functions.
class Stack3<Element>: StackProtocol {
    var elements: [Element] = []

    required init() {}

    func push(_ element: Element) {
        elements.append(element)
    }

    func pop() -> Element? {
        return elements.popLast()
    }
}

// Generic stack with push and pop functions.
class Stack4<Element>: StackProtocol {
    var elements: [Element] = []

    required init() {}

    func push(_ element: Element) {
        elements.append(element)
    }

    func pop() -> Element? {
        return elements.popLast()
    }
}

// Generic stack with push and pop functions.
class Stack5<Element>: StackProtocol {
    var elements: [Element] = []

    required init() {}

    func push(_ element: Element) {
        elements.append(element)
    }

    func pop() -> Element? {
        return elements.popLast()
    }
}

// Generic stack with push and pop functions.
class Stack6<Element>: StackProtocol {
    var elements: [Element] = []

    required init() {}

    func push(_ element: Element) {
        elements.append(element)
    }

    func pop() -> Element? {
        return elements.popLast()
    }
}

// Generic stack with push and pop functions.
class Stack7<Element>: StackProtocol {
    var elements: [Element] = []

    required init() {}

    func push(_ element: Element) {
        elements.append(element)
    }

    func pop() -> Element? {
        return elements.popLast()
    }
}

// Generic stack with push and pop functions.
class Stack8<Element>: StackProtocol {
    var elements: [Element] = []

    required init() {}

    func push(_ element: Element) {
        elements.append(element)
    }

    func pop() -> Element? {
        return elements.popLast()
    }
}

// Generic stack with push and pop functions.
class Stack9<Element>: StackProtocol {
    var elements: [Element] = []

    required init() {}

    func push(_ element: Element) {
        elements.append(element)
    }

    func pop() -> Element? {
        return elements.popLast()
    }
}

// Generic stack with push and pop functions.
class Stack10<Element>: StackProtocol {
    var elements: [Element] = []

    required init() {}

    func push(_ element: Element) {
        elements.append(element)
    }

    func pop() -> Element? {
        return elements.popLast()
    }
}

// Generic stack with push and pop functions.
class Stack11<Element>: StackProtocol {
    var elements: [Element] = []

    required init() {}

    func push(_ element: Element) {
        elements.append(element)
    }

    func pop() -> Element? {
        return elements.popLast()
    }
}

// Generic stack with push and pop functions.
class Stack12<Element>: StackProtocol {
    var elements: [Element] = []

    required init() {}

    func push(_ element: Element) {
        elements.append(element)
    }

    func pop() -> Element? {
        return elements.popLast()
    }
}

// Generic stack with push and pop functions.
class Stack13<Element>: StackProtocol {
    var elements: [Element] = []

    required init() {}

    func push(_ element: Element) {
        elements.append(element)
    }

    func pop() -> Element? {
        return elements.popLast()
    }
}

// Generic stack with push and pop functions.
class Stack14<Element>: StackProtocol {
    var elements: [Element] = []

    required init() {}

    func push(_ element: Element) {
        elements.append(element)
    }

    func pop() -> Element? {
        return elements.popLast()
    }
}

// Generic stack with push and pop functions.
class Stack15<Element>: StackProtocol {
    var elements: [

protocol CacheProtocol {
    associatedtype Key: Hashable
    associatedtype Element
    init(capacity: Int)
    subscript(key: Key) -> Element? { get set }
}

import Foundation

class Cache<Key: Hashable, Element>: CacheProtocol {
    typealias Key = Key
    typealias Element = Element
    private var cache: [Key: Element] = [:]
    private var capacity: Int
    private var queue: [Key] = []

    required init(capacity: Int) {
        self.capacity = capacity
    }

    subscript(key: Key) -> Element? {
        get {
            if let element = cache[key] {
                queue.remove(at: queue.firstIndex(of: key)!)
                queue.append(key)
                return element
            }
            return nil
        }
        set {
            if let element = newValue {
                if queue.count == capacity {
                    let key = queue.removeFirst()
                    cache.removeValue(forKey: key)
                }
                queue.append(key)
                cache[key] = element
            }
        }
    }
}

class DiskCache<Key: Hashable, Element>: CacheProtocol {
    typealias Key = Key
    typealias Element = Element
    private var cache: [Key: Element] = [:]
    private var capacity: Int
    private var queue: [Key] = []
    private var diskCache: [Key: Data] = [:]

    required init(capacity: Int) {
        self.capacity = capacity
    }

    subscript(key: Key) -> Element? {
        get {
            if let element = cache[key] {
                queue.remove(at: queue.firstIndex(of: key)!)
                queue.append(key)
                return element
            } else if let data = diskCache[key], let element = try? JSONDecoder().decode(Element.self, from: data) {
                cache[key] = element
                queue.append(key)
                return element
            }
            return nil
        }
        set {
            if let element = newValue {
                if queue.count == capacity {
                    let key = queue.removeFirst()
                    cache.removeValue(forKey: key)
                    diskCache.removeValue(forKey: key)
                }
                queue.append(key)
                cache[key] = element
                diskCache[key] = try? JSONEncoder().encode(element)
            }
        }
    }
}

```swift
import Foundation

protocol CacheProtocol {
    associatedtype Key: Hashable
    associatedtype Element
    init(capacity: Int)
    subscript(key: Key) -> Element? { get set }
}

// Generic in-memory cache that follows to the LRU (Least Recently Used) eviction policy.
// The cache should have a specified capacity limit, and when this limit is reached, it should remove the least recently used item to make space for new entries.
class Cache<Key: Hashable, Element>: CacheProtocol {
    typealias Key = Key
    typealias Element = Element
    private var cache: [Key: Element] = [:]
    private var capacity: Int
    private var queue: [Key] = []

    required init(capacity: Int) {
        self.capacity = capacity
    }

    subscript(key: Key) -> Element? {
        get {
            if let element = cache[key] {
                queue.remove(at: queue.firstIndex(of: key)!)
                queue.append(key)
                return element
            }
            return nil
        }
        set {
            if let element = newValue {
                if queue.count == capacity {
                    let key = queue.removeFirst()
                    cache.removeValue(forKey: key)
                }
                queue.append(key)
                cache[key] = element
            }
        }
    }
}

// Generic on-disk cache that follows to the LRU (Least Recently Used) eviction policy.
// The cache should have a specified capacity limit, and when this limit is reached, it should remove the least recently used item to make space for new entries.
// The cache should also be able to store and retrieve data from disk.
class DiskCache<Key: Hashable, Element>: CacheProtocol {
    typealias Key = Key
    typealias Element = Element
    private var cache: [Key: Element] = [:]
    private var capacity: Int
    private var queue: [Key] = []
    private var diskCache: [Key: Data] = [:]

    required init(capacity: Int) {
        self.capacity = capacity
    }

    subscript(key: Key) -> Element? {
        get {
            if let element = cache[key] {
                queue.remove(at: queue.firstIndex(of: key)!)
                queue.append(key)
                return element
            } else if let data = diskCache[key], let element = try? JSONDecoder().decode(Element.self, from: data) {
                cache[key] = element
                queue.append(key)
                return element
            }
            return nil
        }
        set {
            if let element = newValue {
                if queue.count == capacity {
                    let key = queue.removeFirst()
                    cache.removeValue(forKey: key)
                    diskCache.removeValue(forKey: key)
                }
                queue.append(key)
                cache[key] = element
                diskCache[key] = try? JSONEncoder().encode(element)
            }
        }
    }
}
```

protocol CacheProtocol {
    associatedtype Key: Hashable
    associatedtype Element
    init(capacity: Int)
    subscript(key: Key) -> Element? { get set }
}

import Foundation

class Cache<Key: Hashable, Element>: CacheProtocol {
    typealias Key = Key
    typealias Element = Element
    private var capacity: Int
    private var cache: [Key: Element]
    private var order: [Key]

    required init(capacity: Int) {
        self.capacity = capacity
        self.cache = [Key: Element]()
        self.order = [Key]()
    }

    subscript(key: Key) -> Element? {
        get {
            return cache[key]
        }
        set {
            if let value = newValue {
                cache[key] = value
                order.append(key)
            } else {
                cache[key] = nil
                order.removeAll(where: { $0 == key })
            }
            if order.count > capacity {
                cache.removeValue(forKey: order.removeFirst())
            }
        }
    }
}

class DiskCache<Key: Hashable, Element>: CacheProtocol {
    typealias Key = Key
    typealias Element = Element
    private var capacity: Int
    private var cache: [Key: Element]
    private var order: [Key]
    private var path: String

    required init(capacity: Int, path: String) {
        self.capacity = capacity
        self.cache = [Key: Element]()
        self.order = [Key]()
        self.path = path
    }

    subscript(key: Key) -> Element? {
        get {
            return cache[key]
        }
        set {
            if let value = newValue {
                cache[key] = value
                order.append(key)
            } else {
                cache[key] = nil
                order.removeAll(where: { $0 == key })
            }
            if order.count > capacity {
                cache.removeValue(forKey: order.removeFirst())
            }
            do {
                let data = try JSONEncoder().encode(cache)
                try data.write(to: URL(fileURLWithPath: path))
            } catch {
                print(error)
            }
        }
    }
}

```swift
import Foundation

protocol CacheProtocol {
    associatedtype Key: Hashable
    associatedtype Element
    init(capacity: Int)
    subscript(key: Key) -> Element? { get set }
}

// Generic in-memory cache that follows to the LRU (Least Recently Used) eviction policy.
// The cache should have a specified capacity limit, and when this limit is reached, it should remove the least recently used item to make space for new entries.
class Cache<Key: Hashable, Element>: CacheProtocol {
    typealias Key = Key
    typealias Element = Element
    private var capacity: Int
    private var cache: [Key: Element]
    private var order: [Key]

    required init(capacity: Int) {
        self.capacity = capacity
        self.cache = [Key: Element]()
        self.order = [Key]()
    }

    subscript(key: Key) -> Element? {
        get {
            return cache[key]
        }
        set {
            if let value = newValue {
                cache[key] = value
                order.append(key)
            } else {
                cache[key] = nil
                order.removeAll(where: { $0 == key })
            }
            if order.count > capacity {
                cache.removeValue(forKey: order.removeFirst())
            }
        }
    }
}

// Generic on-disk cache that follows to the LRU (Least Recently Used) eviction policy.
// The cache should have a specified capacity limit, and when this limit is reached, it should remove the least recently used item to make space for new entries.
class DiskCache<Key: Hashable, Element>: CacheProtocol {
    typealias Key = Key
    typealias Element = Element
    private var capacity: Int
    private var cache: [Key: Element]
    private var order: [Key]
    private var path: String

    required init(capacity: Int, path: String) {
        self.capacity = capacity
        self.cache = [Key: Element]()
        self.order = [Key]()
        self.path = path
    }

    subscript(key: Key) -> Element? {
        get {
            return cache[key]
        }
        set {
            if let value = newValue {
                cache[key] = value
                order.append(key)
            } else {
                cache[key] = nil
                order.removeAll(where: { $0 == key })
            }
            if order.count > capacity {
                cache.removeValue(forKey: order.removeFirst())
            }
            do {
                let data = try JSONEncoder().encode(cache)
                try data.write(to: URL(fileURLWithPath: path))
            } catch {
                print(error)
            }
        }
    }
}
```

protocol CacheProtocol {
    associatedtype Key: Hashable
    associatedtype Element
    init(capacity: Int)
    subscript(key: Key) -> Element? { get set }
}

import Foundation

class Cache<Key: Hashable, Element>: CacheProtocol {
    private var cache: [Key: Element]
    private var capacity: Int

    required init(capacity: Int) {
        self.cache = [Key: Element]()
        self.capacity = capacity
    }

    subscript(key: Key) -> Element? {
        get {
            return cache[key]
        }
        set {
            if cache.count == capacity {
                cache.removeLast()
            }
            cache[key] = newValue
        }
    }
}

class DiskCache<Key: Hashable, Element>: CacheProtocol {
    private var cache: [Key: Element]
    private var capacity: Int

    required init(capacity: Int) {
        self.cache = [Key: Element]()
        self.capacity = capacity
    }

    subscript(key: Key) -> Element? {
        get {
            return cache[key]
        }
        set {
            if cache.count == capacity {
                cache.removeLast()
            }
            cache[key] = newValue
        }
    }
}

```swift
import Foundation

protocol CacheProtocol {
    associatedtype Key: Hashable
    associatedtype Element
    init(capacity: Int)
    subscript(key: Key) -> Element? { get set }
}

// Generic in-memory cache that follows to the LRU (Least Recently Used) eviction policy.
// The cache should have a specified capacity limit, and when this limit is reached, it should remove the least recently used item to make space for new entries.
class Cache<Key: Hashable, Element>: CacheProtocol {
    private var cache: [Key: Element]
    private var capacity: Int

    required init(capacity: Int) {
        self.cache = [Key: Element]()
        self.capacity = capacity
    }

    subscript(key: Key) -> Element? {
        get {
            return cache[key]
        }
        set {
            if cache.count == capacity {
                cache.removeLast()
            }
            cache[key] = newValue
        }
    }
}

// Generic disk cache that follows to the LRU (Least Recently Used) eviction policy.
// The cache should have a specified capacity limit, and when this limit is reached, it should remove the least recently used item to make space for new entries.
class DiskCache<Key: Hashable, Element>: CacheProtocol {
    private var cache: [Key: Element]
    private var capacity: Int

    required init(capacity: Int) {
        self.cache = [Key: Element]()
        self.capacity = capacity
    }

    subscript(key: Key) -> Element? {
        get {
            return cache[key]
        }
        set {
            if cache.count == capacity {
                cache.removeLast()
            }
            cache[key] = newValue
        }
    }
}
```

protocol CacheProtocol {
    associatedtype Key: Hashable
    associatedtype Element
    init(capacity: Int)
    subscript(key: Key) -> Element? { get set }
}

import Foundation

class Cache<Key: Hashable, Element>: CacheProtocol {
    private var capacity: Int
    private var cache: [Key: Element] = [:]
    private var queue: [Key] = []

    required init(capacity: Int) {
        self.capacity = capacity
    }

    subscript(key: Key) -> Element? {
        get {
            if let element = cache[key] {
                queue.removeAll(where: { $0 == key })
                queue.append(key)
                return element
            }
            return nil
        }
        set {
            if let element = newValue {
                cache[key] = element
                queue.removeAll(where: { $0 == key })
                queue.append(key)
            } else {
                cache.removeValue(forKey: key)
            }

            if queue.count > capacity {
                if let key = queue.first {
                    cache.removeValue(forKey: key)
                    queue.removeFirst()
                }
            }
        }
    }
}

class DiskCache<Key: Hashable, Element>: CacheProtocol {
    private var capacity: Int
    private var cache: [Key: Element] = [:]
    private var queue: [Key] = []
    private var directory: URL

    required init(capacity: Int, directory: URL) {
        self.capacity = capacity
        self.directory = directory
    }

    subscript(key: Key) -> Element? {
        get {
            if let element = cache[key] {
                queue.removeAll(where: { $0 == key })
                queue.append(key)
                return element
            }
            return nil
        }
        set {
            if let element = newValue {
                cache[key] = element
                queue.removeAll(where: { $0 == key })
                queue.append(key)
            } else {
                cache.removeValue(forKey: key)
            }

            if queue.count > capacity {
                if let key = queue.first {
                    cache.removeValue(forKey: key)
                    queue.removeFirst()
                }
            }
        }
    }
}

```swift
import Foundation

protocol CacheProtocol {
    associatedtype Key: Hashable
    associatedtype Element
    init(capacity: Int)
    subscript(key: Key) -> Element? { get set }
}

// Generic in-memory cache that follows to the LRU (Least Recently Used) eviction policy.
// The cache should have a specified capacity limit, and when this limit is reached, it should remove the least recently used item to make space for new entries.
class Cache<Key: Hashable, Element>: CacheProtocol {
    private var capacity: Int
    private var cache: [Key: Element] = [:]
    private var queue: [Key] = []

    required init(capacity: Int) {
        self.capacity = capacity
    }

    subscript(key: Key) -> Element? {
        get {
            if let element = cache[key] {
                queue.removeAll(where: { $0 == key })
                queue.append(key)
                return element
            }
            return nil
        }
        set {
            if let element = newValue {
                cache[key] = element
                queue.removeAll(where: { $0 == key })
                queue.append(key)
            } else {
                cache.removeValue(forKey: key)
            }

            if queue.count > capacity {
                if let key = queue.first {
                    cache.removeValue(forKey: key)
                    queue.removeFirst()
                }
            }
        }
    }
}

// Generic on-disk cache that follows to the LRU (Least Recently Used) eviction policy.
// The cache should have a specified capacity limit, and when this limit is reached, it should remove the least recently used item to make space for new entries.
class DiskCache<Key: Hashable, Element>: CacheProtocol {
    private var capacity: Int
    private var cache: [Key: Element] = [:]
    private var queue: [Key] = []
    private var directory: URL

    required init(capacity: Int, directory: URL) {
        self.capacity = capacity
        self.directory = directory
    }

    subscript(key: Key) -> Element? {
        get {
            if let element = cache[key] {
                queue.removeAll(where: { $0 == key })
                queue.append(key)
                return element
            }
            return nil
        }
        set {
            if let element = newValue {
                cache[key] = element
                queue.removeAll(where: { $0 == key })
                queue.append(key)
            } else {
                cache.removeValue(forKey: key)
            }

            if queue.count > capacity {
                if let key = queue.first {
                    cache.removeValue(forKey: key)
                    queue.removeFirst()
                }
            }
        }
    }
}
```

protocol CacheProtocol {
    associatedtype Key: Hashable
    associatedtype Element
    init(capacity: Int)
    subscript(key: Key) -> Element? { get set }
}

import Foundation

class Cache<Key: Hashable, Element>: CacheProtocol {
    typealias Key = Key
    typealias Element = Element
    private var capacity: Int
    private var cache: [Key: Element]
    private var queue: [Key]
    private var queueIndex: [Key: Int]

    required init(capacity: Int) {
        self.capacity = capacity
        self.cache = [Key: Element]()
        self.queue = [Key]()
        self.queueIndex = [Key: Int]()
    }

    subscript(key: Key) -> Element? {
        get {
            return cache[key]
        }
        set {
            if let value = newValue {
                if cache.count == capacity {
                    let key = queue.removeFirst()
                    queueIndex.removeValue(forKey: key)
                    cache.removeValue(forKey: key)
                }
                cache[key] = value
                queue.append(key)
                queueIndex[key] = queue.count - 1
            }
        }
    }
}

class DiskCache<Key: Hashable, Element>: CacheProtocol {
    typealias Key = Key
    typealias Element = Element
    private var capacity: Int
    private var cache: [Key: Element]
    private var queue: [Key]
    private var queueIndex: [Key: Int]

    required init(capacity: Int) {
        self.capacity = capacity
        self.cache = [Key: Element]()
        self.queue = [Key]()
        self.queueIndex = [Key: Int]()
    }

    subscript(key: Key) -> Element? {
        get {
            return cache[key]
        }
        set {
            if let value = newValue {
                if cache.count == capacity {
                    let key = queue.removeFirst()
                    queueIndex.removeValue(forKey: key)
                    cache.removeValue(forKey: key)
                }
                cache[key] = value
                queue.append(key)
                queueIndex[key] = queue.count - 1
            }
        }
    }
}

```swift
import Foundation

protocol CacheProtocol {
    associatedtype Key: Hashable
    associatedtype Element
    init(capacity: Int)
    subscript(key: Key) -> Element? { get set }
}

// Generic in-memory cache that follows to the LRU (Least Recently Used) eviction policy.
// The cache should have a specified capacity limit, and when this limit is reached, it should remove the least recently used item to make space for new entries.
class Cache<Key: Hashable, Element>: CacheProtocol {
    typealias Key = Key
    typealias Element = Element
    private var capacity: Int
    private var cache: [Key: Element]
    private var queue: [Key]
    private var queueIndex: [Key: Int]

    required init(capacity: Int) {
        self.capacity = capacity
        self.cache = [Key: Element]()
        self.queue = [Key]()
        self.queueIndex = [Key: Int]()
    }

    subscript(key: Key) -> Element? {
        get {
            return cache[key]
        }
        set {
            if let value = newValue {
                if cache.count == capacity {
                    let key = queue.removeFirst()
                    queueIndex.removeValue(forKey: key)
                    cache.removeValue(forKey: key)
                }
                cache[key] = value
                queue.append(key)
                queueIndex[key] = queue.count - 1
            }
        }
    }
}

// Generic disk cache that follows to the LRU (Least Recently Used) eviction policy.
// The cache should have a specified capacity limit, and when this limit is reached, it should remove the least recently used item to make space for new entries.
class DiskCache<Key: Hashable, Element>: CacheProtocol {
    typealias Key = Key
    typealias Element = Element
    private var capacity: Int
    private var cache: [Key: Element]
    private var queue: [Key]
    private var queueIndex: [Key: Int]

    required init(capacity: Int) {
        self.capacity = capacity
        self.cache = [Key: Element]()
        self.queue = [Key]()
        self.queueIndex = [Key: Int]()
    }

    subscript(key: Key) -> Element? {
        get {
            return cache[key]
        }
        set {
            if let value = newValue {
                if cache.count == capacity {
                    let key = queue.removeFirst()
                    queueIndex.removeValue(forKey: key)
                    cache.removeValue(forKey: key)
                }
                cache[key] = value
                queue.append(key)
                queueIndex[key] = queue.count - 1
            }
        }
    }
}
```

protocol CacheProtocol {
    associatedtype Key: Hashable
    associatedtype Element
    init(capacity: Int)
    subscript(key: Key) -> Element? { get set }
}

import Foundation

class Cache<Key: Hashable, Element>: CacheProtocol {
    typealias Key = Key
    typealias Element = Element
    private var cache: [Key: Element]
    private var capacity: Int
    private var queue: [Key]

    required init(capacity: Int) {
        self.capacity = capacity
        self.cache = [Key: Element]()
        self.queue = [Key]()
    }

    subscript(key: Key) -> Element? {
        get {
            return cache[key]
        }
        set {
            if let value = newValue {
                if cache.count == capacity {
                    let key = queue.removeFirst()
                    cache.removeValue(forKey: key)
                }
                cache[key] = value
                queue.append(key)
            }
        }
    }
}

class DiskCache<Key: Hashable, Element>: CacheProtocol {
    typealias Key = Key
    typealias Element = Element
    private var cache: [Key: Element]
    private var capacity: Int
    private var queue: [Key]
    private var path: String

    required init(capacity: Int, path: String) {
        self.capacity = capacity
        self.cache = [Key: Element]()
        self.queue = [Key]()
        self.path = path
    }

    subscript(key: Key) -> Element? {
        get {
            return cache[key]
        }
        set {
            if let value = newValue {
                if cache.count == capacity {
                    let key = queue.removeFirst()
                    cache.removeValue(forKey: key)
                }
                cache[key] = value
                queue.append(key)
            }
        }
    }
}

```swift
import Foundation

protocol CacheProtocol {
    associatedtype Key: Hashable
    associatedtype Element
    init(capacity: Int)
    subscript(key: Key) -> Element? { get set }
}

// Generic in-memory cache that follows to the LRU (Least Recently Used) eviction policy.
// The cache should have a specified capacity limit, and when this limit is reached, it should remove the least recently used item to make space for new entries.
class Cache<Key: Hashable, Element>: CacheProtocol {
    typealias Key = Key
    typealias Element = Element
    private var cache: [Key: Element]
    private var capacity: Int
    private var queue: [Key]

    required init(capacity: Int) {
        self.capacity = capacity
        self.cache = [Key: Element]()
        self.queue = [Key]()
    }

    subscript(key: Key) -> Element? {
        get {
            return cache[key]
        }
        set {
            if let value = newValue {
                if cache.count == capacity {
                    let key = queue.removeFirst()
                    cache.removeValue(forKey: key)
                }
                cache[key] = value
                queue.append(key)
            }
        }
    }
}

// Generic on-disk cache that follows to the LRU (Least Recently Used) eviction policy.
// The cache should have a specified capacity limit, and when this limit is reached, it should remove the least recently used item to make space for new entries.
// The cache should also be able to store and retrieve data from disk.
class DiskCache<Key: Hashable, Element>: CacheProtocol {
    typealias Key = Key
    typealias Element = Element
    private var cache: [Key: Element]
    private var capacity: Int
    private var queue: [Key]
    private var path: String

    required init(capacity: Int, path: String) {
        self.capacity = capacity
        self.cache = [Key: Element]()
        self.queue = [Key]()
        self.path = path
    }

    subscript(key: Key) -> Element? {
        get {
            return cache[key]
        }
        set {
            if let value = newValue {
                if cache.count == capacity {
                    let key = queue.removeFirst()
                    cache.removeValue(forKey: key)
                }
                cache[key] = value
                queue.append(key)
            }
        }
    }
}
```

protocol CacheProtocol {
    associatedtype Key: Hashable
    associatedtype Element
    init(capacity: Int)
    subscript(key: Key) -> Element? { get set }
}

import Foundation

class Cache<Key: Hashable, Element>: CacheProtocol {
    typealias Key = Key
    typealias Element = Element
    var capacity: Int
    var cache: [Key: Element] = [:]
    var queue: [Key] = []
    required init(capacity: Int) {
        self.capacity = capacity
    }
    subscript(key: Key) -> Element? {
        get {
            if let index = queue.firstIndex(of: key) {
                queue.remove(at: index)
                queue.append(key)
                return cache[key]
            }
            return nil
        }
        set {
            if let index = queue.firstIndex(of: key) {
                queue.remove(at: index)
                queue.append(key)
            } else {
                queue.append(key)
            }
            cache[key] = newValue
            if queue.count > capacity {
                cache.removeValue(forKey: queue.removeFirst())
            }
        }
    }
}

class DiskCache<Key: Hashable, Element>: CacheProtocol {
    typealias Key = Key
    typealias Element = Element
    var capacity: Int
    var cache: [Key: Element] = [:]
    var queue: [Key] = []
    required init(capacity: Int) {
        self.capacity = capacity
    }
    subscript(key: Key) -> Element? {
        get {
            if let index = queue.firstIndex(of: key) {
                queue.remove(at: index)
                queue.append(key)
                return cache[key]
            }
            return nil
        }
        set {
            if let index = queue.firstIndex(of: key) {
                queue.remove(at: index)
                queue.append(key)
            } else {
                queue.append(key)
            }
            cache[key] = newValue
            if queue.count > capacity {
                cache.removeValue(forKey: queue.removeFirst())
            }
        }
    }
}

```swift
import Foundation

protocol CacheProtocol {
    associatedtype Key: Hashable
    associatedtype Element
    init(capacity: Int)
    subscript(key: Key) -> Element? { get set }
}

// Generic in-memory cache that follows to the LRU (Least Recently Used) eviction policy.
// The cache should have a specified capacity limit, and when this limit is reached, it should remove the least recently used item to make space for new entries.
class Cache<Key: Hashable, Element>: CacheProtocol {
    typealias Key = Key
    typealias Element = Element
    var capacity: Int
    var cache: [Key: Element] = [:]
    var queue: [Key] = []
    required init(capacity: Int) {
        self.capacity = capacity
    }
    subscript(key: Key) -> Element? {
        get {
            if let index = queue.firstIndex(of: key) {
                queue.remove(at: index)
                queue.append(key)
                return cache[key]
            }
            return nil
        }
        set {
            if let index = queue.firstIndex(of: key) {
                queue.remove(at: index)
                queue.append(key)
            } else {
                queue.append(key)
            }
            cache[key] = newValue
            if queue.count > capacity {
                cache.removeValue(forKey: queue.removeFirst())
            }
        }
    }
}

// Generic on-disk cache that follows to the LRU (Least Recently Used) eviction policy.
// The cache should have a specified capacity limit, and when this limit is reached, it should remove the least recently used item to make space for new entries.
// The cache should also be able to store and retrieve entries from disk.
class DiskCache<Key: Hashable, Element>: CacheProtocol {
    typealias Key = Key
    typealias Element = Element
    var capacity: Int
    var cache: [Key: Element] = [:]
    var queue: [Key] = []
    required init(capacity: Int) {
        self.capacity = capacity
    }
    subscript(key: Key) -> Element? {
        get {
            if let index = queue.firstIndex(of: key) {
                queue.remove(at: index)
                queue.append(key)
                return cache[key]
            }
            return nil
        }
        set {
            if let index = queue.firstIndex(of: key) {
                queue.remove(at: index)
                queue.append(key)
            } else {
                queue.append(key)
            }
            cache[key] = newValue
            if queue.count > capacity {
                cache.removeValue(forKey: queue.removeFirst())
            }
        }
    }
}
```

protocol CacheProtocol {
    associatedtype Key: Hashable
    associatedtype Element
    init(capacity: Int)
    subscript(key: Key) -> Element? { get set }
}

import Foundation

class Cache<Key: Hashable, Element>: CacheProtocol {
    typealias Key = Key
    typealias Element = Element
    private var capacity: Int
    private var cache: [Key: Element] = [:]
    private var order: [Key] = []

    required init(capacity: Int) {
        self.capacity = capacity
    }

    subscript(key: Key) -> Element? {
        get {
            return cache[key]
        }
        set {
            if let value = newValue {
                if cache.count == capacity {
                    cache.removeValue(forKey: order.removeFirst())
                }
                cache[key] = value
                order.append(key)
            } else {
                cache.removeValue(forKey: key)
                order.removeAll(where: { $0 == key })
            }
        }
    }
}

class DiskCache<Key: Hashable, Element>: CacheProtocol {
    typealias Key = Key
    typealias Element = Element
    private var capacity: Int
    private var cache: [Key: Element] = [:]
    private var order: [Key] = []
    private var diskCache: [Key: Element] = [:]

    required init(capacity: Int) {
        self.capacity = capacity
    }

    subscript(key: Key) -> Element? {
        get {
            return cache[key]
        }
        set {
            if let value = newValue {
                if cache.count == capacity {
                    cache.removeValue(forKey: order.removeFirst())
                }
                cache[key] = value
                order.append(key)
            } else {
                cache.removeValue(forKey: key)
                order.removeAll(where: { $0 == key })
            }
        }
    }

    func saveToDisk() {
        // Save the cache to disk.
    }

    func loadFromDisk() {
        // Load the cache from disk.
    }
}

```swift
import Foundation

protocol CacheProtocol {
    associatedtype Key: Hashable
    associatedtype Element
    init(capacity: Int)
    subscript(key: Key) -> Element? { get set }
}

// Generic in-memory cache that follows to the LRU (Least Recently Used) eviction policy.
// The cache should have a specified capacity limit, and when this limit is reached, it should remove the least recently used item to make space for new entries.
class Cache<Key: Hashable, Element>: CacheProtocol {
    typealias Key = Key
    typealias Element = Element
    private var capacity: Int
    private var cache: [Key: Element] = [:]
    private var order: [Key] = []

    required init(capacity: Int) {
        self.capacity = capacity
    }

    subscript(key: Key) -> Element? {
        get {
            return cache[key]
        }
        set {
            if let value = newValue {
                if cache.count == capacity {
                    cache.removeValue(forKey: order.removeFirst())
                }
                cache[key] = value
                order.append(key)
            } else {
                cache.removeValue(forKey: key)
                order.removeAll(where: { $0 == key })
            }
        }
    }
}

// Generic on-disk cache that follows to the LRU (Least Recently Used) eviction policy.
// The cache should have a specified capacity limit, and when this limit is reached, it should remove the least recently used item to make space for new entries.
// The cache should also be able to store and retrieve items from disk.
class DiskCache<Key: Hashable, Element>: CacheProtocol {
    typealias Key = Key
    typealias Element = Element
    private var capacity: Int
    private var cache: [Key: Element] = [:]
    private var order: [Key] = []
    private var diskCache: [Key: Element] = [:]

    required init(capacity: Int) {
        self.capacity = capacity
    }

    subscript(key: Key) -> Element? {
        get {
            return cache[key]
        }
        set {
            if let value = newValue {
                if cache.count == capacity {
                    cache.removeValue(forKey: order.removeFirst())
                }
                cache[key] = value
                order.append(key)
            } else {
                cache.removeValue(forKey: key)
                order.removeAll(where: { $0 == key })
            }
        }
    }

    func saveToDisk() {
        // Save the cache to disk.
    }

    func loadFromDisk() {
        // Load the cache from disk.
    }
}
```

protocol CacheProtocol {
    associatedtype Key: Hashable
    associatedtype Element
    init(capacity: Int)
    subscript(key: Key) -> Element? { get set }
}

import Foundation

class Cache<Key: Hashable, Element>: CacheProtocol {
    typealias Key = Key
    typealias Element = Element
    private var capacity: Int
    private var cache: [Key: Element] = [:]
    private var queue: [Key] = []
    required init(capacity: Int) {
        self.capacity = capacity
    }
    subscript(key: Key) -> Element? {
        get {
            if let element = cache[key] {
                queue.remove(at: queue.firstIndex(of: key)!)
                queue.append(key)
                return element
            }
            return nil
        }
        set {
            if let element = newValue {
                if queue.count == capacity {
                    cache.removeValue(forKey: queue.first!)
                    queue.removeFirst()
                }
                cache[key] = element
                queue.append(key)
            }
        }
    }
}

class DiskCache<Key: Hashable, Element>: CacheProtocol {
    typealias Key = Key
    typealias Element = Element
    private var capacity: Int
    private var cache: [Key: Element] = [:]
    private var queue: [Key] = []
    required init(capacity: Int) {
        self.capacity = capacity
    }
    subscript(key: Key) -> Element? {
        get {
            if let element = cache[key] {
                queue.remove(at: queue.firstIndex(of: key)!)
                queue.append(key)
                return element
            }
            return nil
        }
        set {
            if let element = newValue {
                if queue.count == capacity {
                    cache.removeValue(forKey: queue.first!)
                    queue.removeFirst()
                }
                cache[key] = element
                queue.append(key)
            }
        }
    }
}

class NetworkCache<Key: Hashable, Element>: CacheProtocol {
    typealias Key = Key
    typealias Element = Element
    private var capacity: Int
    private var cache: [Key: Element] = [:]
    private var queue: [Key] = []
    required init(capacity: Int) {
        self.capacity = capacity
    }
    subscript(key: Key) -> Element? {
        get {
            if let element = cache[key] {
                queue.remove(at: queue.firstIndex(of: key)!)
                queue.append(key)
                return element
            }
            return nil
        }
        set {
            if let element = newValue {
                if queue.count == capacity {
                    cache.removeValue(forKey: queue.first!)
                    queue.removeFirst()
                }
                cache[key] = element
                queue.append(key)
            }
        }
    }
}

```swift
import Foundation

protocol CacheProtocol {
    associatedtype Key: Hashable
    associatedtype Element
    init(capacity: Int)
    subscript(key: Key) -> Element? { get set }
}

// Generic in-memory cache that follows to the LRU (Least Recently Used) eviction policy.
// The cache should have a specified capacity limit, and when this limit is reached, it should remove the least recently used item to make space for new entries.
class Cache<Key: Hashable, Element>: CacheProtocol {
    typealias Key = Key
    typealias Element = Element
    private var capacity: Int
    private var cache: [Key: Element] = [:]
    private var queue: [Key] = []
    required init(capacity: Int) {
        self.capacity = capacity
    }
    subscript(key: Key) -> Element? {
        get {
            if let element = cache[key] {
                queue.remove(at: queue.firstIndex(of: key)!)
                queue.append(key)
                return element
            }
            return nil
        }
        set {
            if let element = newValue {
                if queue.count == capacity {
                    cache.removeValue(forKey: queue.first!)
                    queue.removeFirst()
                }
                cache[key] = element
                queue.append(key)
            }
        }
    }
}

// Generic on-disk cache that follows to the LRU (Least Recently Used) eviction policy.
// The cache should have a specified capacity limit, and when this limit is reached, it should remove the least recently used item to make space for new entries.
// The cache should also be able to store and retrieve data from a disk.
class DiskCache<Key: Hashable, Element>: CacheProtocol {
    typealias Key = Key
    typealias Element = Element
    private var capacity: Int
    private var cache: [Key: Element] = [:]
    private var queue: [Key] = []
    required init(capacity: Int) {
        self.capacity = capacity
    }
    subscript(key: Key) -> Element? {
        get {
            if let element = cache[key] {
                queue.remove(at: queue.firstIndex(of: key)!)
                queue.append(key)
                return element
            }
            return nil
        }
        set {
            if let element = newValue {
                if queue.count == capacity {
                    cache.removeValue(forKey: queue.first!)
                    queue.removeFirst()
                }
                cache[key] = element
                queue.append(key)
            }
        }
    }
}

// Generic on-disk cache that follows to the LRU (Least Recently Used) eviction policy.
// The cache should have a specified capacity limit, and when this limit is reached, it should remove the least recently used item to make space for new entries.
// The cache should also be able to store and retrieve data from a disk.
// The cache should also be able to store and retrieve data from a network.
class NetworkCache<Key: Hashable, Element>: CacheProtocol {
    typealias Key = Key
    typealias Element = Element
    private var capacity: Int
    private var cache: [Key: Element] = [:]
    private var queue: [Key] = []
    required init(capacity: Int) {
        self.capacity = capacity
    }
    subscript(key: Key) -> Element? {
        get {
            if let element = cache[key] {
                queue.remove(at: queue.firstIndex(of: key)!)
                queue.append(key)
                return element
            }
            return nil
        }
        set {
            if let element = newValue {
                if queue.count == capacity {
                    cache.removeValue(forKey: queue.first!)
                    queue.removeFirst()
                }
                cache[key] = element
                queue.append(key)
            }
        }
    }
}
```

protocol CacheProtocol {
    associatedtype Key: Hashable
    associatedtype Element
    init(capacity: Int)
    subscript(key: Key) -> Element? { get set }
}

import Foundation

class Cache<Key: Hashable, Element>: CacheProtocol {
    typealias Key = Key
    typealias Element = Element
    var capacity: Int
    var cache: [Key: Element]
    var queue: [Key]
    var size: Int {
        return cache.count
    }

    required init(capacity: Int) {
        self.capacity = capacity
        self.cache = [Key: Element]()
        self.queue = [Key]()
    }

    subscript(key: Key) -> Element? {
        get {
            return cache[key]
        }
        set {
            if let value = newValue {
                if cache.count == capacity {
                    let removedKey = queue.removeFirst()
                    cache.removeValue(forKey: removedKey)
                }
                cache[key] = value
                queue.append(key)
            }
        }
    }
}

class CacheTests: XCTestCase {
    func testCache() {
        let cache = Cache<String, Int>(capacity: 2)
        cache["key1"] = 1
        cache["key2"] = 2
        cache["key3"] = 3
        XCTAssertEqual(cache.size, 2)
        XCTAssertEqual(cache["key1"], 1)
        XCTAssertEqual(cache["key2"], 2)
        XCTAssertEqual(cache["key3"], 3)
    }
}

```swift
import Foundation

protocol CacheProtocol {
    associatedtype Key: Hashable
    associatedtype Element
    init(capacity: Int)
    subscript(key: Key) -> Element? { get set }
}

// Generic in-memory cache that follows to the LRU (Least Recently Used) eviction policy.
// The cache should have a specified capacity limit, and when this limit is reached, it should remove the least recently used item to make space for new entries.
class Cache<Key: Hashable, Element>: CacheProtocol {
    typealias Key = Key
    typealias Element = Element
    var capacity: Int
    var cache: [Key: Element]
    var queue: [Key]
    var size: Int {
        return cache.count
    }

    required init(capacity: Int) {
        self.capacity = capacity
        self.cache = [Key: Element]()
        self.queue = [Key]()
    }

    subscript(key: Key) -> Element? {
        get {
            return cache[key]
        }
        set {
            if let value = newValue {
                if cache.count == capacity {
                    let removedKey = queue.removeFirst()
                    cache.removeValue(forKey: removedKey)
                }
                cache[key] = value
                queue.append(key)
            }
        }
    }
}

// MARK: - Tests

class CacheTests: XCTestCase {
    func testCache() {
        let cache = Cache<String, Int>(capacity: 2)
        cache["key1"] = 1
        cache["key2"] = 2
        cache["key3"] = 3
        XCTAssertEqual(cache.size, 2)
        XCTAssertEqual(cache["key1"], 1)
        XCTAssertEqual(cache["key2"], 2)
        XCTAssertEqual(cache["key3"], 3)
    }
}

CacheTests.defaultTestSuite.run()
```

protocol ExpirableCacheProtocol {
    associatedtype Key: Hashable
    associatedtype Value
    func put(value: Value, key: Key, expiration: TimeInterval)
    func get(key: Key) -> Value?
}

import Foundation

class ExpirableCache<Key: Hashable, Value>: ExpirableCacheProtocol {
    private var cache: [Key: (value: Value, expiration: TimeInterval)] = [:]
    private var expirationQueue: [Key] = []

    func put(value: Value, key: Key, expiration: TimeInterval) {
        cache[key] = (value, Date().addingTimeInterval(expiration))
        expirationQueue.append(key)
    }

    func get(key: Key) -> Value? {
        if let cached = cache[key] {
            if cached.expiration > Date() {
                return cached.value
            } else {
                cache.removeValue(forKey: key)
                expirationQueue.remove(at: expirationQueue.firstIndex(of: key)!)
                return nil
            }
        }
        return nil
    }

    subscript(key: Key) -> Value? {
        get {
            return get(key: key)
        }
        set {
            if let value = newValue {
                put(value: value, key: key, expiration: 0)
            }
        }
    }
}

class ExpirableCache2<Key: Hashable, Value>: ExpirableCacheProtocol {
    private var cache: [Key: (value: Value, expiration: TimeInterval)] = [:]
    private var expirationQueue: [Key] = []

    func put(value: Value, key: Key, expiration: TimeInterval) {
        cache[key] = (value, Date().addingTimeInterval(expiration))
        expirationQueue.append(key)
    }

    func get(key: Key) -> Value? {
        if let cached = cache[key] {
            if cached.expiration > Date() {
                return cached.value
            } else {
                cache.removeValue(forKey: key)
                expirationQueue.remove(at: expirationQueue.firstIndex(of: key)!)
                return nil
            }
        }
        return nil
    }

    subscript(key: Key) -> Value? {
        get {
            return get(key: key)
        }
        set {
            if let value = newValue {
                put(value: value, key: key, expiration: 0)
            }
        }
    }
}

```swift
import Foundation

protocol ExpirableCacheProtocol {
    associatedtype Key: Hashable
    associatedtype Value
    func put(value: Value, key: Key, expiration: TimeInterval)
    func get(key: Key) -> Value?
}

// Caching mechanism with expiration eviction policy.
// Subscript methods used for convenient access.
class ExpirableCache<Key: Hashable, Value>: ExpirableCacheProtocol {
    private var cache: [Key: (value: Value, expiration: TimeInterval)] = [:]
    private var expirationQueue: [Key] = []

    func put(value: Value, key: Key, expiration: TimeInterval) {
        cache[key] = (value, Date().addingTimeInterval(expiration))
        expirationQueue.append(key)
    }

    func get(key: Key) -> Value? {
        if let cached = cache[key] {
            if cached.expiration > Date() {
                return cached.value
            } else {
                cache.removeValue(forKey: key)
                expirationQueue.remove(at: expirationQueue.firstIndex(of: key)!)
                return nil
            }
        }
        return nil
    }

    subscript(key: Key) -> Value? {
        get {
            return get(key: key)
        }
        set {
            if let value = newValue {
                put(value: value, key: key, expiration: 0)
            }
        }
    }
}

// Caching mechanism with expiration eviction policy.
// Subscript methods used for convenient access.
class ExpirableCache2<Key: Hashable, Value>: ExpirableCacheProtocol {
    private var cache: [Key: (value: Value, expiration: TimeInterval)] = [:]
    private var expirationQueue: [Key] = []

    func put(value: Value, key: Key, expiration: TimeInterval) {
        cache[key] = (value, Date().addingTimeInterval(expiration))
        expirationQueue.append(key)
    }

    func get(key: Key) -> Value? {
        if let cached = cache[key] {
            if cached.expiration > Date() {
                return cached.value
            } else {
                cache.removeValue(forKey: key)
                expirationQueue.remove(at: expirationQueue.firstIndex(of: key)!)
                return nil
            }
        }
        return nil
    }

    subscript(key: Key) -> Value? {
        get {
            return get(key: key)
        }
        set {
            if let value = newValue {
                put(value: value, key: key, expiration: 0)
            }
        }
    }
}
```

protocol ExpirableCacheProtocol {
    associatedtype Key: Hashable
    associatedtype Value
    func put(value: Value, key: Key, expiration: TimeInterval)
    func get(key: Key) -> Value?
}

import Foundation

class ExpirableCache<Key: Hashable, Value>: ExpirableCacheProtocol {
    private var cache: [Key: (Value, Date)] = [:]
    private let expiration: TimeInterval

    init(expiration: TimeInterval) {
        self.expiration = expiration
    }

    func put(value: Value, key: Key, expiration: TimeInterval) {
        cache[key] = (value, Date(timeIntervalSinceNow: expiration))
    }

    func get(key: Key) -> Value? {
        if let cached = cache[key] {
            if cached.1.timeIntervalSinceNow > expiration {
                cache.removeValue(forKey: key)
                return nil
            }
            return cached.0
        }
        return nil
    }

    subscript(key: Key) -> Value? {
        get {
            return get(key: key)
        }
        set {
            if let value = newValue {
                put(value: value, key: key, expiration: expiration)
            }
        }
    }
}

class ThreadSafeExpirableCache<Key: Hashable, Value>: ExpirableCacheProtocol {
    private let cache: NSLocking
    private let expiration: TimeInterval

    init(expiration: TimeInterval) {
        self.cache = NSLock()
        self.expiration = expiration
    }

    func put(value: Value, key: Key, expiration: TimeInterval) {
        cache.lock()
        cache[key] = (value, Date(timeIntervalSinceNow: expiration))
        cache.unlock()
    }

    func get(key: Key) -> Value? {
        cache.lock()
        if let cached = cache[key] {
            if cached.1.timeIntervalSinceNow > expiration {
                cache.removeValue(forKey: key)
                return nil
            }
            return cached.0
        }
        cache.unlock()
        return nil
    }

    subscript(key: Key) -> Value? {
        get {
            return get(key: key)
        }
        set {
            if let value = newValue {
                put(value: value, key: key, expiration: expiration)
            }
        }
    }
}

```swift
import Foundation

protocol ExpirableCacheProtocol {
    associatedtype Key: Hashable
    associatedtype Value
    func put(value: Value, key: Key, expiration: TimeInterval)
    func get(key: Key) -> Value?
}

// Caching mechanism with expiration eviction policy.
// Subscript methods used for convenient access.
class ExpirableCache<Key: Hashable, Value>: ExpirableCacheProtocol {
    private var cache: [Key: (Value, Date)] = [:]
    private let expiration: TimeInterval

    init(expiration: TimeInterval) {
        self.expiration = expiration
    }

    func put(value: Value, key: Key, expiration: TimeInterval) {
        cache[key] = (value, Date(timeIntervalSinceNow: expiration))
    }

    func get(key: Key) -> Value? {
        if let cached = cache[key] {
            if cached.1.timeIntervalSinceNow > expiration {
                cache.removeValue(forKey: key)
                return nil
            }
            return cached.0
        }
        return nil
    }

    subscript(key: Key) -> Value? {
        get {
            return get(key: key)
        }
        set {
            if let value = newValue {
                put(value: value, key: key, expiration: expiration)
            }
        }
    }
}

// Caching mechanism with expiration eviction policy.
// Subscript methods used for convenient access.
// Cache is thread safe.
class ThreadSafeExpirableCache<Key: Hashable, Value>: ExpirableCacheProtocol {
    private let cache: NSLocking
    private let expiration: TimeInterval

    init(expiration: TimeInterval) {
        self.cache = NSLock()
        self.expiration = expiration
    }

    func put(value: Value, key: Key, expiration: TimeInterval) {
        cache.lock()
        cache[key] = (value, Date(timeIntervalSinceNow: expiration))
        cache.unlock()
    }

    func get(key: Key) -> Value? {
        cache.lock()
        if let cached = cache[key] {
            if cached.1.timeIntervalSinceNow > expiration {
                cache.removeValue(forKey: key)
                return nil
            }
            return cached.0
        }
        cache.unlock()
        return nil
    }

    subscript(key: Key) -> Value? {
        get {
            return get(key: key)
        }
        set {
            if let value = newValue {
                put(value: value, key: key, expiration: expiration)
            }
        }
    }
}
```

protocol ExpirableCacheProtocol {
    associatedtype Key: Hashable
    associatedtype Value
    func put(value: Value, key: Key, expiration: TimeInterval)
    func get(key: Key) -> Value?
}

import Foundation

class ExpirableCache<Key: Hashable, Value>: ExpirableCacheProtocol {
    private var cache: [Key: (value: Value, expiration: TimeInterval)] = [:]
    private var expirationQueue: DispatchQueue = DispatchQueue(label: "com.cache.expiration")
    private var expirationTimer: Timer?

    func put(value: Value, key: Key, expiration: TimeInterval) {
        cache[key] = (value, expiration)
        expirationTimer?.invalidate()
        expirationTimer = Timer.scheduledTimer(withTimeInterval: expiration, repeats: false, block: { [weak self] _ in
            self?.expirationQueue.async {
                self?.cache.removeValue(forKey: key)
            }
        })
    }

    func get(key: Key) -> Value? {
        return cache[key]?.value
    }

    subscript(key: Key) -> Value? {
        get {
            return get(key: key)
        }
        set {
            if let value = newValue {
                put(value: value, key: key, expiration: 10)
            }
        }
    }
}

```swift
import Foundation

protocol ExpirableCacheProtocol {
    associatedtype Key: Hashable
    associatedtype Value
    func put(value: Value, key: Key, expiration: TimeInterval)
    func get(key: Key) -> Value?
}

// Caching mechanism with expiration eviction policy.
// Subscript methods used for convenient access.
class ExpirableCache<Key: Hashable, Value>: ExpirableCacheProtocol {
    private var cache: [Key: (value: Value, expiration: TimeInterval)] = [:]
    private var expirationQueue: DispatchQueue = DispatchQueue(label: "com.cache.expiration")
    private var expirationTimer: Timer?

    func put(value: Value, key: Key, expiration: TimeInterval) {
        cache[key] = (value, expiration)
        expirationTimer?.invalidate()
        expirationTimer = Timer.scheduledTimer(withTimeInterval: expiration, repeats: false, block: { [weak self] _ in
            self?.expirationQueue.async {
                self?.cache.removeValue(forKey: key)
            }
        })
    }

    func get(key: Key) -> Value? {
        return cache[key]?.value
    }

    subscript(key: Key) -> Value? {
        get {
            return get(key: key)
        }
        set {
            if let value = newValue {
                put(value: value, key: key, expiration: 10)
            }
        }
    }
}
```

protocol ExpirableCacheProtocol {
    associatedtype Key: Hashable
    associatedtype Value
    func put(value: Value, key: Key, expiration: TimeInterval)
    func get(key: Key) -> Value?
}

import Foundation

class ExpirableCache<Key: Hashable, Value>: ExpirableCacheProtocol {
    private var cache: [Key: (Value, Date)] = [:]
    private var expiration: TimeInterval = 0

    func put(value: Value, key: Key, expiration: TimeInterval) {
        self.expiration = expiration
        cache[key] = (value, Date())
    }

    func get(key: Key) -> Value? {
        guard let cached = cache[key] else { return nil }
        if cached.1.timeIntervalSinceNow < expiration {
            return cached.0
        } else {
            cache.removeValue(forKey: key)
            return nil
        }
    }

    subscript(key: Key) -> Value? {
        get {
            return get(key: key)
        }
        set {
            if let value = newValue {
                put(value: value, key: key, expiration: expiration)
            }
        }
    }
}

```swift
import Foundation

protocol ExpirableCacheProtocol {
    associatedtype Key: Hashable
    associatedtype Value
    func put(value: Value, key: Key, expiration: TimeInterval)
    func get(key: Key) -> Value?
}

// Caching mechanism with expiration eviction policy.
// Subscript methods used for convenient access.
class ExpirableCache<Key: Hashable, Value>: ExpirableCacheProtocol {
    private var cache: [Key: (Value, Date)] = [:]
    private var expiration: TimeInterval = 0

    func put(value: Value, key: Key, expiration: TimeInterval) {
        self.expiration = expiration
        cache[key] = (value, Date())
    }

    func get(key: Key) -> Value? {
        guard let cached = cache[key] else { return nil }
        if cached.1.timeIntervalSinceNow < expiration {
            return cached.0
        } else {
            cache.removeValue(forKey: key)
            return nil
        }
    }

    subscript(key: Key) -> Value? {
        get {
            return get(key: key)
        }
        set {
            if let value = newValue {
                put(value: value, key: key, expiration: expiration)
            }
        }
    }
}
```

protocol ExpirableCacheProtocol {
    associatedtype Key: Hashable
    associatedtype Value
    func put(value: Value, key: Key, expiration: TimeInterval)
    func get(key: Key) -> Value?
}

import Foundation

class ExpirableCache<Key: Hashable, Value>: ExpirableCacheProtocol {
    private var cache: [Key: (Value, Date)] = [:]
    private var expiration: TimeInterval = 0

    func put(value: Value, key: Key, expiration: TimeInterval) {
        self.expiration = expiration
        cache[key] = (value, Date(timeIntervalSinceNow: expiration))
    }

    func get(key: Key) -> Value? {
        guard let (value, expirationDate) = cache[key] else {
            return nil
        }
        if expirationDate.timeIntervalSinceNow < 0 {
            cache.removeValue(forKey: key)
            return nil
        }
        return value
    }

    subscript(key: Key) -> Value? {
        get {
            return get(key: key)
        }
        set {
            if let value = newValue {
                put(value: value, key: key, expiration: expiration)
            } else {
                cache.removeValue(forKey: key)
            }
        }
    }
}

```swift
import Foundation

protocol ExpirableCacheProtocol {
    associatedtype Key: Hashable
    associatedtype Value
    func put(value: Value, key: Key, expiration: TimeInterval)
    func get(key: Key) -> Value?
}

// Caching mechanism with expiration eviction policy.
// Subscript methods used for convenient access.
class ExpirableCache<Key: Hashable, Value>: ExpirableCacheProtocol {
    private var cache: [Key: (Value, Date)] = [:]
    private var expiration: TimeInterval = 0

    func put(value: Value, key: Key, expiration: TimeInterval) {
        self.expiration = expiration
        cache[key] = (value, Date(timeIntervalSinceNow: expiration))
    }

    func get(key: Key) -> Value? {
        guard let (value, expirationDate) = cache[key] else {
            return nil
        }
        if expirationDate.timeIntervalSinceNow < 0 {
            cache.removeValue(forKey: key)
            return nil
        }
        return value
    }

    subscript(key: Key) -> Value? {
        get {
            return get(key: key)
        }
        set {
            if let value = newValue {
                put(value: value, key: key, expiration: expiration)
            } else {
                cache.removeValue(forKey: key)
            }
        }
    }
}
```

protocol ExpirableCacheProtocol {
    associatedtype Key: Hashable
    associatedtype Value
    func put(value: Value, key: Key, expiration: TimeInterval)
    func get(key: Key) -> Value?
}

import Foundation

class ExpirableCache<Key: Hashable, Value>: ExpirableCacheProtocol {
    private var cache: [Key: (value: Value, expiration: TimeInterval)] = [:]
    private var expirationQueue: [Key] = []

    func put(value: Value, key: Key, expiration: TimeInterval) {
        cache[key] = (value, expiration)
        expirationQueue.append(key)
    }

    func get(key: Key) -> Value? {
        guard let cached = cache[key] else { return nil }
        if cached.expiration < Date().timeIntervalSince1970 {
            cache.removeValue(forKey: key)
            expirationQueue.remove(at: expirationQueue.firstIndex(of: key)!)
            return nil
        }
        return cached.value
    }

    subscript(key: Key) -> Value? {
        get {
            return get(key: key)
        }
        set {
            if let value = newValue {
                put(value: value, key: key, expiration: Date().timeIntervalSince1970 + 10)
            }
        }
    }
}

```swift
import Foundation

protocol ExpirableCacheProtocol {
    associatedtype Key: Hashable
    associatedtype Value
    func put(value: Value, key: Key, expiration: TimeInterval)
    func get(key: Key) -> Value?
}

// Caching mechanism with expiration eviction policy.
// Subscript methods used for convenient access.
class ExpirableCache<Key: Hashable, Value>: ExpirableCacheProtocol {
    private var cache: [Key: (value: Value, expiration: TimeInterval)] = [:]
    private var expirationQueue: [Key] = []

    func put(value: Value, key: Key, expiration: TimeInterval) {
        cache[key] = (value, expiration)
        expirationQueue.append(key)
    }

    func get(key: Key) -> Value? {
        guard let cached = cache[key] else { return nil }
        if cached.expiration < Date().timeIntervalSince1970 {
            cache.removeValue(forKey: key)
            expirationQueue.remove(at: expirationQueue.firstIndex(of: key)!)
            return nil
        }
        return cached.value
    }

    subscript(key: Key) -> Value? {
        get {
            return get(key: key)
        }
        set {
            if let value = newValue {
                put(value: value, key: key, expiration: Date().timeIntervalSince1970 + 10)
            }
        }
    }
}

// Usage example
let cache = ExpirableCache<String, String>()
cache["key"] = "value"
print(cache["key"])
```

protocol ExpirableCacheProtocol {
    associatedtype Key: Hashable
    associatedtype Value
    func put(value: Value, key: Key, expiration: TimeInterval)
    func get(key: Key) -> Value?
}

import Foundation

class ExpirableCache<Key: Hashable, Value>: ExpirableCacheProtocol {
    private var cache: [Key: (Value, TimeInterval)] = [:]

    func put(value: Value, key: Key, expiration: TimeInterval) {
        cache[key] = (value, expiration)
    }

    func get(key: Key) -> Value? {
        guard let (value, expiration) = cache[key] else {
            return nil
        }
        if expiration < Date().timeIntervalSince1970 {
            cache.removeValue(forKey: key)
            return nil
        }
        return value
    }

    subscript(key: Key) -> Value? {
        get {
            return get(key: key)
        }
        set {
            if let value = newValue {
                put(value: value, key: key, expiration: Date().timeIntervalSince1970 + 3600)
            } else {
                cache.removeValue(forKey: key)
            }
        }
    }
}

```swift
import Foundation

protocol ExpirableCacheProtocol {
    associatedtype Key: Hashable
    associatedtype Value
    func put(value: Value, key: Key, expiration: TimeInterval)
    func get(key: Key) -> Value?
}

// Caching mechanism with expiration eviction policy.
// Subscript methods used for convenient access.
class ExpirableCache<Key: Hashable, Value>: ExpirableCacheProtocol {
    private var cache: [Key: (Value, TimeInterval)] = [:]

    func put(value: Value, key: Key, expiration: TimeInterval) {
        cache[key] = (value, expiration)
    }

    func get(key: Key) -> Value? {
        guard let (value, expiration) = cache[key] else {
            return nil
        }
        if expiration < Date().timeIntervalSince1970 {
            cache.removeValue(forKey: key)
            return nil
        }
        return value
    }

    subscript(key: Key) -> Value? {
        get {
            return get(key: key)
        }
        set {
            if let value = newValue {
                put(value: value, key: key, expiration: Date().timeIntervalSince1970 + 3600)
            } else {
                cache.removeValue(forKey: key)
            }
        }
    }
}
```

protocol ExpirableCacheProtocol {
    associatedtype Key: Hashable
    associatedtype Value
    func put(value: Value, key: Key, expiration: TimeInterval)
    func get(key: Key) -> Value?
}

import Foundation

class ExpirableCache<Key: Hashable, Value>: ExpirableCacheProtocol {
    private var cache: [Key: (value: Value, expiration: TimeInterval)] = [:]
    private var expirationQueue: DispatchQueue = DispatchQueue(label: "ExpirationQueue")

    func put(value: Value, key: Key, expiration: TimeInterval) {
        expirationQueue.async {
            self.cache[key] = (value, expiration + Date().timeIntervalSince1970)
        }
    }

    func get(key: Key) -> Value? {
        expirationQueue.sync {
            guard let cached = cache[key] else { return nil }
            if cached.expiration < Date().timeIntervalSince1970 {
                cache.removeValue(forKey: key)
                return nil
            }
            return cached.value
        }
    }

    subscript(key: Key) -> Value? {
        get {
            return get(key: key)
        }
        set {
            if let value = newValue {
                put(value: value, key: key, expiration: 10)
            } else {
                cache.removeValue(forKey: key)
            }
        }
    }
}

```swift
import Foundation

protocol ExpirableCacheProtocol {
    associatedtype Key: Hashable
    associatedtype Value
    func put(value: Value, key: Key, expiration: TimeInterval)
    func get(key: Key) -> Value?
}

// Caching mechanism with expiration eviction policy.
// Subscript methods used for convenient access.
class ExpirableCache<Key: Hashable, Value>: ExpirableCacheProtocol {
    private var cache: [Key: (value: Value, expiration: TimeInterval)] = [:]
    private var expirationQueue: DispatchQueue = DispatchQueue(label: "ExpirationQueue")

    func put(value: Value, key: Key, expiration: TimeInterval) {
        expirationQueue.async {
            self.cache[key] = (value, expiration + Date().timeIntervalSince1970)
        }
    }

    func get(key: Key) -> Value? {
        expirationQueue.sync {
            guard let cached = cache[key] else { return nil }
            if cached.expiration < Date().timeIntervalSince1970 {
                cache.removeValue(forKey: key)
                return nil
            }
            return cached.value
        }
    }

    subscript(key: Key) -> Value? {
        get {
            return get(key: key)
        }
        set {
            if let value = newValue {
                put(value: value, key: key, expiration: 10)
            } else {
                cache.removeValue(forKey: key)
            }
        }
    }
}
```

protocol ExpirableCacheProtocol {
    associatedtype Key: Hashable
    associatedtype Value
    func put(value: Value, key: Key, expiration: TimeInterval)
    func get(key: Key) -> Value?
}

import Foundation

class ExpirableCache<Key: Hashable, Value>: ExpirableCacheProtocol {
    private var cache: [Key: (value: Value, expiration: TimeInterval)] = [:]
    private var expirationQueue: DispatchQueue = DispatchQueue(label: "com.cache.expiration")

    func put(value: Value, key: Key, expiration: TimeInterval) {
        cache[key] = (value, expiration)
        expirationQueue.asyncAfter(deadline:.now() + expiration) { [weak self] in
            self?.remove(key: key)
        }
    }

    func get(key: Key) -> Value? {
        cache[key]?.value
    }

    subscript(key: Key) -> Value? {
        get {
            return get(key: key)
        }
        set {
            if let value = newValue {
                put(value: value, key: key, expiration: 10)
            } else {
                remove(key: key)
            }
        }
    }

    private func remove(key: Key) {
        cache[key] = nil
    }
}

```swift
import Foundation

protocol ExpirableCacheProtocol {
    associatedtype Key: Hashable
    associatedtype Value
    func put(value: Value, key: Key, expiration: TimeInterval)
    func get(key: Key) -> Value?
}

// Caching mechanism with expiration eviction policy.
// Subscript methods used for convenient access.
class ExpirableCache<Key: Hashable, Value>: ExpirableCacheProtocol {
    private var cache: [Key: (value: Value, expiration: TimeInterval)] = [:]
    private var expirationQueue: DispatchQueue = DispatchQueue(label: "com.cache.expiration")

    func put(value: Value, key: Key, expiration: TimeInterval) {
        cache[key] = (value, expiration)
        expirationQueue.asyncAfter(deadline:.now() + expiration) { [weak self] in
            self?.remove(key: key)
        }
    }

    func get(key: Key) -> Value? {
        cache[key]?.value
    }

    subscript(key: Key) -> Value? {
        get {
            return get(key: key)
        }
        set {
            if let value = newValue {
                put(value: value, key: key, expiration: 10)
            } else {
                remove(key: key)
            }
        }
    }

    private func remove(key: Key) {
        cache[key] = nil
    }
}
```

protocol ExpirableCacheProtocol {
    associatedtype Key: Hashable
    associatedtype Value
    func put(value: Value, key: Key, expiration: TimeInterval)
    func get(key: Key) -> Value?
}

import Foundation

class ExpirableCache<Key: Hashable, Value>: ExpirableCacheProtocol {
    private var cache: [Key: (Value, TimeInterval)] = [:]
    private var expirationQueue: [Key] = []
    private let lock = NSLock()

    func put(value: Value, key: Key, expiration: TimeInterval) {
        lock.lock()
        defer { lock.unlock() }
        cache[key] = (value, expiration)
        expirationQueue.append(key)
    }

    func get(key: Key) -> Value? {
        lock.lock()
        defer { lock.unlock() }
        if let (value, expiration) = cache[key] {
            if expiration > Date().timeIntervalSince1970 {
                return value
            } else {
                cache.removeValue(forKey: key)
                expirationQueue.removeAll { $0 == key }
                return nil
            }
        }
        return nil
    }

    subscript(key: Key) -> Value? {
        get {
            return get(key: key)
        }
        set {
            if let value = newValue {
                put(value: value, key: key, expiration: Date().timeIntervalSince1970 + 10)
            }
        }
    }
}

class ExpirableCache2<Key: Hashable, Value>: ExpirableCacheProtocol {
    private var cache: [Key: (Value, TimeInterval)] = [:]
    private var expirationQueue: [Key] = []
    private let lock = NSLock()

    func put(value: Value, key: Key, expiration: TimeInterval) {
        lock.lock()
        defer { lock.unlock() }
        cache[key] = (value, expiration)
        expirationQueue.append(key)
    }

    func get(key: Key) -> Value? {
        lock.lock()
        defer { lock.unlock() }
        if let (value, expiration) = cache[key] {
            if expiration > Date().timeIntervalSince1970 {
                return value
            } else {
                cache.removeValue(forKey: key)
                expirationQueue.removeAll { $0 == key }
                return nil
            }
        }
        return nil
    }

    subscript(key: Key) -> Value? {
        get {
            return get(key: key)
        }
        set {
            if let value = newValue {
                put(value: value, key: key, expiration: Date().timeIntervalSince1970 + 10)
            }
        }
    }
}

class ExpirableCache3<Key: Hashable, Value>: ExpirableCacheProtocol {
    private var cache: [Key: (Value, TimeInterval)] = [:]
    private var expirationQueue: [Key] = []
    private let lock = NSLock()

    func put(value: Value, key: Key, expiration: TimeInterval) {
        lock.lock()
        defer { lock.unlock() }
        cache[key] = (value, expiration)
        expirationQueue.append(key)
    }

    func get(key: Key) -> Value? {
        lock.lock()
        defer { lock.unlock() }
        if let (value, expiration) = cache[key] {
            if expiration > Date().timeIntervalSince1970 {
                return value
            } else {
                cache.removeValue(forKey: key)
                expirationQueue.removeAll { $0 == key }
                return nil
            }
        }
        return nil
    }

    subscript(key: Key) -> Value? {
        get {
            return get(key: key)
        }
        set {
            if let value = newValue {
                put(value: value, key: key, expiration: Date().timeIntervalSince1970 + 10)
            }
        }
    }
}

```swift
import Foundation

protocol ExpirableCacheProtocol {
    associatedtype Key: Hashable
    associatedtype Value
    func put(value: Value, key: Key, expiration: TimeInterval)
    func get(key: Key) -> Value?
}

// Caching mechanism with expiration eviction policy.
// Subscript methods used for convenient access.
class ExpirableCache<Key: Hashable, Value>: ExpirableCacheProtocol {
    private var cache: [Key: (Value, TimeInterval)] = [:]
    private var expirationQueue: [Key] = []
    private let lock = NSLock()

    func put(value: Value, key: Key, expiration: TimeInterval) {
        lock.lock()
        defer { lock.unlock() }
        cache[key] = (value, expiration)
        expirationQueue.append(key)
    }

    func get(key: Key) -> Value? {
        lock.lock()
        defer { lock.unlock() }
        if let (value, expiration) = cache[key] {
            if expiration > Date().timeIntervalSince1970 {
                return value
            } else {
                cache.removeValue(forKey: key)
                expirationQueue.removeAll { $0 == key }
                return nil
            }
        }
        return nil
    }

    subscript(key: Key) -> Value? {
        get {
            return get(key: key)
        }
        set {
            if let value = newValue {
                put(value: value, key: key, expiration: Date().timeIntervalSince1970 + 10)
            }
        }
    }
}

// Caching mechanism with expiration eviction policy.
// Subscript methods used for convenient access.
class ExpirableCache2<Key: Hashable, Value>: ExpirableCacheProtocol {
    private var cache: [Key: (Value, TimeInterval)] = [:]
    private var expirationQueue: [Key] = []
    private let lock = NSLock()

    func put(value: Value, key: Key, expiration: TimeInterval) {
        lock.lock()
        defer { lock.unlock() }
        cache[key] = (value, expiration)
        expirationQueue.append(key)
    }

    func get(key: Key) -> Value? {
        lock.lock()
        defer { lock.unlock() }
        if let (value, expiration) = cache[key] {
            if expiration > Date().timeIntervalSince1970 {
                return value
            } else {
                cache.removeValue(forKey: key)
                expirationQueue.removeAll { $0 == key }
                return nil
            }
        }
        return nil
    }

    subscript(key: Key) -> Value? {
        get {
            return get(key: key)
        }
        set {
            if let value = newValue {
                put(value: value, key: key, expiration: Date().timeIntervalSince1970 + 10)
            }
        }
    }
}

// Caching mechanism with expiration eviction policy.
// Subscript methods used for convenient access.
class ExpirableCache3<Key: Hashable, Value>: ExpirableCacheProtocol {
    private var cache: [Key: (Value, TimeInterval)] = [:]
    private var expirationQueue: [Key] = []
    private let lock = NSLock()

    func put(value: Value, key: Key, expiration: TimeInterval) {
        lock.lock()
        defer { lock.unlock() }
        cache[key] = (value, expiration)
        expirationQueue.append(key)
    }

    func get(key: Key) -> Value? {
        lock.lock()
        defer { lock.unlock() }
        if let (value, expiration) = cache[key] {
            if expiration > Date().timeIntervalSince1970 {
                return value
            } else {
                cache.removeValue(forKey: key)
                expirationQueue.removeAll { $0 == key }
                return nil
            }
        }
        return nil
    }

    subscript(key: Key) -> Value? {
        get {
            return get(key: key)
        }
        set {
            if let value = newValue {
                put(value: value, key: key, expiration: Date().timeIntervalSince1970 + 10)
            }
        }
    }
}

// Caching mechanism with expiration eviction policy.
// Subscript methods used for convenient access.
class ExpirableCache4<Key: Hashable, Value>: ExpirableCacheProtocol {
    private var cache: [Key: (Value, TimeInterval)] = [:]
    private var expirationQueue: [Key] = []
    private let lock = NSLock()

    func put(value: Value, key: Key, expiration: TimeInterval) {
        lock.lock()
        defer { lock.unlock() }
        cache[key] = (value, expiration)
        expirationQueue.append(key)
    }

    func get(key: Key) -> Value? {
        lock.lock()
        defer { lock.unlock() }
        if let (value, expiration) = cache[key] {
            if

protocol EncryptorProtocol {
    func encrypt(_ string: String, _ key: String) -> Data
    func decrypt(_ data: Data, _ key: String) -> String
}

class Encryptor: EncryptorProtocol {
    func encrypt(_ string: String, _ key: String) -> Data {
        var encryptedData = Data()
        let keyData = key.data(using:.utf8)!
        let stringData = string.data(using:.utf8)!
        let keyLength = keyData.count
        let stringLength = stringData.count
        var keyIndex = 0
        for i in 0..<stringLength {
            let keyByte = keyData[keyIndex]
            let stringByte = stringData[i]
            let encryptedByte = stringByte ^ keyByte
            encryptedData.append(encryptedByte)
            keyIndex += 1
            if keyIndex >= keyLength {
                keyIndex = 0
            }
        }
        return encryptedData
    }
    
    func decrypt(_ data: Data, _ key: String) -> String {
        var decryptedData = Data()
        let keyData = key.data(using:.utf8)!
        let keyLength = keyData.count
        var keyIndex = 0
        for i in 0..<data.count {
            let keyByte = keyData[keyIndex]
            let encryptedByte = data[i]
            let decryptedByte = encryptedByte ^ keyByte
            decryptedData.append(decryptedByte)
            keyIndex += 1
            if keyIndex >= keyLength {
                keyIndex = 0
            }
        }
        return String(data: decryptedData, encoding:.utf8)!
    }
}

class AESEncryptor: EncryptorProtocol {
    func encrypt(_ string: String, _ key: String) -> Data {
        let keyData = key.data(using:.utf8)!
        let stringData = string.data(using:.utf8)!
        let encryptedData = try! AES(key: keyData, blockMode: CBC(iv: Data(count: 16))).encrypt(stringData)
        return encryptedData
    }
    
    func decrypt(_ data: Data, _ key: String) -> String {
        let keyData = key.data(using:.utf8)!
        let decryptedData = try! AES(key: keyData, blockMode: CBC(iv: Data(count: 16))).decrypt(data)
        return String(data: decryptedData, encoding:.utf8)!
    }
}

class AESEncryptor2: EncryptorProtocol {
    func encrypt(_ string: String, _ key: String) -> Data {
        let keyData = key.data(using:.utf8)!
        let stringData = string.data(using:.utf8)!
        let encryptedData = try! AES(key: keyData, blockMode: CBC(iv: Data(count: 16))).encrypt(stringData)
        return encryptedData
    }
    
    func decrypt(_ data: Data, _ key: String) -> String {
        let keyData = key.data(using:.utf8)!
        let decryptedData = try! AES(key: keyData, blockMode: CBC(iv: Data(count: 16))).decrypt(data)
        return String(data: decryptedData, encoding:.utf8)!
    }
}

```swift
protocol EncryptorProtocol {
    func encrypt(_ string: String, _ key: String) -> Data
    func decrypt(_ data: Data, _ key: String) -> String
}

// Simple XOR encryptor and decryptor that converts plain text into encrypted text by applying the binary 'Exclusive OR' operator implemented according to the protocol.
class Encryptor: EncryptorProtocol {
    func encrypt(_ string: String, _ key: String) -> Data {
        var encryptedData = Data()
        let keyData = key.data(using:.utf8)!
        let stringData = string.data(using:.utf8)!
        let keyLength = keyData.count
        let stringLength = stringData.count
        var keyIndex = 0
        for i in 0..<stringLength {
            let keyByte = keyData[keyIndex]
            let stringByte = stringData[i]
            let encryptedByte = stringByte ^ keyByte
            encryptedData.append(encryptedByte)
            keyIndex += 1
            if keyIndex >= keyLength {
                keyIndex = 0
            }
        }
        return encryptedData
    }
    
    func decrypt(_ data: Data, _ key: String) -> String {
        var decryptedData = Data()
        let keyData = key.data(using:.utf8)!
        let keyLength = keyData.count
        var keyIndex = 0
        for i in 0..<data.count {
            let keyByte = keyData[keyIndex]
            let encryptedByte = data[i]
            let decryptedByte = encryptedByte ^ keyByte
            decryptedData.append(decryptedByte)
            keyIndex += 1
            if keyIndex >= keyLength {
                keyIndex = 0
            }
        }
        return String(data: decryptedData, encoding:.utf8)!
    }
}

// Encryptor and decryptor that uses the AES-256-CBC algorithm to encrypt and decrypt data.
class AESEncryptor: EncryptorProtocol {
    func encrypt(_ string: String, _ key: String) -> Data {
        let keyData = key.data(using:.utf8)!
        let stringData = string.data(using:.utf8)!
        let encryptedData = try! AES(key: keyData, blockMode: CBC(iv: Data(count: 16))).encrypt(stringData)
        return encryptedData
    }
    
    func decrypt(_ data: Data, _ key: String) -> String {
        let keyData = key.data(using:.utf8)!
        let decryptedData = try! AES(key: keyData, blockMode: CBC(iv: Data(count: 16))).decrypt(data)
        return String(data: decryptedData, encoding:.utf8)!
    }
}

// Encryptor and decryptor that uses the AES-256-CBC algorithm to encrypt and decrypt data.
class AESEncryptor2: EncryptorProtocol {
    func encrypt(_ string: String, _ key: String) -> Data {
        let keyData = key.data(using:.utf8)!
        let stringData = string.data(using:.utf8)!
        let encryptedData = try! AES(key: keyData, blockMode: CBC(iv: Data(count: 16))).encrypt(stringData)
        return encryptedData
    }
    
    func decrypt(_ data: Data, _ key: String) -> String {
        let keyData = key.data(using:.utf8)!
        let decryptedData = try! AES(key: keyData, blockMode: CBC(iv: Data(count: 16))).decrypt(data)
        return String(data: decryptedData, encoding:.utf8)!
    }
}
```

protocol EncryptorProtocol {
    func encrypt(_ string: String, _ key: String) -> Data
    func decrypt(_ data: Data, _ key: String) -> String
}

class Encryptor: EncryptorProtocol {
    func encrypt(_ string: String, _ key: String) -> Data {
        let keyData = key.data(using:.utf8)!
        let stringData = string.data(using:.utf8)!
        let encryptedData = stringData.enumerated().map { (index, byte) -> UInt8 in
            let keyByte = keyData.enumerated().map { (index, _) -> UInt8 in
                return keyData[index]
            }[index % keyData.count]
            return byte ^ keyByte
        }
        return Data(encryptedData)
    }

    func decrypt(_ data: Data, _ key: String) -> String {
        let keyData = key.data(using:.utf8)!
        let decryptedData = data.enumerated().map { (index, byte) -> UInt8 in
            let keyByte = keyData.enumerated().map { (index, _) -> UInt8 in
                return keyData[index]
            }[index % keyData.count]
            return byte ^ keyByte
        }
        return String(data: Data(decryptedData), encoding:.utf8)!
    }
}

```swift
protocol EncryptorProtocol {
    func encrypt(_ string: String, _ key: String) -> Data
    func decrypt(_ data: Data, _ key: String) -> String
}

// Simple XOR encryptor and decryptor that converts plain text into encrypted text by applying the binary 'Exclusive OR' operator implemented according to the protocol.
class Encryptor: EncryptorProtocol {
    func encrypt(_ string: String, _ key: String) -> Data {
        let keyData = key.data(using:.utf8)!
        let stringData = string.data(using:.utf8)!
        let encryptedData = stringData.enumerated().map { (index, byte) -> UInt8 in
            let keyByte = keyData.enumerated().map { (index, _) -> UInt8 in
                return keyData[index]
            }[index % keyData.count]
            return byte ^ keyByte
        }
        return Data(encryptedData)
    }

    func decrypt(_ data: Data, _ key: String) -> String {
        let keyData = key.data(using:.utf8)!
        let decryptedData = data.enumerated().map { (index, byte) -> UInt8 in
            let keyByte = keyData.enumerated().map { (index, _) -> UInt8 in
                return keyData[index]
            }[index % keyData.count]
            return byte ^ keyByte
        }
        return String(data: Data(decryptedData), encoding:.utf8)!
    }
}

// Simple XOR encryptor and decryptor that converts plain text into encrypted text by applying the binary 'Exclusive OR' operator implemented according to the protocol.
class Encryptor: EncryptorProtocol {
    func encrypt(_ string: String, _ key: String) -> Data {
        let keyData = key.data(using:.utf8)!
        let stringData = string.data(using:.utf8)!
        let encryptedData = stringData.enumerated().map { (index, byte) -> UInt8 in
            let keyByte = keyData.enumerated().map { (index, _) -> UInt8 in
                return keyData[index]
            }[index % keyData.count]
            return byte ^ keyByte
        }
        return Data(encryptedData)
    }

    func decrypt(_ data: Data, _ key: String) -> String {
        let keyData = key.data(using:.utf8)!
        let decryptedData = data.enumerated().map { (index, byte) -> UInt8 in
            let keyByte = keyData.enumerated().map { (index, _) -> UInt8 in
                return keyData[index]
            }[index % keyData.count]
            return byte ^ keyByte
        }
        return String(data: Data(decryptedData), encoding:.utf8)!
    }
}

// Simple XOR encryptor and decryptor that converts plain text into encrypted text by applying the binary 'Exclusive OR' operator implemented according to the protocol.
class Encryptor: EncryptorProtocol {
    func encrypt(_ string: String, _ key: String) -> Data {
        let keyData = key.data(using:.utf8)!
        let stringData = string.data(using:.utf8)!
        let encryptedData = stringData.enumerated().map { (index, byte) -> UInt8 in
            let keyByte = keyData.enumerated().map { (index, _) -> UInt8 in
                return keyData[index]
            }[index % keyData.count]
            return byte ^ keyByte
        }
        return Data(encryptedData)
    }

    func decrypt(_ data: Data, _ key: String) -> String {
        let keyData = key.data(using:.utf8)!
        let decryptedData = data.enumerated().map { (index, byte) -> UInt8 in
            let keyByte = keyData.enumerated().map { (index, _) -> UInt8 in
                return keyData[index]
            }[index % keyData.count]
            return byte ^ keyByte
        }
        return String(data: Data(decryptedData), encoding:.utf8)!
    }
}

// Simple XOR encryptor and decryptor that converts plain text into encrypted text by applying the binary 'Exclusive OR' operator implemented according to the protocol.
class Encryptor: EncryptorProtocol {
    func encrypt(_ string: String, _ key: String) -> Data {
        let keyData = key.data(using:.utf8)!
        let stringData = string.data(using:.utf8)!
        let encryptedData = stringData.enumerated().map { (index, byte) -> UInt8 in
            let keyByte = keyData.enumerated().map { (index, _) -> UInt8 in
                return keyData[index]
            }[index % keyData.count]
            return byte ^ keyByte
        }
        return Data(encryptedData)
    }

    func decrypt(_ data: Data, _ key: String) -> String {
        let keyData = key.data(using:.utf8)!
        let decryptedData = data.enumerated().map { (index, byte) ->

protocol EncryptorProtocol {
    func encrypt(_ string: String, _ key: String) -> Data
    func decrypt(_ data: Data, _ key: String) -> String
}

class Encryptor: EncryptorProtocol {
    func encrypt(_ string: String, _ key: String) -> Data {
        let keyData = key.data(using:.utf8)!
        let data = string.data(using:.utf8)!
        let result = data.enumerated().map { (index, element) -> UInt8 in
            let keyByte = keyData.bytes[index % keyData.count]
            return element ^ keyByte
        }
        return Data(result)
    }

    func decrypt(_ data: Data, _ key: String) -> String {
        let keyData = key.data(using:.utf8)!
        let result = data.enumerated().map { (index, element) -> UInt8 in
            let keyByte = keyData.bytes[index % keyData.count]
            return element ^ keyByte
        }
        return String(data: Data(result), encoding:.utf8)!
    }
}

class AESEncryptor: EncryptorProtocol {
    func encrypt(_ string: String, _ key: String) -> Data {
        let keyData = key.data(using:.utf8)!
        let data = string.data(using:.utf8)!
        let aes = try! AES(key: keyData.bytes, blockMode: CBC(iv: Array(repeating: 0, count: 16)))
        let encrypted = try! aes.encrypt(data.bytes)
        return Data(encrypted)
    }

    func decrypt(_ data: Data, _ key: String) -> String {
        let keyData = key.data(using:.utf8)!
        let aes = try! AES(key: keyData.bytes, blockMode: CBC(iv: Array(repeating: 0, count: 16)))
        let decrypted = try! aes.decrypt(data.bytes)
        return String(data: Data(decrypted), encoding:.utf8)!
    }
}

```swift
protocol EncryptorProtocol {
    func encrypt(_ string: String, _ key: String) -> Data
    func decrypt(_ data: Data, _ key: String) -> String
}

// Simple XOR encryptor and decryptor that converts plain text into encrypted text by applying the binary 'Exclusive OR' operator implemented according to the protocol.
class Encryptor: EncryptorProtocol {
    func encrypt(_ string: String, _ key: String) -> Data {
        let keyData = key.data(using:.utf8)!
        let data = string.data(using:.utf8)!
        let result = data.enumerated().map { (index, element) -> UInt8 in
            let keyByte = keyData.bytes[index % keyData.count]
            return element ^ keyByte
        }
        return Data(result)
    }

    func decrypt(_ data: Data, _ key: String) -> String {
        let keyData = key.data(using:.utf8)!
        let result = data.enumerated().map { (index, element) -> UInt8 in
            let keyByte = keyData.bytes[index % keyData.count]
            return element ^ keyByte
        }
        return String(data: Data(result), encoding:.utf8)!
    }
}

// Encryptor that uses the AES-256-CBC algorithm to encrypt and decrypt data.
class AESEncryptor: EncryptorProtocol {
    func encrypt(_ string: String, _ key: String) -> Data {
        let keyData = key.data(using:.utf8)!
        let data = string.data(using:.utf8)!
        let aes = try! AES(key: keyData.bytes, blockMode: CBC(iv: Array(repeating: 0, count: 16)))
        let encrypted = try! aes.encrypt(data.bytes)
        return Data(encrypted)
    }

    func decrypt(_ data: Data, _ key: String) -> String {
        let keyData = key.data(using:.utf8)!
        let aes = try! AES(key: keyData.bytes, blockMode: CBC(iv: Array(repeating: 0, count: 16)))
        let decrypted = try! aes.decrypt(data.bytes)
        return String(data: Data(decrypted), encoding:.utf8)!
    }
}
```

protocol EncryptorProtocol {
    func encrypt(_ string: String, _ key: String) -> Data
    func decrypt(_ data: Data, _ key: String) -> String
}

class Encryptor: EncryptorProtocol {
    func encrypt(_ string: String, _ key: String) -> Data {
        let keyData = key.data(using:.utf8)!
        let stringData = string.data(using:.utf8)!
        let encryptedData = stringData.enumerated().map { (index, byte) -> UInt8 in
            return byte ^ keyData.bytes[index % keyData.count]
        }
        return Data(encryptedData)
    }

    func decrypt(_ data: Data, _ key: String) -> String {
        let keyData = key.data(using:.utf8)!
        let decryptedData = data.enumerated().map { (index, byte) -> UInt8 in
            return byte ^ keyData.bytes[index % keyData.count]
        }
        return String(data: Data(decryptedData), encoding:.utf8)!
    }
}

class AESEncryptor: EncryptorProtocol {
    func encrypt(_ string: String, _ key: String) -> Data {
        let keyData = key.data(using:.utf8)!
        let stringData = string.data(using:.utf8)!
        let encryptedData = try! AES(key: keyData.bytes, blockMode: CBC(iv: [0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0]), padding:.pkcs7).encrypt(stringData.bytes)
        return Data(encryptedData)
    }

    func decrypt(_ data: Data, _ key: String) -> String {
        let keyData = key.data(using:.utf8)!
        let decryptedData = try! AES(key: keyData.bytes, blockMode: CBC(iv: [0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0]), padding:.pkcs7).decrypt(data.bytes)
        return String(data: Data(decryptedData), encoding:.utf8)!
    }
}

```swift
protocol EncryptorProtocol {
    func encrypt(_ string: String, _ key: String) -> Data
    func decrypt(_ data: Data, _ key: String) -> String
}

// Simple XOR encryptor and decryptor that converts plain text into encrypted text by applying the binary 'Exclusive OR' operator implemented according to the protocol.
class Encryptor: EncryptorProtocol {
    func encrypt(_ string: String, _ key: String) -> Data {
        let keyData = key.data(using:.utf8)!
        let stringData = string.data(using:.utf8)!
        let encryptedData = stringData.enumerated().map { (index, byte) -> UInt8 in
            return byte ^ keyData.bytes[index % keyData.count]
        }
        return Data(encryptedData)
    }

    func decrypt(_ data: Data, _ key: String) -> String {
        let keyData = key.data(using:.utf8)!
        let decryptedData = data.enumerated().map { (index, byte) -> UInt8 in
            return byte ^ keyData.bytes[index % keyData.count]
        }
        return String(data: Data(decryptedData), encoding:.utf8)!
    }
}

// A simple encryptor that uses the AES-128-CBC algorithm to encrypt and decrypt data.
class AESEncryptor: EncryptorProtocol {
    func encrypt(_ string: String, _ key: String) -> Data {
        let keyData = key.data(using:.utf8)!
        let stringData = string.data(using:.utf8)!
        let encryptedData = try! AES(key: keyData.bytes, blockMode: CBC(iv: [0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0]), padding:.pkcs7).encrypt(stringData.bytes)
        return Data(encryptedData)
    }

    func decrypt(_ data: Data, _ key: String) -> String {
        let keyData = key.data(using:.utf8)!
        let decryptedData = try! AES(key: keyData.bytes, blockMode: CBC(iv: [0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0]), padding:.pkcs7).decrypt(data.bytes)
        return String(data: Data(decryptedData), encoding:.utf8)!
    }
}
```

protocol EncryptorProtocol {
    func encrypt(_ string: String, _ key: String) -> Data
    func decrypt(_ data: Data, _ key: String) -> String
}

class Encryptor: EncryptorProtocol {
    func encrypt(_ string: String, _ key: String) -> Data {
        return Data(string.utf8.map { $0 ^ key.utf8.first! })
    }

    func decrypt(_ data: Data, _ key: String) -> String {
        return String(data: data.map { $0 ^ key.utf8.first! }, encoding:.utf8)!
    }
}

```swift
protocol EncryptorProtocol {
    func encrypt(_ string: String, _ key: String) -> Data
    func decrypt(_ data: Data, _ key: String) -> String
}

// Simple XOR encryptor and decryptor that converts plain text into encrypted text by applying the binary 'Exclusive OR' operator implemented according to the protocol.
class Encryptor: EncryptorProtocol {
    func encrypt(_ string: String, _ key: String) -> Data {
        return Data(string.utf8.map { $0 ^ key.utf8.first! })
    }

    func decrypt(_ data: Data, _ key: String) -> String {
        return String(data: data.map { $0 ^ key.utf8.first! }, encoding:.utf8)!
    }
}
```

protocol EncryptorProtocol {
    func encrypt(_ string: String, _ key: String) -> Data
    func decrypt(_ data: Data, _ key: String) -> String
}

class Encryptor: EncryptorProtocol {
    func encrypt(_ string: String, _ key: String) -> Data {
        let keyData = key.data(using:.utf8)!
        let data = string.data(using:.utf8)!
        let encryptedData = NSMutableData()
        for i in 0..<data.count {
            let byte = data.bytes[i]
            let keyByte = keyData.bytes[i % keyData.count]
            let encryptedByte = byte ^ keyByte
            encryptedData.append(&encryptedByte, length: 1)
        }
        return encryptedData as Data
    }

    func decrypt(_ data: Data, _ key: String) -> String {
        let keyData = key.data(using:.utf8)!
        let decryptedData = NSMutableData()
        for i in 0..<data.count {
            let byte = data.bytes[i]
            let keyByte = keyData.bytes[i % keyData.count]
            let decryptedByte = byte ^ keyByte
            decryptedData.append(&decryptedByte, length: 1)
        }
        return String(data: decryptedData as Data, encoding:.utf8)!
    }
}

```swift
protocol EncryptorProtocol {
    func encrypt(_ string: String, _ key: String) -> Data
    func decrypt(_ data: Data, _ key: String) -> String
}

// Simple XOR encryptor and decryptor that converts plain text into encrypted text by applying the binary 'Exclusive OR' operator implemented according to the protocol.
class Encryptor: EncryptorProtocol {
    func encrypt(_ string: String, _ key: String) -> Data {
        let keyData = key.data(using:.utf8)!
        let data = string.data(using:.utf8)!
        let encryptedData = NSMutableData()
        for i in 0..<data.count {
            let byte = data.bytes[i]
            let keyByte = keyData.bytes[i % keyData.count]
            let encryptedByte = byte ^ keyByte
            encryptedData.append(&encryptedByte, length: 1)
        }
        return encryptedData as Data
    }

    func decrypt(_ data: Data, _ key: String) -> String {
        let keyData = key.data(using:.utf8)!
        let decryptedData = NSMutableData()
        for i in 0..<data.count {
            let byte = data.bytes[i]
            let keyByte = keyData.bytes[i % keyData.count]
            let decryptedByte = byte ^ keyByte
            decryptedData.append(&decryptedByte, length: 1)
        }
        return String(data: decryptedData as Data, encoding:.utf8)!
    }
}
```

protocol EncryptorProtocol {
    func encrypt(_ string: String, _ key: String) -> Data
    func decrypt(_ data: Data, _ key: String) -> String
}

class Encryptor: EncryptorProtocol {
    func encrypt(_ string: String, _ key: String) -> Data {
        let data = string.data(using:.utf8)!
        let keyData = key.data(using:.utf8)!
        let result = data.xor(keyData)
        return result
    }

    func decrypt(_ data: Data, _ key: String) -> String {
        let keyData = key.data(using:.utf8)!
        let result = data.xor(keyData)
        return String(data: result, encoding:.utf8)!
    }
}

class Encryptor2: EncryptorProtocol {
    func encrypt(_ string: String, _ key: String) -> Data {
        let data = string.data(using:.utf8)!
        let keyData = key.data(using:.utf8)!
        let result = data.xor(keyData)
        return result
    }

    func decrypt(_ data: Data, _ key: String) -> String {
        let keyData = key.data(using:.utf8)!
        let result = data.xor(keyData)
        return String(data: result, encoding:.utf8)!
    }
}

class Encryptor3: EncryptorProtocol {
    func encrypt(_ string: String, _ key: String) -> Data {
        let data = string.data(using:.utf8)!
        let keyData = key.data(using:.utf8)!
        let result = data.xor(keyData)
        return result
    }

    func decrypt(_ data: Data, _ key: String) -> String {
        let keyData = key.data(using:.utf8)!
        let result = data.xor(keyData)
        return String(data: result, encoding:.utf8)!
    }
}

class Encryptor4: EncryptorProtocol {
    func encrypt(_ string: String, _ key: String) -> Data {
        let data = string.data(using:.utf8)!
        let keyData = key.data(using:.utf8)!
        let result = data.xor(keyData)
        return result
    }

    func decrypt(_ data: Data, _ key: String) -> String {
        let keyData = key.data(using:.utf8)!
        let result = data.xor(keyData)
        return String(data: result, encoding:.utf8)!
    }
}

class Encryptor5: EncryptorProtocol {
    func encrypt(_ string: String, _ key: String) -> Data {
        let data = string.data(using:.utf8)!
        let keyData = key.data(using:.utf8)!
        let result = data.xor(keyData)
        return result
    }

    func decrypt(_ data: Data, _ key: String) -> String {
        let keyData = key.data(using:.utf8)!
        let result = data.xor(keyData)
        return String(data: result, encoding:.utf8)!
    }
}

class Encryptor6: EncryptorProtocol {
    func encrypt(_ string: String, _ key: String) -> Data {
        let data = string.data(using:.utf8)!
        let keyData = key.data(using:.utf8)!
        let result = data.xor(keyData)
        return result
    }

    func decrypt(_ data: Data, _ key: String) -> String {
        let keyData = key.data(using:.utf8)!
        let result = data.xor(keyData)
        return String(data: result, encoding:.utf8)!
    }
}

```swift
protocol EncryptorProtocol {
    func encrypt(_ string: String, _ key: String) -> Data
    func decrypt(_ data: Data, _ key: String) -> String
}

// Simple XOR encryptor and decryptor that converts plain text into encrypted text by applying the binary 'Exclusive OR' operator implemented according to the protocol.
class Encryptor: EncryptorProtocol {
    func encrypt(_ string: String, _ key: String) -> Data {
        let data = string.data(using:.utf8)!
        let keyData = key.data(using:.utf8)!
        let result = data.xor(keyData)
        return result
    }

    func decrypt(_ data: Data, _ key: String) -> String {
        let keyData = key.data(using:.utf8)!
        let result = data.xor(keyData)
        return String(data: result, encoding:.utf8)!
    }
}

// Simple XOR encryptor and decryptor that converts plain text into encrypted text by applying the binary 'Exclusive OR' operator implemented according to the protocol.
class Encryptor2: EncryptorProtocol {
    func encrypt(_ string: String, _ key: String) -> Data {
        let data = string.data(using:.utf8)!
        let keyData = key.data(using:.utf8)!
        let result = data.xor(keyData)
        return result
    }

    func decrypt(_ data: Data, _ key: String) -> String {
        let keyData = key.data(using:.utf8)!
        let result = data.xor(keyData)
        return String(data: result, encoding:.utf8)!
    }
}

// Simple XOR encryptor and decryptor that converts plain text into encrypted text by applying the binary 'Exclusive OR' operator implemented according to the protocol.
class Encryptor3: EncryptorProtocol {
    func encrypt(_ string: String, _ key: String) -> Data {
        let data = string.data(using:.utf8)!
        let keyData = key.data(using:.utf8)!
        let result = data.xor(keyData)
        return result
    }

    func decrypt(_ data: Data, _ key: String) -> String {
        let keyData = key.data(using:.utf8)!
        let result = data.xor(keyData)
        return String(data: result, encoding:.utf8)!
    }
}

// Simple XOR encryptor and decryptor that converts plain text into encrypted text by applying the binary 'Exclusive OR' operator implemented according to the protocol.
class Encryptor4: EncryptorProtocol {
    func encrypt(_ string: String, _ key: String) -> Data {
        let data = string.data(using:.utf8)!
        let keyData = key.data(using:.utf8)!
        let result = data.xor(keyData)
        return result
    }

    func decrypt(_ data: Data, _ key: String) -> String {
        let keyData = key.data(using:.utf8)!
        let result = data.xor(keyData)
        return String(data: result, encoding:.utf8)!
    }
}

// Simple XOR encryptor and decryptor that converts plain text into encrypted text by applying the binary 'Exclusive OR' operator implemented according to the protocol.
class Encryptor5: EncryptorProtocol {
    func encrypt(_ string: String, _ key: String) -> Data {
        let data = string.data(using:.utf8)!
        let keyData = key.data(using:.utf8)!
        let result = data.xor(keyData)
        return result
    }

    func decrypt(_ data: Data, _ key: String) -> String {
        let keyData = key.data(using:.utf8)!
        let result = data.xor(keyData)
        return String(data: result, encoding:.utf8)!
    }
}

// Simple XOR encryptor and decryptor that converts plain text into encrypted text by applying the binary 'Exclusive OR' operator implemented according to the protocol.
class Encryptor6: EncryptorProtocol {
    func encrypt(_ string: String, _ key: String) -> Data {
        let data = string.data(using:.utf8)!
        let keyData = key.data(using:.utf8)!
        let result = data.xor(keyData)
        return result
    }

    func decrypt(_ data: Data, _ key: String) -> String {
        let keyData = key.data(using:.utf8)!
        let result = data.xor(keyData)
        return String(data: result, encoding:.utf8)!
    }
}

// Simple XOR encryptor and decryptor that converts plain text into encrypted text by applying the binary 'Exclusive OR' operator implemented according to the protocol.
class Encryptor7: EncryptorProtocol {
    func encrypt(_ string: String, _ key: String) -> Data {
        let data = string.data(using:.utf8)!
        let keyData = key.data(using:.utf8)!
       

protocol EncryptorProtocol {
    func encrypt(_ string: String, _ key: String) -> Data
    func decrypt(_ data: Data, _ key: String) -> String
}

class Encryptor: EncryptorProtocol {
    func encrypt(_ string: String, _ key: String) -> Data {
        let keyData = key.data(using:.utf8)!
        let stringData = string.data(using:.utf8)!
        let encryptedData = stringData.enumerated().map { (index, byte) -> UInt8 in
            let keyByte = keyData.enumerated().map { (index, byte) -> UInt8 in
                return index < keyData.count? byte : 0
            }[index % keyData.count]
            return byte ^ keyByte
        }
        return Data(encryptedData)
    }

    func decrypt(_ data: Data, _ key: String) -> String {
        let keyData = key.data(using:.utf8)!
        let decryptedData = data.enumerated().map { (index, byte) -> UInt8 in
            let keyByte = keyData.enumerated().map { (index, byte) -> UInt8 in
                return index < keyData.count? byte : 0
            }[index % keyData.count]
            return byte ^ keyByte
        }
        return String(data: Data(decryptedData), encoding:.utf8)!
    }
}

class AESEncryptor: EncryptorProtocol {
    func encrypt(_ string: String, _ key: String) -> Data {
        let keyData = key.data(using:.utf8)!
        let stringData = string.data(using:.utf8)!
        let encryptedData = try! AES(key: keyData, blockMode: CBC(iv: Data(repeating: 0, count: 16)), padding:.pkcs7).encrypt(stringData)
        return Data(encryptedData)
    }

    func decrypt(_ data: Data, _ key: String) -> String {
        let keyData = key.data(using:.utf8)!
        let decryptedData = try! AES(key: keyData, blockMode: CBC(iv: Data(repeating: 0, count: 16)), padding:.pkcs7).decrypt(data)
        return String(data: Data(decryptedData), encoding:.utf8)!
    }
}

```swift
protocol EncryptorProtocol {
    func encrypt(_ string: String, _ key: String) -> Data
    func decrypt(_ data: Data, _ key: String) -> String
}

// Simple XOR encryptor and decryptor that converts plain text into encrypted text by applying the binary 'Exclusive OR' operator implemented according to the protocol.
class Encryptor: EncryptorProtocol {
    func encrypt(_ string: String, _ key: String) -> Data {
        let keyData = key.data(using:.utf8)!
        let stringData = string.data(using:.utf8)!
        let encryptedData = stringData.enumerated().map { (index, byte) -> UInt8 in
            let keyByte = keyData.enumerated().map { (index, byte) -> UInt8 in
                return index < keyData.count? byte : 0
            }[index % keyData.count]
            return byte ^ keyByte
        }
        return Data(encryptedData)
    }

    func decrypt(_ data: Data, _ key: String) -> String {
        let keyData = key.data(using:.utf8)!
        let decryptedData = data.enumerated().map { (index, byte) -> UInt8 in
            let keyByte = keyData.enumerated().map { (index, byte) -> UInt8 in
                return index < keyData.count? byte : 0
            }[index % keyData.count]
            return byte ^ keyByte
        }
        return String(data: Data(decryptedData), encoding:.utf8)!
    }
}

// Encryptor and decryptor that uses the AES-256-CBC algorithm to encrypt and decrypt data.
class AESEncryptor: EncryptorProtocol {
    func encrypt(_ string: String, _ key: String) -> Data {
        let keyData = key.data(using:.utf8)!
        let stringData = string.data(using:.utf8)!
        let encryptedData = try! AES(key: keyData, blockMode: CBC(iv: Data(repeating: 0, count: 16)), padding:.pkcs7).encrypt(stringData)
        return Data(encryptedData)
    }

    func decrypt(_ data: Data, _ key: String) -> String {
        let keyData = key.data(using:.utf8)!
        let decryptedData = try! AES(key: keyData, blockMode: CBC(iv: Data(repeating: 0, count: 16)), padding:.pkcs7).decrypt(data)
        return String(data: Data(decryptedData), encoding:.utf8)!
    }
}
```

protocol EncryptorProtocol {
    func encrypt(_ string: String, _ key: String) -> Data
    func decrypt(_ data: Data, _ key: String) -> String
}

class Encryptor: EncryptorProtocol {
    func encrypt(_ string: String, _ key: String) -> Data {
        let keyData = key.data(using:.utf8)!
        let stringData = string.data(using:.utf8)!
        let encryptedData = stringData.map { $0 ^ keyData.first! }
        return Data(encryptedData)
    }

    func decrypt(_ data: Data, _ key: String) -> String {
        let keyData = key.data(using:.utf8)!
        let decryptedData = data.map { $0 ^ keyData.first! }
        return String(decoding: decryptedData, as: UTF8.self)
    }
}

```swift
protocol EncryptorProtocol {
    func encrypt(_ string: String, _ key: String) -> Data
    func decrypt(_ data: Data, _ key: String) -> String
}

// Simple XOR encryptor and decryptor that converts plain text into encrypted text by applying the binary 'Exclusive OR' operator implemented according to the protocol.
class Encryptor: EncryptorProtocol {
    func encrypt(_ string: String, _ key: String) -> Data {
        let keyData = key.data(using:.utf8)!
        let stringData = string.data(using:.utf8)!
        let encryptedData = stringData.map { $0 ^ keyData.first! }
        return Data(encryptedData)
    }

    func decrypt(_ data: Data, _ key: String) -> String {
        let keyData = key.data(using:.utf8)!
        let decryptedData = data.map { $0 ^ keyData.first! }
        return String(decoding: decryptedData, as: UTF8.self)
    }
}
```

protocol EncryptorProtocol {
    func encrypt(_ string: String, _ key: String) -> Data
    func decrypt(_ data: Data, _ key: String) -> String
}

class Encryptor: EncryptorProtocol {
    func encrypt(_ string: String, _ key: String) -> Data {
        let keyData = key.data(using:.utf8)!
        let data = string.data(using:.utf8)!
        var encryptedData = Data(count: data.count)
        data.enumerated().forEach { (index, byte) in
            encryptedData[index] = byte ^ keyData[index % keyData.count]
        }
        return encryptedData
    }

    func decrypt(_ data: Data, _ key: String) -> String {
        let keyData = key.data(using:.utf8)!
        let data = data
        var decryptedData = Data(count: data.count)
        data.enumerated().forEach { (index, byte) in
            decryptedData[index] = byte ^ keyData[index % keyData.count]
        }
        return String(data: decryptedData, encoding:.utf8)!
    }
}

```swift
protocol EncryptorProtocol {
    func encrypt(_ string: String, _ key: String) -> Data
    func decrypt(_ data: Data, _ key: String) -> String
}

// Simple XOR encryptor and decryptor that converts plain text into encrypted text by applying the binary 'Exclusive OR' operator implemented according to the protocol.
class Encryptor: EncryptorProtocol {
    func encrypt(_ string: String, _ key: String) -> Data {
        let keyData = key.data(using:.utf8)!
        let data = string.data(using:.utf8)!
        var encryptedData = Data(count: data.count)
        data.enumerated().forEach { (index, byte) in
            encryptedData[index] = byte ^ keyData[index % keyData.count]
        }
        return encryptedData
    }

    func decrypt(_ data: Data, _ key: String) -> String {
        let keyData = key.data(using:.utf8)!
        let data = data
        var decryptedData = Data(count: data.count)
        data.enumerated().forEach { (index, byte) in
            decryptedData[index] = byte ^ keyData[index % keyData.count]
        }
        return String(data: decryptedData, encoding:.utf8)!
    }
}
```

protocol RateLimiterProtocol {
    init(maxRequests: Int, timeInterval: TimeInterval)
    func allowRequest() -> Bool
}

class RateLimiter: RateLimiterProtocol {
    var maxRequests: Int
    var timeInterval: TimeInterval
    var lastRequestTime: Date?
    var requestsMade: Int = 0

    required init(maxRequests: Int, timeInterval: TimeInterval) {
        self.maxRequests = maxRequests
        self.timeInterval = timeInterval
    }

    func allowRequest() -> Bool {
        if requestsMade < maxRequests {
            requestsMade += 1
            return true
        }

        if let lastRequestTime = lastRequestTime {
            let timeElapsed = Date().timeIntervalSince(lastRequestTime)
            if timeElapsed > timeInterval {
                requestsMade = 1
                lastRequestTime = Date()
                return true
            }
        }

        return false
    }
}

```swift
protocol RateLimiterProtocol {
    init(maxRequests: Int, timeInterval: TimeInterval)
    func allowRequest() -> Bool
}

// Rate limiter that controls the rate of actions.
// Consists with a maximum number of requests and a time interval, and includes a method to determine if a new request can be made within the defined limits.
class RateLimiter: RateLimiterProtocol {
    var maxRequests: Int
    var timeInterval: TimeInterval
    var lastRequestTime: Date?
    var requestsMade: Int = 0

    required init(maxRequests: Int, timeInterval: TimeInterval) {
        self.maxRequests = maxRequests
        self.timeInterval = timeInterval
    }

    func allowRequest() -> Bool {
        if requestsMade < maxRequests {
            requestsMade += 1
            return true
        }

        if let lastRequestTime = lastRequestTime {
            let timeElapsed = Date().timeIntervalSince(lastRequestTime)
            if timeElapsed > timeInterval {
                requestsMade = 1
                lastRequestTime = Date()
                return true
            }
        }

        return false
    }
}
```

protocol RateLimiterProtocol {
    init(maxRequests: Int, timeInterval: TimeInterval)
    func allowRequest() -> Bool
}

class RateLimiter: RateLimiterProtocol {
    let maxRequests: Int
    let timeInterval: TimeInterval
    var requestsMade: Int = 0
    var lastRequestTime: Date?

    required init(maxRequests: Int, timeInterval: TimeInterval) {
        self.maxRequests = maxRequests
        self.timeInterval = timeInterval
    }

    func allowRequest() -> Bool {
        if requestsMade < maxRequests {
            requestsMade += 1
            return true
        }

        if let lastRequestTime = lastRequestTime, lastRequestTime.addingTimeInterval(timeInterval) > Date() {
            return false
        }

        requestsMade = 1
        lastRequestTime = Date()
        return true
    }
}

```swift
protocol RateLimiterProtocol {
    init(maxRequests: Int, timeInterval: TimeInterval)
    func allowRequest() -> Bool
}

// Rate limiter that controls the rate of actions.
// Consists with a maximum number of requests and a time interval, and includes a method to determine if a new request can be made within the defined limits.
class RateLimiter: RateLimiterProtocol {
    let maxRequests: Int
    let timeInterval: TimeInterval
    var requestsMade: Int = 0
    var lastRequestTime: Date?

    required init(maxRequests: Int, timeInterval: TimeInterval) {
        self.maxRequests = maxRequests
        self.timeInterval = timeInterval
    }

    func allowRequest() -> Bool {
        if requestsMade < maxRequests {
            requestsMade += 1
            return true
        }

        if let lastRequestTime = lastRequestTime, lastRequestTime.addingTimeInterval(timeInterval) > Date() {
            return false
        }

        requestsMade = 1
        lastRequestTime = Date()
        return true
    }
}
```

protocol RateLimiterProtocol {
    init(maxRequests: Int, timeInterval: TimeInterval)
    func allowRequest() -> Bool
}

class RateLimiter: RateLimiterProtocol {
    private let maxRequests: Int
    private let timeInterval: TimeInterval
    private var requests: Int = 0
    private let lock = NSLock()

    init(maxRequests: Int, timeInterval: TimeInterval) {
        self.maxRequests = maxRequests
        self.timeInterval = timeInterval
    }

    func allowRequest() -> Bool {
        lock.lock()
        defer { lock.unlock() }

        if requests < maxRequests {
            requests += 1
            return true
        }

        if Date().timeIntervalSince1970 - timeInterval > 0 {
            requests = 1
            return true
        }

        return false
    }
}

```swift
protocol RateLimiterProtocol {
    init(maxRequests: Int, timeInterval: TimeInterval)
    func allowRequest() -> Bool
}

// Rate limiter that controls the rate of actions.
// Consists with a maximum number of requests and a time interval, and includes a method to determine if a new request can be made within the defined limits.
class RateLimiter: RateLimiterProtocol {
    private let maxRequests: Int
    private let timeInterval: TimeInterval
    private var requests: Int = 0
    private let lock = NSLock()

    init(maxRequests: Int, timeInterval: TimeInterval) {
        self.maxRequests = maxRequests
        self.timeInterval = timeInterval
    }

    func allowRequest() -> Bool {
        lock.lock()
        defer { lock.unlock() }

        if requests < maxRequests {
            requests += 1
            return true
        }

        if Date().timeIntervalSince1970 - timeInterval > 0 {
            requests = 1
            return true
        }

        return false
    }
}
```

protocol RateLimiterProtocol {
    init(maxRequests: Int, timeInterval: TimeInterval)
    func allowRequest() -> Bool
}

class RateLimiter: RateLimiterProtocol {
    private let maxRequests: Int
    private let timeInterval: TimeInterval
    private var requests: Int = 0
    private let queue = DispatchQueue(label: "com.rate-limiter.queue")

    init(maxRequests: Int, timeInterval: TimeInterval) {
        self.maxRequests = maxRequests
        self.timeInterval = timeInterval
    }

    func allowRequest() -> Bool {
        queue.sync {
            if requests < maxRequests {
                requests += 1
                return true
            } else {
                return false
            }
        }
    }
}

```swift
protocol RateLimiterProtocol {
    init(maxRequests: Int, timeInterval: TimeInterval)
    func allowRequest() -> Bool
}

// Rate limiter that controls the rate of actions.
// Consists with a maximum number of requests and a time interval, and includes a method to determine if a new request can be made within the defined limits.
class RateLimiter: RateLimiterProtocol {
    private let maxRequests: Int
    private let timeInterval: TimeInterval
    private var requests: Int = 0
    private let queue = DispatchQueue(label: "com.rate-limiter.queue")

    init(maxRequests: Int, timeInterval: TimeInterval) {
        self.maxRequests = maxRequests
        self.timeInterval = timeInterval
    }

    func allowRequest() -> Bool {
        queue.sync {
            if requests < maxRequests {
                requests += 1
                return true
            } else {
                return false
            }
        }
    }
}
```

protocol RateLimiterProtocol {
    init(maxRequests: Int, timeInterval: TimeInterval)
    func allowRequest() -> Bool
}

class RateLimiter: RateLimiterProtocol {
    private let maxRequests: Int
    private let timeInterval: TimeInterval
    private var requestsMade: Int = 0
    private let semaphore: DispatchSemaphore

    init(maxRequests: Int, timeInterval: TimeInterval) {
        self.maxRequests = maxRequests
        self.timeInterval = timeInterval
        self.semaphore = DispatchSemaphore(value: maxRequests)
    }

    func allowRequest() -> Bool {
        if requestsMade < maxRequests {
            requestsMade += 1
            return true
        } else {
            semaphore.wait()
            requestsMade += 1
            return true
        }
    }
}

```swift
protocol RateLimiterProtocol {
    init(maxRequests: Int, timeInterval: TimeInterval)
    func allowRequest() -> Bool
}

// Rate limiter that controls the rate of actions.
// Consists with a maximum number of requests and a time interval, and includes a method to determine if a new request can be made within the defined limits.
class RateLimiter: RateLimiterProtocol {
    private let maxRequests: Int
    private let timeInterval: TimeInterval
    private var requestsMade: Int = 0
    private let semaphore: DispatchSemaphore

    init(maxRequests: Int, timeInterval: TimeInterval) {
        self.maxRequests = maxRequests
        self.timeInterval = timeInterval
        self.semaphore = DispatchSemaphore(value: maxRequests)
    }

    func allowRequest() -> Bool {
        if requestsMade < maxRequests {
            requestsMade += 1
            return true
        } else {
            semaphore.wait()
            requestsMade += 1
            return true
        }
    }
}
```

protocol RateLimiterProtocol {
    init(maxRequests: Int, timeInterval: TimeInterval)
    func allowRequest() -> Bool
}

class RateLimiter: RateLimiterProtocol {
    var maxRequests: Int
    var timeInterval: TimeInterval
    var lastRequestTime: TimeInterval?
    
    required init(maxRequests: Int, timeInterval: TimeInterval) {
        self.maxRequests = maxRequests
        self.timeInterval = timeInterval
    }
    
    func allowRequest() -> Bool {
        guard let lastRequestTime = lastRequestTime else {
            return true
        }
        
        let currentTime = Date().timeIntervalSince1970
        let timeDifference = currentTime - lastRequestTime
        
        if timeDifference > timeInterval {
            lastRequestTime = currentTime
            return true
        }
        
        return false
    }
}

```swift
protocol RateLimiterProtocol {
    init(maxRequests: Int, timeInterval: TimeInterval)
    func allowRequest() -> Bool
}

// Rate limiter that controls the rate of actions.
// Consists with a maximum number of requests and a time interval, and includes a method to determine if a new request can be made within the defined limits.
class RateLimiter: RateLimiterProtocol {
    var maxRequests: Int
    var timeInterval: TimeInterval
    var lastRequestTime: TimeInterval?
    
    required init(maxRequests: Int, timeInterval: TimeInterval) {
        self.maxRequests = maxRequests
        self.timeInterval = timeInterval
    }
    
    func allowRequest() -> Bool {
        guard let lastRequestTime = lastRequestTime else {
            return true
        }
        
        let currentTime = Date().timeIntervalSince1970
        let timeDifference = currentTime - lastRequestTime
        
        if timeDifference > timeInterval {
            lastRequestTime = currentTime
            return true
        }
        
        return false
    }
}
```

protocol RateLimiterProtocol {
    init(maxRequests: Int, timeInterval: TimeInterval)
    func allowRequest() -> Bool
}

class RateLimiter: RateLimiterProtocol {
    private let maxRequests: Int
    private let timeInterval: TimeInterval
    private var requestsMade: Int = 0
    private var lastRequestTime: Date?

    required init(maxRequests: Int, timeInterval: TimeInterval) {
        self.maxRequests = maxRequests
        self.timeInterval = timeInterval
    }

    func allowRequest() -> Bool {
        if requestsMade >= maxRequests {
            return false
        }

        if let lastRequestTime = lastRequestTime {
            let timeSinceLastRequest = Date().timeIntervalSince(lastRequestTime)
            if timeSinceLastRequest < timeInterval {
                return false
            }
        }

        requestsMade += 1
        lastRequestTime = Date()
        return true
    }
}

```swift
protocol RateLimiterProtocol {
    init(maxRequests: Int, timeInterval: TimeInterval)
    func allowRequest() -> Bool
}

// Rate limiter that controls the rate of actions.
// Consists with a maximum number of requests and a time interval, and includes a method to determine if a new request can be made within the defined limits.
class RateLimiter: RateLimiterProtocol {
    private let maxRequests: Int
    private let timeInterval: TimeInterval
    private var requestsMade: Int = 0
    private var lastRequestTime: Date?

    required init(maxRequests: Int, timeInterval: TimeInterval) {
        self.maxRequests = maxRequests
        self.timeInterval = timeInterval
    }

    func allowRequest() -> Bool {
        if requestsMade >= maxRequests {
            return false
        }

        if let lastRequestTime = lastRequestTime {
            let timeSinceLastRequest = Date().timeIntervalSince(lastRequestTime)
            if timeSinceLastRequest < timeInterval {
                return false
            }
        }

        requestsMade += 1
        lastRequestTime = Date()
        return true
    }
}
```

protocol RateLimiterProtocol {
    init(maxRequests: Int, timeInterval: TimeInterval)
    func allowRequest() -> Bool
}

class RateLimiter: RateLimiterProtocol {
    private let maxRequests: Int
    private let timeInterval: TimeInterval
    private var requests: Int = 0
    private var lastRequestTime: TimeInterval = 0

    required init(maxRequests: Int, timeInterval: TimeInterval) {
        self.maxRequests = maxRequests
        self.timeInterval = timeInterval
    }

    func allowRequest() -> Bool {
        let currentTime = Date().timeIntervalSince1970
        let timeElapsed = currentTime - lastRequestTime
        if timeElapsed >= timeInterval {
            requests = 0
        }
        requests += 1
        lastRequestTime = currentTime
        return requests <= maxRequests
    }
}

```swift
protocol RateLimiterProtocol {
    init(maxRequests: Int, timeInterval: TimeInterval)
    func allowRequest() -> Bool
}

// Rate limiter that controls the rate of actions.
// Consists with a maximum number of requests and a time interval, and includes a method to determine if a new request can be made within the defined limits.
class RateLimiter: RateLimiterProtocol {
    private let maxRequests: Int
    private let timeInterval: TimeInterval
    private var requests: Int = 0
    private var lastRequestTime: TimeInterval = 0

    required init(maxRequests: Int, timeInterval: TimeInterval) {
        self.maxRequests = maxRequests
        self.timeInterval = timeInterval
    }

    func allowRequest() -> Bool {
        let currentTime = Date().timeIntervalSince1970
        let timeElapsed = currentTime - lastRequestTime
        if timeElapsed >= timeInterval {
            requests = 0
        }
        requests += 1
        lastRequestTime = currentTime
        return requests <= maxRequests
    }
}
```

protocol RateLimiterProtocol {
    init(maxRequests: Int, timeInterval: TimeInterval)
    func allowRequest() -> Bool
}

class RateLimiter: RateLimiterProtocol {
    private let maxRequests: Int
    private let timeInterval: TimeInterval
    private var requests: Int
    private let queue = DispatchQueue(label: "com.rate-limiter.queue")
    private let semaphore = DispatchSemaphore(value: 1)

    required init(maxRequests: Int, timeInterval: TimeInterval) {
        self.maxRequests = maxRequests
        self.timeInterval = timeInterval
        self.requests = 0
    }

    func allowRequest() -> Bool {
        queue.sync {
            semaphore.wait()
            defer { semaphore.signal() }
            if requests < maxRequests {
                requests += 1
                return true
            }
            return false
        }
    }
}

```swift
protocol RateLimiterProtocol {
    init(maxRequests: Int, timeInterval: TimeInterval)
    func allowRequest() -> Bool
}

// Rate limiter that controls the rate of actions.
// Consists with a maximum number of requests and a time interval, and includes a method to determine if a new request can be made within the defined limits.
class RateLimiter: RateLimiterProtocol {
    private let maxRequests: Int
    private let timeInterval: TimeInterval
    private var requests: Int
    private let queue = DispatchQueue(label: "com.rate-limiter.queue")
    private let semaphore = DispatchSemaphore(value: 1)

    required init(maxRequests: Int, timeInterval: TimeInterval) {
        self.maxRequests = maxRequests
        self.timeInterval = timeInterval
        self.requests = 0
    }

    func allowRequest() -> Bool {
        queue.sync {
            semaphore.wait()
            defer { semaphore.signal() }
            if requests < maxRequests {
                requests += 1
                return true
            }
            return false
        }
    }
}
```

protocol RateLimiterProtocol {
    init(maxRequests: Int, timeInterval: TimeInterval)
    func allowRequest() -> Bool
}

class RateLimiter: RateLimiterProtocol {
    private let maxRequests: Int
    private let timeInterval: TimeInterval
    private var requests: Int = 0
    private let queue = DispatchQueue(label: "com.rate-limiter.queue")
    private let semaphore = DispatchSemaphore(value: 1)
    private let timeIntervalQueue = DispatchQueue(label: "com.rate-limiter.time-interval-queue")
    private var timeIntervalTimer: Timer?

    required init(maxRequests: Int, timeInterval: TimeInterval) {
        self.maxRequests = maxRequests
        self.timeInterval = timeInterval
    }

    func allowRequest() -> Bool {
        var allowRequest = false
        queue.sync {
            if requests < maxRequests {
                requests += 1
                allowRequest = true
            }
        }
        return allowRequest
    }

    func reset() {
        queue.sync {
            requests = 0
        }
    }
}

```swift
protocol RateLimiterProtocol {
    init(maxRequests: Int, timeInterval: TimeInterval)
    func allowRequest() -> Bool
}

// Rate limiter that controls the rate of actions.
// Consists with a maximum number of requests and a time interval, and includes a method to determine if a new request can be made within the defined limits.
class RateLimiter: RateLimiterProtocol {
    private let maxRequests: Int
    private let timeInterval: TimeInterval
    private var requests: Int = 0
    private let queue = DispatchQueue(label: "com.rate-limiter.queue")
    private let semaphore = DispatchSemaphore(value: 1)
    private let timeIntervalQueue = DispatchQueue(label: "com.rate-limiter.time-interval-queue")
    private var timeIntervalTimer: Timer?

    required init(maxRequests: Int, timeInterval: TimeInterval) {
        self.maxRequests = maxRequests
        self.timeInterval = timeInterval
    }

    func allowRequest() -> Bool {
        var allowRequest = false
        queue.sync {
            if requests < maxRequests {
                requests += 1
                allowRequest = true
            }
        }
        return allowRequest
    }

    func reset() {
        queue.sync {
            requests = 0
        }
    }
}
```

protocol ThreadSafeCounterProtocol {
    init(value: Int)
    func increment()
    func currentValue() -> Int
}

class ThreadSafeCounter: ThreadSafeCounterProtocol {
    private let lock = NSLock()
    private var value: Int

    required init(value: Int) {
        self.value = value
    }

    func increment() {
        lock.lock()
        value += 1
        lock.unlock()
    }

    func currentValue() -> Int {
        lock.lock()
        let currentValue = value
        lock.unlock()
        return currentValue
    }
}

```swift
protocol ThreadSafeCounterProtocol {
    init(value: Int)
    func increment()
    func currentValue() -> Int
}

// Basic number counter with possibility to increment counter and access current value.
// Thread-safe for read and write operations.
class ThreadSafeCounter: ThreadSafeCounterProtocol {
    private let lock = NSLock()
    private var value: Int

    required init(value: Int) {
        self.value = value
    }

    func increment() {
        lock.lock()
        value += 1
        lock.unlock()
    }

    func currentValue() -> Int {
        lock.lock()
        let currentValue = value
        lock.unlock()
        return currentValue
    }
}
```

protocol ThreadSafeCounterProtocol {
    init(value: Int)
    func increment()
    func currentValue() -> Int
}

class ThreadSafeCounter: ThreadSafeCounterProtocol {
    private let lock = NSLock()
    private var value: Int

    required init(value: Int) {
        self.value = value
    }

    func increment() {
        lock.lock()
        defer { lock.unlock() }
        value += 1
    }

    func currentValue() -> Int {
        lock.lock()
        defer { lock.unlock() }
        return value
    }
}

```swift
protocol ThreadSafeCounterProtocol {
    init(value: Int)
    func increment()
    func currentValue() -> Int
}

// Basic number counter with possibility to increment counter and access current value.
// Thread-safe for read and write operations.
class ThreadSafeCounter: ThreadSafeCounterProtocol {
    private let lock = NSLock()
    private var value: Int

    required init(value: Int) {
        self.value = value
    }

    func increment() {
        lock.lock()
        defer { lock.unlock() }
        value += 1
    }

    func currentValue() -> Int {
        lock.lock()
        defer { lock.unlock() }
        return value
    }
}
```

protocol ThreadSafeCounterProtocol {
    init(value: Int)
    func increment()
    func currentValue() -> Int
}

class ThreadSafeCounter: ThreadSafeCounterProtocol {
    private let lock = NSLock()
    private var value: Int

    required init(value: Int) {
        self.value = value
    }

    func increment() {
        lock.lock()
        value += 1
        lock.unlock()
    }

    func currentValue() -> Int {
        lock.lock()
        let currentValue = value
        lock.unlock()
        return currentValue
    }
}

```swift
protocol ThreadSafeCounterProtocol {
    init(value: Int)
    func increment()
    func currentValue() -> Int
}

// Basic number counter with possibility to increment counter and access current value.
// Thread-safe for read and write operations.
class ThreadSafeCounter: ThreadSafeCounterProtocol {
    private let lock = NSLock()
    private var value: Int

    required init(value: Int) {
        self.value = value
    }

    func increment() {
        lock.lock()
        value += 1
        lock.unlock()
    }

    func currentValue() -> Int {
        lock.lock()
        let currentValue = value
        lock.unlock()
        return currentValue
    }
}
```

protocol ThreadSafeCounterProtocol {
    init(value: Int)
    func increment()
    func currentValue() -> Int
}

class ThreadSafeCounter: ThreadSafeCounterProtocol {
    private var value: Int
    private let lock = NSLock()

    required init(value: Int) {
        self.value = value
    }

    func increment() {
        lock.lock()
        defer { lock.unlock() }
        value += 1
    }

    func currentValue() -> Int {
        lock.lock()
        defer { lock.unlock() }
        return value
    }
}

```swift
protocol ThreadSafeCounterProtocol {
    init(value: Int)
    func increment()
    func currentValue() -> Int
}

// Basic number counter with possibility to increment counter and access current value.
// Thread-safe for read and write operations.
class ThreadSafeCounter: ThreadSafeCounterProtocol {
    private var value: Int
    private let lock = NSLock()

    required init(value: Int) {
        self.value = value
    }

    func increment() {
        lock.lock()
        defer { lock.unlock() }
        value += 1
    }

    func currentValue() -> Int {
        lock.lock()
        defer { lock.unlock() }
        return value
    }
}
```

protocol ThreadSafeCounterProtocol {
    init(value: Int)
    func increment()
    func currentValue() -> Int
}

class ThreadSafeCounter: ThreadSafeCounterProtocol {
    private let lock = NSLock()
    private var value: Int

    required init(value: Int) {
        self.value = value
    }

    func increment() {
        lock.lock()
        defer { lock.unlock() }
        value += 1
    }

    func currentValue() -> Int {
        lock.lock()
        defer { lock.unlock() }
        return value
    }
}

```swift
protocol ThreadSafeCounterProtocol {
    init(value: Int)
    func increment()
    func currentValue() -> Int
}

// Basic number counter with possibility to increment counter and access current value.
// Thread-safe for read and write operations.
class ThreadSafeCounter: ThreadSafeCounterProtocol {
    private let lock = NSLock()
    private var value: Int

    required init(value: Int) {
        self.value = value
    }

    func increment() {
        lock.lock()
        defer { lock.unlock() }
        value += 1
    }

    func currentValue() -> Int {
        lock.lock()
        defer { lock.unlock() }
        return value
    }
}
```

protocol ThreadSafeCounterProtocol {
    init(value: Int)
    func increment()
    func currentValue() -> Int
}

class ThreadSafeCounter: ThreadSafeCounterProtocol {
    private let lock = NSLock()
    private var value: Int

    required init(value: Int) {
        self.value = value
    }

    func increment() {
        lock.lock()
        value += 1
        lock.unlock()
    }

    func currentValue() -> Int {
        lock.lock()
        let currentValue = value
        lock.unlock()
        return currentValue
    }
}

```swift
protocol ThreadSafeCounterProtocol {
    init(value: Int)
    func increment()
    func currentValue() -> Int
}

// Basic number counter with possibility to increment counter and access current value.
// Thread-safe for read and write operations.
class ThreadSafeCounter: ThreadSafeCounterProtocol {
    private let lock = NSLock()
    private var value: Int

    required init(value: Int) {
        self.value = value
    }

    func increment() {
        lock.lock()
        value += 1
        lock.unlock()
    }

    func currentValue() -> Int {
        lock.lock()
        let currentValue = value
        lock.unlock()
        return currentValue
    }
}
```

protocol ThreadSafeCounterProtocol {
    init(value: Int)
    func increment()
    func currentValue() -> Int
}

class ThreadSafeCounter: ThreadSafeCounterProtocol {
    private let lock = NSLock()
    private var value: Int

    required init(value: Int) {
        self.value = value
    }

    func increment() {
        lock.lock()
        defer { lock.unlock() }
        value += 1
    }

    func currentValue() -> Int {
        lock.lock()
        defer { lock.unlock() }
        return value
    }
}

```swift
protocol ThreadSafeCounterProtocol {
    init(value: Int)
    func increment()
    func currentValue() -> Int
}

// Basic number counter with possibility to increment counter and access current value.
// Thread-safe for read and write operations.
class ThreadSafeCounter: ThreadSafeCounterProtocol {
    private let lock = NSLock()
    private var value: Int

    required init(value: Int) {
        self.value = value
    }

    func increment() {
        lock.lock()
        defer { lock.unlock() }
        value += 1
    }

    func currentValue() -> Int {
        lock.lock()
        defer { lock.unlock() }
        return value
    }
}
```

protocol ThreadSafeCounterProtocol {
    init(value: Int)
    func increment()
    func currentValue() -> Int
}

class ThreadSafeCounter: ThreadSafeCounterProtocol {
    private let lock = NSLock()
    private var value: Int

    required init(value: Int) {
        self.value = value
    }

    func increment() {
        lock.lock()
        defer { lock.unlock() }
        value += 1
    }

    func currentValue() -> Int {
        lock.lock()
        defer { lock.unlock() }
        return value
    }
}

```swift
protocol ThreadSafeCounterProtocol {
    init(value: Int)
    func increment()
    func currentValue() -> Int
}

// Basic number counter with possibility to increment counter and access current value.
// Thread-safe for read and write operations.
class ThreadSafeCounter: ThreadSafeCounterProtocol {
    private let lock = NSLock()
    private var value: Int

    required init(value: Int) {
        self.value = value
    }

    func increment() {
        lock.lock()
        defer { lock.unlock() }
        value += 1
    }

    func currentValue() -> Int {
        lock.lock()
        defer { lock.unlock() }
        return value
    }
}
```

protocol ThreadSafeCounterProtocol {
    init(value: Int)
    func increment()
    func currentValue() -> Int
}

class ThreadSafeCounter: ThreadSafeCounterProtocol {
    private var value: Int
    private let lock = NSLock()

    required init(value: Int) {
        self.value = value
    }

    func increment() {
        lock.lock()
        value += 1
        lock.unlock()
    }

    func currentValue() -> Int {
        lock.lock()
        let currentValue = value
        lock.unlock()
        return currentValue
    }
}

```swift
protocol ThreadSafeCounterProtocol {
    init(value: Int)
    func increment()
    func currentValue() -> Int
}

// Basic number counter with possibility to increment counter and access current value.
// Thread-safe for read and write operations.
class ThreadSafeCounter: ThreadSafeCounterProtocol {
    private var value: Int
    private let lock = NSLock()

    required init(value: Int) {
        self.value = value
    }

    func increment() {
        lock.lock()
        value += 1
        lock.unlock()
    }

    func currentValue() -> Int {
        lock.lock()
        let currentValue = value
        lock.unlock()
        return currentValue
    }
}
```

protocol ThreadSafeCounterProtocol {
    init(value: Int)
    func increment()
    func currentValue() -> Int
}

class ThreadSafeCounter: ThreadSafeCounterProtocol {
    private let lock = NSLock()
    private var value: Int

    required init(value: Int) {
        self.value = value
    }

    func increment() {
        lock.lock()
        defer { lock.unlock() }
        value += 1
    }

    func currentValue() -> Int {
        lock.lock()
        defer { lock.unlock() }
        return value
    }
}

```swift
protocol ThreadSafeCounterProtocol {
    init(value: Int)
    func increment()
    func currentValue() -> Int
}

// Basic number counter with possibility to increment counter and access current value.
// Thread-safe for read and write operations.
class ThreadSafeCounter: ThreadSafeCounterProtocol {
    private let lock = NSLock()
    private var value: Int

    required init(value: Int) {
        self.value = value
    }

    func increment() {
        lock.lock()
        defer { lock.unlock() }
        value += 1
    }

    func currentValue() -> Int {
        lock.lock()
        defer { lock.unlock() }
        return value
    }
}
```

protocol PipelineProtocol {
    associatedtype Output
    init(value: Output)
    func pipe<U>(_ transform: @escaping (Output) -> U) -> Pipeline<U>
    func execute() -> Output
}

class Pipeline<Output>: PipelineProtocol {
    typealias Output = Output
    private var value: Output
    required init(value: Output) {
        self.value = value
    }
    func pipe<U>(_ transform: @escaping (Output) -> U) -> Pipeline<U> {
        return Pipeline(value: transform(value))
    }
    func execute() -> Output {
        return value
    }
}

```swift
protocol PipelineProtocol {
    associatedtype Output
    init(value: Output)
    func pipe<U>(_ transform: @escaping (Output) -> U) -> Pipeline<U>
    func execute() -> Output
}

// Functional pipeline builder class conforming to a protocol, allowing chaining transformations with type changes. 
// Ensure the final output is produced by sequentially applying transformations starting from an initial value.
class Pipeline<Output>: PipelineProtocol {
    typealias Output = Output
    private var value: Output
    required init(value: Output) {
        self.value = value
    }
    func pipe<U>(_ transform: @escaping (Output) -> U) -> Pipeline<U> {
        return Pipeline(value: transform(value))
    }
    func execute() -> Output {
        return value
    }
}
```

protocol PipelineProtocol {
    associatedtype Output
    init(value: Output)
    func pipe<U>(_ transform: @escaping (Output) -> U) -> Pipeline<U>
    func execute() -> Output
}

class Pipeline<Output>: PipelineProtocol {
    typealias Output = Output
    var value: Output
    required init(value: Output) {
        self.value = value
    }
    
    func pipe<U>(_ transform: @escaping (Output) -> U) -> Pipeline<U> {
        return Pipeline<U>(value: transform(value))
    }
    
    func execute() -> Output {
        return value
    }
}

```swift
protocol PipelineProtocol {
    associatedtype Output
    init(value: Output)
    func pipe<U>(_ transform: @escaping (Output) -> U) -> Pipeline<U>
    func execute() -> Output
}

// Functional pipeline builder class conforming to a protocol, allowing chaining transformations with type changes. 
// Ensure the final output is produced by sequentially applying transformations starting from an initial value.
class Pipeline<Output>: PipelineProtocol {
    typealias Output = Output
    var value: Output
    required init(value: Output) {
        self.value = value
    }
    
    func pipe<U>(_ transform: @escaping (Output) -> U) -> Pipeline<U> {
        return Pipeline<U>(value: transform(value))
    }
    
    func execute() -> Output {
        return value
    }
}

// Example usage
let pipeline = Pipeline<Int>(value: 1)
   .pipe { $0 + 1 }
   .pipe { $0 * 2 }
   .pipe { $0 + 3 }
   .execute()

print(pipeline) // 8
```

protocol PipelineProtocol {
    associatedtype Output
    init(value: Output)
    func pipe<U>(_ transform: @escaping (Output) -> U) -> Pipeline<U>
    func execute() -> Output
}

class Pipeline<Output>: PipelineProtocol {
    typealias Output = Output
    private var value: Output
    required init(value: Output) {
        self.value = value
    }
    func pipe<U>(_ transform: @escaping (Output) -> U) -> Pipeline<U> {
        return Pipeline<U>(value: transform(value))
    }
    func execute() -> Output {
        return value
    }
}

```swift
protocol PipelineProtocol {
    associatedtype Output
    init(value: Output)
    func pipe<U>(_ transform: @escaping (Output) -> U) -> Pipeline<U>
    func execute() -> Output
}

// Functional pipeline builder class conforming to a protocol, allowing chaining transformations with type changes. 
// Ensure the final output is produced by sequentially applying transformations starting from an initial value.
class Pipeline<Output>: PipelineProtocol {
    typealias Output = Output
    private var value: Output
    required init(value: Output) {
        self.value = value
    }
    func pipe<U>(_ transform: @escaping (Output) -> U) -> Pipeline<U> {
        return Pipeline<U>(value: transform(value))
    }
    func execute() -> Output {
        return value
    }
}
```

protocol PipelineProtocol {
    associatedtype Output
    init(value: Output)
    func pipe<U>(_ transform: @escaping (Output) -> U) -> Pipeline<U>
    func execute() -> Output
}

class Pipeline<Output>: PipelineProtocol {
    typealias Output = Output
    private var value: Output
    required init(value: Output) {
        self.value = value
    }
    
    func pipe<U>(_ transform: @escaping (Output) -> U) -> Pipeline<U> {
        return Pipeline<U>(value: transform(value))
    }
    
    func execute() -> Output {
        return value
    }
}

```swift
protocol PipelineProtocol {
    associatedtype Output
    init(value: Output)
    func pipe<U>(_ transform: @escaping (Output) -> U) -> Pipeline<U>
    func execute() -> Output
}

// Functional pipeline builder class conforming to a protocol, allowing chaining transformations with type changes. 
// Ensure the final output is produced by sequentially applying transformations starting from an initial value.
class Pipeline<Output>: PipelineProtocol {
    typealias Output = Output
    private var value: Output
    required init(value: Output) {
        self.value = value
    }
    
    func pipe<U>(_ transform: @escaping (Output) -> U) -> Pipeline<U> {
        return Pipeline<U>(value: transform(value))
    }
    
    func execute() -> Output {
        return value
    }
}

// Example usage
let pipeline = Pipeline<Int>(value: 1)
   .pipe { $0 + 1 }
   .pipe { $0 * 2 }
   .pipe { $0 - 1 }
   .execute()

print(pipeline) // 2
```

protocol PipelineProtocol {
    associatedtype Output
    init(value: Output)
    func pipe<U>(_ transform: @escaping (Output) -> U) -> Pipeline<U>
    func execute() -> Output
}

class Pipeline<Output>: PipelineProtocol {
    typealias Output = Output
    var value: Output
    required init(value: Output) {
        self.value = value
    }
    
    func pipe<U>(_ transform: @escaping (Output) -> U) -> Pipeline<U> {
        return Pipeline<U>(value: transform(value))
    }
    
    func execute() -> Output {
        return value
    }
}

```swift
protocol PipelineProtocol {
    associatedtype Output
    init(value: Output)
    func pipe<U>(_ transform: @escaping (Output) -> U) -> Pipeline<U>
    func execute() -> Output
}

// Functional pipeline builder class conforming to a protocol, allowing chaining transformations with type changes. 
// Ensure the final output is produced by sequentially applying transformations starting from an initial value.
class Pipeline<Output>: PipelineProtocol {
    typealias Output = Output
    var value: Output
    required init(value: Output) {
        self.value = value
    }
    
    func pipe<U>(_ transform: @escaping (Output) -> U) -> Pipeline<U> {
        return Pipeline<U>(value: transform(value))
    }
    
    func execute() -> Output {
        return value
    }
}

// Example usage
let pipeline = Pipeline<String>(value: "Hello")
   .pipe { $0 + " World" }
   .pipe { $0.uppercased() }
   .pipe { $0 + "!" }
   .execute()

print(pipeline) // "HELLO WORLD!"
```

protocol PipelineProtocol {
    associatedtype Output
    init(value: Output)
    func pipe<U>(_ transform: @escaping (Output) -> U) -> Pipeline<U>
    func execute() -> Output
}

class Pipeline<Output>: PipelineProtocol {
    typealias Output = Output
    var value: Output
    
    required init(value: Output) {
        self.value = value
    }
    
    func pipe<U>(_ transform: @escaping (Output) -> U) -> Pipeline<U> {
        return Pipeline<U>(value: transform(value))
    }
    
    func execute() -> Output {
        return value
    }
}

```swift
protocol PipelineProtocol {
    associatedtype Output
    init(value: Output)
    func pipe<U>(_ transform: @escaping (Output) -> U) -> Pipeline<U>
    func execute() -> Output
}

// Functional pipeline builder class conforming to a protocol, allowing chaining transformations with type changes. 
// Ensure the final output is produced by sequentially applying transformations starting from an initial value.
class Pipeline<Output>: PipelineProtocol {
    typealias Output = Output
    var value: Output
    
    required init(value: Output) {
        self.value = value
    }
    
    func pipe<U>(_ transform: @escaping (Output) -> U) -> Pipeline<U> {
        return Pipeline<U>(value: transform(value))
    }
    
    func execute() -> Output {
        return value
    }
}
```

protocol PipelineProtocol {
    associatedtype Output
    init(value: Output)
    func pipe<U>(_ transform: @escaping (Output) -> U) -> Pipeline<U>
    func execute() -> Output
}

class Pipeline<Output>: PipelineProtocol {
    typealias Output = Output
    private var value: Output
    required init(value: Output) {
        self.value = value
    }
    
    func pipe<U>(_ transform: @escaping (Output) -> U) -> Pipeline<U> {
        return Pipeline<U>(value: transform(value))
    }
    
    func execute() -> Output {
        return value
    }
}

```swift
protocol PipelineProtocol {
    associatedtype Output
    init(value: Output)
    func pipe<U>(_ transform: @escaping (Output) -> U) -> Pipeline<U>
    func execute() -> Output
}

// Functional pipeline builder class conforming to a protocol, allowing chaining transformations with type changes. 
// Ensure the final output is produced by sequentially applying transformations starting from an initial value.
class Pipeline<Output>: PipelineProtocol {
    typealias Output = Output
    private var value: Output
    required init(value: Output) {
        self.value = value
    }
    
    func pipe<U>(_ transform: @escaping (Output) -> U) -> Pipeline<U> {
        return Pipeline<U>(value: transform(value))
    }
    
    func execute() -> Output {
        return value
    }
}

// Example usage
let pipeline = Pipeline<Int>(value: 1)
   .pipe { $0 + 1 }
   .pipe { $0 * 2 }
   .pipe { $0 - 1 }
   .execute()

print(pipeline) // 2
```

protocol PipelineProtocol {
    associatedtype Output
    init(value: Output)
    func pipe<U>(_ transform: @escaping (Output) -> U) -> Pipeline<U>
    func execute() -> Output
}

class Pipeline<Output>: PipelineProtocol {
    typealias Output = Output
    private var value: Output
    required init(value: Output) {
        self.value = value
    }
    
    func pipe<U>(_ transform: @escaping (Output) -> U) -> Pipeline<U> {
        return Pipeline<U>(value: transform(value))
    }
    
    func execute() -> Output {
        return value
    }
}

```swift
protocol PipelineProtocol {
    associatedtype Output
    init(value: Output)
    func pipe<U>(_ transform: @escaping (Output) -> U) -> Pipeline<U>
    func execute() -> Output
}

// Functional pipeline builder class conforming to a protocol, allowing chaining transformations with type changes. 
// Ensure the final output is produced by sequentially applying transformations starting from an initial value.
class Pipeline<Output>: PipelineProtocol {
    typealias Output = Output
    private var value: Output
    required init(value: Output) {
        self.value = value
    }
    
    func pipe<U>(_ transform: @escaping (Output) -> U) -> Pipeline<U> {
        return Pipeline<U>(value: transform(value))
    }
    
    func execute() -> Output {
        return value
    }
}
```

protocol PipelineProtocol {
    associatedtype Output
    init(value: Output)
    func pipe<U>(_ transform: @escaping (Output) -> U) -> Pipeline<U>
    func execute() -> Output
}

class Pipeline<Output>: PipelineProtocol {
    typealias Output = Output
    private var value: Output
    required init(value: Output) {
        self.value = value
    }
    func pipe<U>(_ transform: @escaping (Output) -> U) -> Pipeline<U> {
        return Pipeline<U>(value: transform(value))
    }
    func execute() -> Output {
        return value
    }
}

```swift
protocol PipelineProtocol {
    associatedtype Output
    init(value: Output)
    func pipe<U>(_ transform: @escaping (Output) -> U) -> Pipeline<U>
    func execute() -> Output
}

// Functional pipeline builder class conforming to a protocol, allowing chaining transformations with type changes. 
// Ensure the final output is produced by sequentially applying transformations starting from an initial value.
class Pipeline<Output>: PipelineProtocol {
    typealias Output = Output
    private var value: Output
    required init(value: Output) {
        self.value = value
    }
    func pipe<U>(_ transform: @escaping (Output) -> U) -> Pipeline<U> {
        return Pipeline<U>(value: transform(value))
    }
    func execute() -> Output {
        return value
    }
}

// Example usage
let pipeline = Pipeline<Int>(value: 1)
   .pipe { $0 + 1 }
   .pipe { $0 * 2 }
   .pipe { $0 + 1 }
   .pipe { $0 * 2 }
   .pipe { $0 + 1 }
   .pipe { $0 * 2 }
   .pipe { $0 + 1 }
   .pipe { $0 * 2 }
   .pipe { $0 + 1 }
   .pipe { $0 * 2 }
   .pipe { $0 + 1 }
   .pipe { $0 * 2 }
   .pipe { $0 + 1 }
   .pipe { $0 * 2 }
   .pipe { $0 + 1 }
   .pipe { $0 * 2 }
   .pipe { $0 + 1 }
   .pipe { $0 * 2 }
   .pipe { $0 + 1 }
   .pipe { $0 * 2 }
   .pipe { $0 + 1 }
   .pipe { $0 * 2 }
   .pipe { $0 + 1 }
   .pipe { $0 * 2 }
   .pipe { $0 + 1 }
   .pipe { $0 * 2 }
   .pipe { $0 + 1 }
   .pipe { $0 * 2 }
   .pipe { $0 + 1 }
   .pipe { $0 * 2 }
   .pipe { $0 + 1 }
   .pipe { $0 * 2 }
   .pipe { $0 + 1 }
   .pipe { $0 * 2 }
   .pipe { $0 + 1 }
   .pipe { $0 * 2 }
   .pipe { $0 + 1 }
   .pipe { $0 * 2 }
   .pipe { $0 + 1 }
   .pipe { $0 * 2 }
   .pipe { $0 + 1 }
   .pipe { $0 * 2 }
   .pipe { $0 + 1 }
   .pipe { $0 * 2 }
   .pipe { $0 + 1 }
   .pipe { $0 * 2 }
   .pipe { $0 + 1 }
   .pipe { $0 * 2 }
   .pipe { $0 + 1 }
   .pipe { $0 * 2 }
   .pipe { $0 + 1 }
   .pipe { $0 * 2 }
   .pipe { $0 + 1 }
   .pipe { $0 * 2 }
   .pipe { $0 + 1 }
   .pipe { $0 * 2 }
   .pipe { $0 + 1 }
   .pipe { $0 * 2 }
   .pipe { $0 + 1 }
   .pipe { $0 * 2 }
   .pipe { $0 + 1 }
   .pipe { $0 * 2 }
   .pipe { $0 + 1 }
   .pipe { $0 * 2 }
   .pipe { $0 + 1 }
   .pipe { $0 * 2 }
   .pipe { $0 + 1 }
   .pipe { $0 * 2 }
   .pipe { $0 + 1 }
   .pipe { $0 * 2 }
   .pipe { $0 + 1 }
   .pipe { $0 * 2 }
   .pipe { $0 + 1 }
   .pipe { $0 * 2 }
   .pipe { $0 + 1 }
   .pipe { $0 * 2 }
   .pipe { $0 + 1 }
   .pipe { $0 * 2 }
   .pipe { $0 + 1 }
   .pipe { $0 * 2 }
   .pipe { $0 + 1 }
   .pipe { $0 * 2 }
   .pipe { $0 + 1 }
   .pipe { $0 * 2 }
   .pipe { $0 + 1 }
   .pipe { $0 * 2 }
   .pipe { $0 + 1 }
   .pipe { $0 * 2 }
   .pipe { $0 + 1 }
   .pipe { $0 * 2 }
   .pipe { $0 + 1 }
   .pipe { $0 * 2 }

protocol PipelineProtocol {
    associatedtype Output
    init(value: Output)
    func pipe<U>(_ transform: @escaping (Output) -> U) -> Pipeline<U>
    func execute() -> Output
}

class Pipeline<Output>: PipelineProtocol {
    typealias Output = Output
    private var value: Output
    required init(value: Output) {
        self.value = value
    }
    func pipe<U>(_ transform: @escaping (Output) -> U) -> Pipeline<U> {
        return Pipeline<U>(value: transform(value))
    }
    func execute() -> Output {
        return value
    }
}

```swift
protocol PipelineProtocol {
    associatedtype Output
    init(value: Output)
    func pipe<U>(_ transform: @escaping (Output) -> U) -> Pipeline<U>
    func execute() -> Output
}

// Functional pipeline builder class conforming to a protocol, allowing chaining transformations with type changes. 
// Ensure the final output is produced by sequentially applying transformations starting from an initial value.
class Pipeline<Output>: PipelineProtocol {
    typealias Output = Output
    private var value: Output
    required init(value: Output) {
        self.value = value
    }
    func pipe<U>(_ transform: @escaping (Output) -> U) -> Pipeline<U> {
        return Pipeline<U>(value: transform(value))
    }
    func execute() -> Output {
        return value
    }
}

// Example usage
let pipeline = Pipeline<Int>(value: 1)
   .pipe { $0 + 1 }
   .pipe { $0 * 2 }
   .pipe { $0 + 1 }
   .execute()
print(pipeline) // 6
```

protocol ObservablePropertyProtocol {
    associatedtype Value
    init(value: Value)
    var value: Value { get set }
    func subscribe(_ observer: @escaping (Value) -> Void) -> UUID
    func unsubscribe(_ observer: UUID)
}

class ObservableProperty<Value> : ObservablePropertyProtocol {
    typealias Value = Value
    var value: Value {
        didSet {
            notifyObservers()
        }
    }
    private var observers: [UUID: (Value) -> Void] = [:]
    private var observerID: UUID = UUID()
    init(value: Value) {
        self.value = value
    }
    func subscribe(_ observer: @escaping (Value) -> Void) -> UUID {
        observerID = UUID()
        observers[observerID] = observer
        return observerID
    }
    func unsubscribe(_ observer: UUID) {
        observers[observerID] = nil
    }
    private func notifyObservers() {
        observers.forEach { $0.value(value) }
    }
}

```swift
protocol ObservablePropertyProtocol {
    associatedtype Value
    init(value: Value)
    var value: Value { get set }
    func subscribe(_ observer: @escaping (Value) -> Void) -> UUID
    func unsubscribe(_ observer: UUID)
}

// Generic observable property that notifies observers of value changes.
class ObservableProperty<Value> : ObservablePropertyProtocol {
    typealias Value = Value
    var value: Value {
        didSet {
            notifyObservers()
        }
    }
    private var observers: [UUID: (Value) -> Void] = [:]
    private var observerID: UUID = UUID()
    init(value: Value) {
        self.value = value
    }
    func subscribe(_ observer: @escaping (Value) -> Void) -> UUID {
        observerID = UUID()
        observers[observerID] = observer
        return observerID
    }
    func unsubscribe(_ observer: UUID) {
        observers[observerID] = nil
    }
    private func notifyObservers() {
        observers.forEach { $0.value(value) }
    }
}

// Generic observable property that notifies observers of value changes.
class ObservableProperty<Value> : ObservablePropertyProtocol {
    typealias Value = Value
    var value: Value {
        didSet {
            notifyObservers()
        }
    }
    private var observers: [UUID: (Value) -> Void] = [:]
    private var observerID: UUID = UUID()
    init(value: Value) {
        self.value = value
    }
    func subscribe(_ observer: @escaping (Value) -> Void) -> UUID {
        observerID = UUID()
        observers[observerID] = observer
        return observerID
    }
    func unsubscribe(_ observer: UUID) {
        observers[observerID] = nil
    }
    private func notifyObservers() {
        observers.forEach { $0.value(value) }
    }
}

// Generic observable property that notifies observers of value changes.
class ObservableProperty<Value> : ObservablePropertyProtocol {
    typealias Value = Value
    var value: Value {
        didSet {
            notifyObservers()
        }
    }
    private var observers: [UUID: (Value) -> Void] = [:]
    private var observerID: UUID = UUID()
    init(value: Value) {
        self.value = value
    }
    func subscribe(_ observer: @escaping (Value) -> Void) -> UUID {
        observerID = UUID()
        observers[observerID] = observer
        return observerID
    }
    func unsubscribe(_ observer: UUID) {
        observers[observerID] = nil
    }
    private func notifyObservers() {
        observers.forEach { $0.value(value) }
    }
}

// Generic observable property that notifies observers of value changes.
class ObservableProperty<Value> : ObservablePropertyProtocol {
    typealias Value = Value
    var value: Value {
        didSet {
            notifyObservers()
        }
    }
    private var observers: [UUID: (Value) -> Void] = [:]
    private var observerID: UUID = UUID()
    init(value: Value) {
        self.value = value
    }
    func subscribe(_ observer: @escaping (Value) -> Void) -> UUID {
        observerID = UUID()
        observers[observerID] = observer
        return observerID
    }
    func unsubscribe(_ observer: UUID) {
        observers[observerID] = nil
    }
    private func notifyObservers() {
        observers.forEach { $0.value(value) }
    }
}

// Generic observable property that notifies observers of value changes.
class ObservableProperty<Value> : ObservablePropertyProtocol {
    typealias Value = Value
    var value: Value {
        didSet {
            notifyObservers()
        }
    }
    private var observers: [UUID: (Value) -> Void] = [:]
    private var observerID: UUID = UUID()
    init(value: Value) {
        self.value = value
    }
    func subscribe(_ observer: @escaping (Value) -> Void) -> UUID {
        observerID = UUID()
        observers[observerID] = observer
        return observerID
    }
    func unsubscribe(_ observer: UUID) {
        observers[observerID] = nil
    }
    private func notifyObservers() {
        observers.forEach { $0.value(value) }
    }
}

// Generic observable property that notifies observers of value changes.
class ObservableProperty<Value> : ObservablePropertyProtocol {
    typealias Value = Value
    var value: Value {
        didSet {
            notifyObservers()
        }
    }
    private var observers: [UUID: (Value) -> Void] = [:]
    private var observerID: UUID = UUID()
    init(value: Value) {
        self.value = value
    }
    func subscribe(_ observer: @escaping (Value) -> Void) -> UUID {
        observerID = UUID()
        observers[observerID] = observer
        return observerID
    }

protocol ObservablePropertyProtocol {
    associatedtype Value
    init(value: Value)
    var value: Value { get set }
    func subscribe(_ observer: @escaping (Value) -> Void) -> UUID
    func unsubscribe(_ observer: UUID)
}

class ObservableProperty<Value> : ObservablePropertyProtocol {
    typealias Value = Value
    var value: Value {
        didSet {
            notifyObservers()
        }
    }
    private var observers: [UUID: (Value) -> Void] = [:]
    private var observerIds: [UUID] = []
    private var observerIdGenerator: UUID = UUID(uuidString: "00000000-0000-0000-0000-000000000000")!
    required init(value: Value) {
        self.value = value
    }
    func subscribe(_ observer: @escaping (Value) -> Void) -> UUID {
        let observerId = observerIdGenerator
        observerIdGenerator = UUID(uuidString: "00000000-0000-0000-0000-000000000000")!
        observers[observerId] = observer
        observerIds.append(observerId)
        return observerId
    }
    func unsubscribe(_ observer: UUID) {
        observers.removeValue(forKey: observer)
        observerIds.removeAll(where: { $0 == observer })
    }
    private func notifyObservers() {
        for observerId in observerIds {
            observers[observerId]?(value)
        }
    }
}

```swift
protocol ObservablePropertyProtocol {
    associatedtype Value
    init(value: Value)
    var value: Value { get set }
    func subscribe(_ observer: @escaping (Value) -> Void) -> UUID
    func unsubscribe(_ observer: UUID)
}

// Generic observable property that notifies observers of value changes.
class ObservableProperty<Value> : ObservablePropertyProtocol {
    typealias Value = Value
    var value: Value {
        didSet {
            notifyObservers()
        }
    }
    private var observers: [UUID: (Value) -> Void] = [:]
    private var observerIds: [UUID] = []
    private var observerIdGenerator: UUID = UUID(uuidString: "00000000-0000-0000-0000-000000000000")!
    required init(value: Value) {
        self.value = value
    }
    func subscribe(_ observer: @escaping (Value) -> Void) -> UUID {
        let observerId = observerIdGenerator
        observerIdGenerator = UUID(uuidString: "00000000-0000-0000-0000-000000000000")!
        observers[observerId] = observer
        observerIds.append(observerId)
        return observerId
    }
    func unsubscribe(_ observer: UUID) {
        observers.removeValue(forKey: observer)
        observerIds.removeAll(where: { $0 == observer })
    }
    private func notifyObservers() {
        for observerId in observerIds {
            observers[observerId]?(value)
        }
    }
}

// Observable property that notifies observers of value changes.
class ObservableProperty<Value> : ObservablePropertyProtocol {
    typealias Value = Value
    var value: Value {
        didSet {
            notifyObservers()
        }
    }
    private var observers: [UUID: (Value) -> Void] = [:]
    private var observerIds: [UUID] = []
    private var observerIdGenerator: UUID = UUID(uuidString: "00000000-0000-0000-0000-000000000000")!
    required init(value: Value) {
        self.value = value
    }
    func subscribe(_ observer: @escaping (Value) -> Void) -> UUID {
        let observerId = observerIdGenerator
        observerIdGenerator = UUID(uuidString: "00000000-0000-0000-0000-000000000000")!
        observers[observerId] = observer
        observerIds.append(observerId)
        return observerId
    }
    func unsubscribe(_ observer: UUID) {
        observers.removeValue(forKey: observer)
        observerIds.removeAll(where: { $0 == observer })
    }
    private func notifyObservers() {
        for observerId in observerIds {
            observers[observerId]?(value)
        }
    }
}

// Observable property that notifies observers of value changes.
class ObservableProperty<Value> : ObservablePropertyProtocol {
    typealias Value = Value
    var value: Value {
        didSet {
            notifyObservers()
        }
    }
    private var observers: [UUID: (Value) -> Void] = [:]
    private var observerIds: [UUID] = []
    private var observerIdGenerator: UUID = UUID(uuidString: "00000000-0000-0000-0000-000000000000")!
    required init(value: Value) {
        self.value = value
    }
    func subscribe(_ observer: @escaping (Value) -> Void) -> UUID {
        let observerId = observerIdGenerator
        observerIdGenerator = UUID(uuidString: "00000000-0000-0000-0000-000000000000")!
        observers[observerId] = observer
        observerIds.append(observerId)
        return observerId
    }
    func unsubscribe(_ observer: UUID) {
        observers.removeValue(forKey: observer)
        observerIds.removeAll(where: { $0 == observer })
    }
    private func notifyObservers() {
        for observerId in observerIds {
            observers[observerId]?(value)
        }
    }
}

// Observable property that notifies observers of value changes.
class ObservableProperty<Value> : ObservablePropertyProtocol {
    typealias Value = Value
    var value: Value {
        didSet {
            notifyObservers()
        }
    }
    private var observers: [UUID: (Value) -> Void] = [:]
    private var observerIds: [UUID] = []
    private var observerIdGenerator: UUID

protocol ObservablePropertyProtocol {
    associatedtype Value
    init(value: Value)
    var value: Value { get set }
    func subscribe(_ observer: @escaping (Value) -> Void) -> UUID
    func unsubscribe(_ observer: UUID)
}

class ObservableProperty<Value> : ObservablePropertyProtocol {
    typealias Value = Value
    var value: Value {
        didSet {
            notifyObservers()
        }
    }
    private var observers: [UUID: (Value) -> Void] = [:]
    private var observerID: UUID = 0
    init(value: Value) {
        self.value = value
    }
    func subscribe(_ observer: @escaping (Value) -> Void) -> UUID {
        observerID += 1
        observers[observerID] = observer
        return observerID
    }
    func unsubscribe(_ observer: UUID) {
        observers[observerID] = nil
    }
    private func notifyObservers() {
        observers.forEach { $0.value(value) }
    }
}

```swift
protocol ObservablePropertyProtocol {
    associatedtype Value
    init(value: Value)
    var value: Value { get set }
    func subscribe(_ observer: @escaping (Value) -> Void) -> UUID
    func unsubscribe(_ observer: UUID)
}

// Generic observable property that notifies observers of value changes.
class ObservableProperty<Value> : ObservablePropertyProtocol {
    typealias Value = Value
    var value: Value {
        didSet {
            notifyObservers()
        }
    }
    private var observers: [UUID: (Value) -> Void] = [:]
    private var observerID: UUID = 0
    init(value: Value) {
        self.value = value
    }
    func subscribe(_ observer: @escaping (Value) -> Void) -> UUID {
        observerID += 1
        observers[observerID] = observer
        return observerID
    }
    func unsubscribe(_ observer: UUID) {
        observers[observerID] = nil
    }
    private func notifyObservers() {
        observers.forEach { $0.value(value) }
    }
}
```

protocol ObservablePropertyProtocol {
    associatedtype Value
    init(value: Value)
    var value: Value { get set }
    func subscribe(_ observer: @escaping (Value) -> Void) -> UUID
    func unsubscribe(_ observer: UUID)
}

class ObservableProperty<Value> : ObservablePropertyProtocol {
    typealias Value = Value
    var value: Value {
        didSet {
            notifyObservers()
        }
    }
    private var observers: [UUID: (Value) -> Void] = [:]
    private var uuid: UUID = UUID()
    required init(value: Value) {
        self.value = value
    }
    func subscribe(_ observer: @escaping (Value) -> Void) -> UUID {
        let uuid = self.uuid
        self.uuid = UUID()
        observers[uuid] = observer
        return uuid
    }
    func unsubscribe(_ observer: UUID) {
        observers[observer] = nil
    }
    private func notifyObservers() {
        observers.forEach { $0.value(value) }
    }
}

```swift
protocol ObservablePropertyProtocol {
    associatedtype Value
    init(value: Value)
    var value: Value { get set }
    func subscribe(_ observer: @escaping (Value) -> Void) -> UUID
    func unsubscribe(_ observer: UUID)
}

// Generic observable property that notifies observers of value changes.
class ObservableProperty<Value> : ObservablePropertyProtocol {
    typealias Value = Value
    var value: Value {
        didSet {
            notifyObservers()
        }
    }
    private var observers: [UUID: (Value) -> Void] = [:]
    private var uuid: UUID = UUID()
    required init(value: Value) {
        self.value = value
    }
    func subscribe(_ observer: @escaping (Value) -> Void) -> UUID {
        let uuid = self.uuid
        self.uuid = UUID()
        observers[uuid] = observer
        return uuid
    }
    func unsubscribe(_ observer: UUID) {
        observers[observer] = nil
    }
    private func notifyObservers() {
        observers.forEach { $0.value(value) }
    }
}

// Observable property that notifies observers of value changes.
class ObservableProperty<Value>: ObservablePropertyProtocol {
    typealias Value = Value
    var value: Value {
        didSet {
            notifyObservers()
        }
    }
    private var observers: [UUID: (Value) -> Void] = [:]
    private var uuid: UUID = UUID()
    required init(value: Value) {
        self.value = value
    }
    func subscribe(_ observer: @escaping (Value) -> Void) -> UUID {
        let uuid = self.uuid
        self.uuid = UUID()
        observers[uuid] = observer
        return uuid
    }
    func unsubscribe(_ observer: UUID) {
        observers[observer] = nil
    }
    private func notifyObservers() {
        observers.forEach { $0.value(value) }
    }
}

// Generic observable property that notifies observers of value changes.
class ObservableProperty<Value>: ObservablePropertyProtocol {
    typealias Value = Value
    var value: Value {
        didSet {
            notifyObservers()
        }
    }
    private var observers: [UUID: (Value) -> Void] = [:]
    private var uuid: UUID = UUID()
    required init(value: Value) {
        self.value = value
    }
    func subscribe(_ observer: @escaping (Value) -> Void) -> UUID {
        let uuid = self.uuid
        self.uuid = UUID()
        observers[uuid] = observer
        return uuid
    }
    func unsubscribe(_ observer: UUID) {
        observers[observer] = nil
    }
    private func notifyObservers() {
        observers.forEach { $0.value(value) }
    }
}

// Generic observable property that notifies observers of value changes.
class ObservableProperty<Value>: ObservablePropertyProtocol {
    typealias Value = Value
    var value: Value {
        didSet {
            notifyObservers()
        }
    }
    private var observers: [UUID: (Value) -> Void] = [:]
    private var uuid: UUID = UUID()
    required init(value: Value) {
        self.value = value
    }
    func subscribe(_ observer: @escaping (Value) -> Void) -> UUID {
        let uuid = self.uuid
        self.uuid = UUID()
        observers[uuid] = observer
        return uuid
    }
    func unsubscribe(_ observer: UUID) {
        observers[observer] = nil
    }
    private func notifyObservers() {
        observers.forEach { $0.value(value) }
    }
}

// Generic observable property that notifies observers of value changes.
class ObservableProperty<Value>: ObservablePropertyProtocol {
    typealias Value = Value
    var value: Value {
        didSet {
            notifyObservers()
        }
    }
    private var observers: [UUID: (Value) -> Void] = [:]
    private var uuid: UUID = UUID()
    required init(value: Value) {
        self.value = value
    }
    func subscribe(_ observer: @escaping (Value) -> Void) -> UUID {
        let uuid = self.uuid
        self.uuid = UUID()
        observers[uuid] = observer
        return uuid
    }
    func unsubscribe(_ observer: UUID) {
        observers[observer] = nil
    }
    private func notifyObservers() {
        observers.forEach { $0.value(value) }
    }
}

// Generic observable property that notifies observers of value changes.
class ObservableProperty<Value>: ObservablePropertyProtocol {
    typealias Value = Value
    var value: Value {
        didSet {
            notifyObservers()
        }
    }
    private var observers: [UUID: (Value) -> Void] = [:]
    private var uuid: UUID = UUID()
    required init(value: Value) {
        self.value = value
    }
    func subscribe(_ observer: @escaping (Value) -> Void) -> UUID {
        let

protocol ObservablePropertyProtocol {
    associatedtype Value
    init(value: Value)
    var value: Value { get set }
    func subscribe(_ observer: @escaping (Value) -> Void) -> UUID
    func unsubscribe(_ observer: UUID)
}

class ObservableProperty<Value> : ObservablePropertyProtocol {
    typealias Value = Value
    private var observers: [UUID: (Value) -> Void] = [:]
    private var value: Value
    init(value: Value) {
        self.value = value
    }
    func subscribe(_ observer: @escaping (Value) -> Void) -> UUID {
        let uuid = UUID()
        observers[uuid] = observer
        return uuid
    }
    func unsubscribe(_ observer: UUID) {
        observers[observer] = nil
    }
    var value: Value {
        get { return self.value }
        set {
            if self.value!= newValue {
                self.value = newValue
                self.observers.values.forEach { $0(newValue) }
            }
        }
    }
}

class ObservableProperty<Value: Equatable> : ObservablePropertyProtocol {
    typealias Value = Value
    private var observers: [UUID: (Value) -> Void] = [:]
    private var value: Value
    init(value: Value) {
        self.value = value
    }
    func subscribe(_ observer: @escaping (Value) -> Void) -> UUID {
        let uuid = UUID()
        observers[uuid] = observer
        return uuid
    }
    func unsubscribe(_ observer: UUID) {
        observers[observer] = nil
    }
    var value: Value {
        get { return self.value }
        set {
            if self.value!= newValue {
                self.value = newValue
                self.observers.values.forEach { $0(newValue) }
            }
        }
    }
}

```swift
protocol ObservablePropertyProtocol {
    associatedtype Value
    init(value: Value)
    var value: Value { get set }
    func subscribe(_ observer: @escaping (Value) -> Void) -> UUID
    func unsubscribe(_ observer: UUID)
}

// Generic observable property that notifies observers of value changes.
class ObservableProperty<Value> : ObservablePropertyProtocol {
    typealias Value = Value
    private var observers: [UUID: (Value) -> Void] = [:]
    private var value: Value
    init(value: Value) {
        self.value = value
    }
    func subscribe(_ observer: @escaping (Value) -> Void) -> UUID {
        let uuid = UUID()
        observers[uuid] = observer
        return uuid
    }
    func unsubscribe(_ observer: UUID) {
        observers[observer] = nil
    }
    var value: Value {
        get { return self.value }
        set {
            if self.value!= newValue {
                self.value = newValue
                self.observers.values.forEach { $0(newValue) }
            }
        }
    }
}

// Generic observable property that notifies observers of value changes.
class ObservableProperty<Value: Equatable> : ObservablePropertyProtocol {
    typealias Value = Value
    private var observers: [UUID: (Value) -> Void] = [:]
    private var value: Value
    init(value: Value) {
        self.value = value
    }
    func subscribe(_ observer: @escaping (Value) -> Void) -> UUID {
        let uuid = UUID()
        observers[uuid] = observer
        return uuid
    }
    func unsubscribe(_ observer: UUID) {
        observers[observer] = nil
    }
    var value: Value {
        get { return self.value }
        set {
            if self.value!= newValue {
                self.value = newValue
                self.observers.values.forEach { $0(newValue) }
            }
        }
    }
}

// Generic observable property that notifies observers of value changes.
class ObservableProperty<Value: Equatable> : ObservablePropertyProtocol {
    typealias Value = Value
    private var observers: [UUID: (Value) -> Void] = [:]
    private var value: Value
    init(value: Value) {
        self.value = value
    }
    func subscribe(_ observer: @escaping (Value) -> Void) -> UUID {
        let uuid = UUID()
        observers[uuid] = observer
        return uuid
    }
    func unsubscribe(_ observer: UUID) {
        observers[observer] = nil
    }
    var value: Value {
        get { return self.value }
        set {
            if self.value!= newValue {
                self.value = newValue
                self.observers.values.forEach { $0(newValue) }
            }
        }
    }
}

// Generic observable property that notifies observers of value changes.
class ObservableProperty<Value: Equatable> : ObservablePropertyProtocol {
    typealias Value = Value
    private var observers: [UUID: (Value) -> Void] = [:]
    private var value: Value
    init(value: Value) {
        self.value = value
    }
    func subscribe(_ observer: @escaping (Value) -> Void) -> UUID {
        let uuid = UUID()
        observers[uuid] = observer
        return uuid
    }
    func unsubscribe(_ observer: UUID) {
        observers[observer] = nil
    }
    var value: Value {
        get { return self.value }
        set {
            if self.value!= newValue {
                self.value = newValue
                self.observers.values.forEach { $0(newValue) }
            }
        }
    }
}

// Generic observable property that notifies observers of value changes.
class ObservableProperty<Value: Equatable> : ObservablePropertyProtocol {
    typealias Value = Value
    private var observers: [UUID: (Value) -> Void] = [:]
    private var value: Value
    init(value: Value) {
        self.value = value
    }
    func subscribe(_ observer: @escaping (Value) -> Void) -> UUID {
        let uuid = UUID()
        observers[uuid] = observer
        return uuid
    }
    func unsubscribe(_ observer: UUID) {
        observers[observer] = nil
    }
    var value: Value {
        get { return self.value }
        set {
            if self.value!= newValue {
                self.value = newValue
                self.observers.values.forEach { $0(newValue) }
            }
        }
    }
}

// Generic observable property that notifies observers of value changes.
class ObservableProperty<Value: Equatable> : ObservablePropertyProtocol {
    typealias Value = Value
    private var observers: [UUID: (Value) -> Void] = [:]
    private var value: Value
    init(value: Value) {
        self.value = value
    }
    func subscribe(_ observer: @escaping (Value) -> Void) -> UUID {
        let uuid = UUID()
        observers[uuid] = observer

protocol ObservablePropertyProtocol {
    associatedtype Value
    init(value: Value)
    var value: Value { get set }
    func subscribe(_ observer: @escaping (Value) -> Void) -> UUID
    func unsubscribe(_ observer: UUID)
}

class ObservableProperty<Value> : ObservablePropertyProtocol {
    typealias Value = Value
    var value: Value
    private var observers: [UUID: (Value) -> Void] = [:]
    private var observerIds: [UUID] = []
    private let lock = NSLock()

    init(value: Value) {
        self.value = value
    }

    func subscribe(_ observer: @escaping (Value) -> Void) -> UUID {
        lock.lock()
        defer { lock.unlock() }

        let id = UUID()
        observers[id] = observer
        observerIds.append(id)
        observer(value)
        return id
    }

    func unsubscribe(_ observer: UUID) {
        lock.lock()
        defer { lock.unlock() }

        observers.removeValue(forKey: observer)
        observerIds.removeAll(where: { $0 == observer })
    }
}

```swift
protocol ObservablePropertyProtocol {
    associatedtype Value
    init(value: Value)
    var value: Value { get set }
    func subscribe(_ observer: @escaping (Value) -> Void) -> UUID
    func unsubscribe(_ observer: UUID)
}

// Generic observable property that notifies observers of value changes.
class ObservableProperty<Value> : ObservablePropertyProtocol {
    typealias Value = Value
    var value: Value
    private var observers: [UUID: (Value) -> Void] = [:]
    private var observerIds: [UUID] = []
    private let lock = NSLock()

    init(value: Value) {
        self.value = value
    }

    func subscribe(_ observer: @escaping (Value) -> Void) -> UUID {
        lock.lock()
        defer { lock.unlock() }

        let id = UUID()
        observers[id] = observer
        observerIds.append(id)
        observer(value)
        return id
    }

    func unsubscribe(_ observer: UUID) {
        lock.lock()
        defer { lock.unlock() }

        observers.removeValue(forKey: observer)
        observerIds.removeAll(where: { $0 == observer })
    }
}

// Observable property that notifies observers of value changes.
class ObservableProperty<Value>: ObservablePropertyProtocol {
    typealias Value = Value
    var value: Value
    private var observers: [UUID: (Value) -> Void] = [:]
    private var observerIds: [UUID] = []
    private let lock = NSLock()

    init(value: Value) {
        self.value = value
    }

    func subscribe(_ observer: @escaping (Value) -> Void) -> UUID {
        lock.lock()
        defer { lock.unlock() }

        let id = UUID()
        observers[id] = observer
        observerIds.append(id)
        observer(value)
        return id
    }

    func unsubscribe(_ observer: UUID) {
        lock.lock()
        defer { lock.unlock() }

        observers.removeValue(forKey: observer)
        observerIds.removeAll(where: { $0 == observer })
    }
}
```

protocol ObservablePropertyProtocol {
    associatedtype Value
    init(value: Value)
    var value: Value { get set }
    func subscribe(_ observer: @escaping (Value) -> Void) -> UUID
    func unsubscribe(_ observer: UUID)
}

class ObservableProperty<Value> : ObservablePropertyProtocol {
    typealias Value = Value
    var value: Value {
        didSet {
            notifyObservers()
        }
    }
    private var observers: [UUID: (Value) -> Void] = [:]
    private var observerIds: [UUID] = []
    private let lock = NSLock()

    init(value: Value) {
        self.value = value
    }

    func subscribe(_ observer: @escaping (Value) -> Void) -> UUID {
        lock.lock()
        defer { lock.unlock() }
        let id = UUID()
        observers[id] = observer
        observerIds.append(id)
        return id
    }

    func unsubscribe(_ observer: UUID) {
        lock.lock()
        defer { lock.unlock() }
        observers.removeValue(forKey: observer)
        observerIds.removeAll(where: { $0 == observer })
    }

    private func notifyObservers() {
        lock.lock()
        defer { lock.unlock() }
        for id in observerIds {
            observers[id]?(value)
        }
    }
}

```swift
protocol ObservablePropertyProtocol {
    associatedtype Value
    init(value: Value)
    var value: Value { get set }
    func subscribe(_ observer: @escaping (Value) -> Void) -> UUID
    func unsubscribe(_ observer: UUID)
}

// Generic observable property that notifies observers of value changes.
class ObservableProperty<Value> : ObservablePropertyProtocol {
    typealias Value = Value
    var value: Value {
        didSet {
            notifyObservers()
        }
    }
    private var observers: [UUID: (Value) -> Void] = [:]
    private var observerIds: [UUID] = []
    private let lock = NSLock()

    init(value: Value) {
        self.value = value
    }

    func subscribe(_ observer: @escaping (Value) -> Void) -> UUID {
        lock.lock()
        defer { lock.unlock() }
        let id = UUID()
        observers[id] = observer
        observerIds.append(id)
        return id
    }

    func unsubscribe(_ observer: UUID) {
        lock.lock()
        defer { lock.unlock() }
        observers.removeValue(forKey: observer)
        observerIds.removeAll(where: { $0 == observer })
    }

    private func notifyObservers() {
        lock.lock()
        defer { lock.unlock() }
        for id in observerIds {
            observers[id]?(value)
        }
    }
}

// Generic observable property that notifies observers of value changes.
class ObservableProperty<Value> : ObservablePropertyProtocol {
    typealias Value = Value
    var value: Value {
        didSet {
            notifyObservers()
        }
    }
    private var observers: [UUID: (Value) -> Void] = [:]
    private var observerIds: [UUID] = []
    private let lock = NSLock()

    init(value: Value) {
        self.value = value
    }

    func subscribe(_ observer: @escaping (Value) -> Void) -> UUID {
        lock.lock()
        defer { lock.unlock() }
        let id = UUID()
        observers[id] = observer
        observerIds.append(id)
        return id
    }

    func unsubscribe(_ observer: UUID) {
        lock.lock()
        defer { lock.unlock() }
        observers.removeValue(forKey: observer)
        observerIds.removeAll(where: { $0 == observer })
    }

    private func notifyObservers() {
        lock.lock()
        defer { lock.unlock() }
        for id in observerIds {
            observers[id]?(value)
        }
    }
}
```

protocol ObservablePropertyProtocol {
    associatedtype Value
    init(value: Value)
    var value: Value { get set }
    func subscribe(_ observer: @escaping (Value) -> Void) -> UUID
    func unsubscribe(_ observer: UUID)
}

class ObservableProperty<Value> : ObservablePropertyProtocol {
    typealias Value = Value
    var value: Value {
        didSet {
            notifyObservers()
        }
    }
    private var observers: [UUID: (Value) -> Void] = [:]
    private var observerIds: [UUID] = []
    private var nextObserverId: UUID = 0
    private var lock = NSLock()

    init(value: Value) {
        self.value = value
    }

    func subscribe(_ observer: @escaping (Value) -> Void) -> UUID {
        lock.lock()
        defer { lock.unlock() }
        let id = nextObserverId
        nextObserverId += 1
        observers[id] = observer
        observerIds.append(id)
        observer(value)
        return id
    }

    func unsubscribe(_ observer: UUID) {
        lock.lock()
        defer { lock.unlock() }
        observers[observer] = nil
        observerIds.removeAll(where: { $0 == observer })
    }

    private func notifyObservers() {
        lock.lock()
        defer { lock.unlock() }
        for id in observerIds {
            observers[id]?(value)
        }
    }
}

```swift
protocol ObservablePropertyProtocol {
    associatedtype Value
    init(value: Value)
    var value: Value { get set }
    func subscribe(_ observer: @escaping (Value) -> Void) -> UUID
    func unsubscribe(_ observer: UUID)
}

// Generic observable property that notifies observers of value changes.
class ObservableProperty<Value> : ObservablePropertyProtocol {
    typealias Value = Value
    var value: Value {
        didSet {
            notifyObservers()
        }
    }
    private var observers: [UUID: (Value) -> Void] = [:]
    private var observerIds: [UUID] = []
    private var nextObserverId: UUID = 0
    private var lock = NSLock()

    init(value: Value) {
        self.value = value
    }

    func subscribe(_ observer: @escaping (Value) -> Void) -> UUID {
        lock.lock()
        defer { lock.unlock() }
        let id = nextObserverId
        nextObserverId += 1
        observers[id] = observer
        observerIds.append(id)
        observer(value)
        return id
    }

    func unsubscribe(_ observer: UUID) {
        lock.lock()
        defer { lock.unlock() }
        observers[observer] = nil
        observerIds.removeAll(where: { $0 == observer })
    }

    private func notifyObservers() {
        lock.lock()
        defer { lock.unlock() }
        for id in observerIds {
            observers[id]?(value)
        }
    }
}
```

protocol ObservablePropertyProtocol {
    associatedtype Value
    init(value: Value)
    var value: Value { get set }
    func subscribe(_ observer: @escaping (Value) -> Void) -> UUID
    func unsubscribe(_ observer: UUID)
}

class ObservableProperty<Value> : ObservablePropertyProtocol {
    typealias Value = Value
    var value: Value
    private var observers: [UUID: (Value) -> Void] = [:]
    private var uuid: UUID = UUID()

    init(value: Value) {
        self.value = value
    }

    func subscribe(_ observer: @escaping (Value) -> Void) -> UUID {
        let uuid = UUID()
        observers[uuid] = observer
        return uuid
    }

    func unsubscribe(_ observer: UUID) {
        observers[observer] = nil
    }

    func set(_ value: Value) {
        self.value = value
        observers.values.forEach { $0(value) }
    }
}

```swift
protocol ObservablePropertyProtocol {
    associatedtype Value
    init(value: Value)
    var value: Value { get set }
    func subscribe(_ observer: @escaping (Value) -> Void) -> UUID
    func unsubscribe(_ observer: UUID)
}

// Generic observable property that notifies observers of value changes.
class ObservableProperty<Value> : ObservablePropertyProtocol {
    typealias Value = Value
    var value: Value
    private var observers: [UUID: (Value) -> Void] = [:]
    private var uuid: UUID = UUID()

    init(value: Value) {
        self.value = value
    }

    func subscribe(_ observer: @escaping (Value) -> Void) -> UUID {
        let uuid = UUID()
        observers[uuid] = observer
        return uuid
    }

    func unsubscribe(_ observer: UUID) {
        observers[observer] = nil
    }

    func set(_ value: Value) {
        self.value = value
        observers.values.forEach { $0(value) }
    }
}

// Generic observable property that notifies observers of value changes.
class ObservableProperty<Value> : ObservablePropertyProtocol {
    typealias Value = Value
    var value: Value
    private var observers: [UUID: (Value) -> Void] = [:]
    private var uuid: UUID = UUID()

    init(value: Value) {
        self.value = value
    }

    func subscribe(_ observer: @escaping (Value) -> Void) -> UUID {
        let uuid = UUID()
        observers[uuid] = observer
        return uuid
    }

    func unsubscribe(_ observer: UUID) {
        observers[observer] = nil
    }

    func set(_ value: Value) {
        self.value = value
        observers.values.forEach { $0(value) }
    }
}

// Generic observable property that notifies observers of value changes.
class ObservableProperty<Value> : ObservablePropertyProtocol {
    typealias Value = Value
    var value: Value
    private var observers: [UUID: (Value) -> Void] = [:]
    private var uuid: UUID = UUID()

    init(value: Value) {
        self.value = value
    }

    func subscribe(_ observer: @escaping (Value) -> Void) -> UUID {
        let uuid = UUID()
        observers[uuid] = observer
        return uuid
    }

    func unsubscribe(_ observer: UUID) {
        observers[observer] = nil
    }

    func set(_ value: Value) {
        self.value = value
        observers.values.forEach { $0(value) }
    }
}

// Generic observable property that notifies observers of value changes.
class ObservableProperty<Value> : ObservablePropertyProtocol {
    typealias Value = Value
    var value: Value
    private var observers: [UUID: (Value) -> Void] = [:]
    private var uuid: UUID = UUID()

    init(value: Value) {
        self.value = value
    }

    func subscribe(_ observer: @escaping (Value) -> Void) -> UUID {
        let uuid = UUID()
        observers[uuid] = observer
        return uuid
    }

    func unsubscribe(_ observer: UUID) {
        observers[observer] = nil
    }

    func set(_ value: Value) {
        self.value = value
        observers.values.forEach { $0(value) }
    }
}

// Generic observable property that notifies observers of value changes.
class ObservableProperty<Value> : ObservablePropertyProtocol {
    typealias Value = Value
    var value: Value
    private var observers: [UUID: (Value) -> Void] = [:]
    private var uuid: UUID = UUID()

    init(value: Value) {
        self.value = value
    }

    func subscribe(_ observer: @escaping (Value) -> Void) -> UUID {
        let uuid = UUID()
        observers[uuid] = observer
        return uuid
    }

    func unsubscribe(_ observer: UUID) {
        observers[observer] = nil
    }

    func set(_ value: Value) {
        self.value = value
        observers.values.forEach { $0(value) }
    }
}

// Generic observable property that notifies observers of value changes.
class ObservableProperty<Value> : ObservablePropertyProtocol {
    typealias Value = Value
    var value: Value
    private var observers: [UUID: (Value) -> Void] = [:]
    private var uuid: UUID = UUID()

    init(value: Value) {
        self.value = value
    }

    func subscribe(_ observer: @escaping (Value) -> Void) -> UUID {
        let uuid = UUID()
        observers[uuid] = observer
        return uuid
    }

    func unsubscribe(_ observer: UUID) {
        observers[observer] = nil
    }

    func set(_ value: Value) {
        self.value = value
        observers.values.forEach { $0(value) }
    }
}

// Generic observable property that notifies observers of value changes.
class ObservableProperty<

protocol ObservablePropertyProtocol {
    associatedtype Value
    init(value: Value)
    var value: Value { get set }
    func subscribe(_ observer: @escaping (Value) -> Void) -> UUID
    func unsubscribe(_ observer: UUID)
}

class ObservableProperty<Value> : ObservablePropertyProtocol {
    typealias Value = Value
    var value: Value {
        didSet {
            notifyObservers()
        }
    }
    private var observers: [UUID: (Value) -> Void] = [:]
    private var observerIds: [UUID] = []
    private var observerId: UUID = UUID()
    required init(value: Value) {
        self.value = value
    }
    func subscribe(_ observer: @escaping (Value) -> Void) -> UUID {
        observerId = UUID()
        observers[observerId] = observer
        observerIds.append(observerId)
        return observerId
    }
    func unsubscribe(_ observer: UUID) {
        observers.removeValue(forKey: observer)
        observerIds.removeAll(where: { $0 == observer })
    }
    private func notifyObservers() {
        for observerId in observerIds {
            observers[observerId]?(value)
        }
    }
}

```swift
protocol ObservablePropertyProtocol {
    associatedtype Value
    init(value: Value)
    var value: Value { get set }
    func subscribe(_ observer: @escaping (Value) -> Void) -> UUID
    func unsubscribe(_ observer: UUID)
}

// Generic observable property that notifies observers of value changes.
class ObservableProperty<Value> : ObservablePropertyProtocol {
    typealias Value = Value
    var value: Value {
        didSet {
            notifyObservers()
        }
    }
    private var observers: [UUID: (Value) -> Void] = [:]
    private var observerIds: [UUID] = []
    private var observerId: UUID = UUID()
    required init(value: Value) {
        self.value = value
    }
    func subscribe(_ observer: @escaping (Value) -> Void) -> UUID {
        observerId = UUID()
        observers[observerId] = observer
        observerIds.append(observerId)
        return observerId
    }
    func unsubscribe(_ observer: UUID) {
        observers.removeValue(forKey: observer)
        observerIds.removeAll(where: { $0 == observer })
    }
    private func notifyObservers() {
        for observerId in observerIds {
            observers[observerId]?(value)
        }
    }
}

// Generic observable property that notifies observers of value changes.
class ObservableProperty<Value> : ObservablePropertyProtocol {
    typealias Value = Value
    var value: Value {
        didSet {
            notifyObservers()
        }
    }
    private var observers: [UUID: (Value) -> Void] = [:]
    private var observerIds: [UUID] = []
    private var observerId: UUID = UUID()
    required init(value: Value) {
        self.value = value
    }
    func subscribe(_ observer: @escaping (Value) -> Void) -> UUID {
        observerId = UUID()
        observers[observerId] = observer
        observerIds.append(observerId)
        return observerId
    }
    func unsubscribe(_ observer: UUID) {
        observers.removeValue(forKey: observer)
        observerIds.removeAll(where: { $0 == observer })
    }
    private func notifyObservers() {
        for observerId in observerIds {
            observers[observerId]?(value)
        }
    }
}
```

protocol ClampedProtocol {
    associatedtype Value: Comparable
    init(wrappedValue: Value, _ range: ClosedRange<Value>)
}

@propertyWrapper
struct Clamped<Value: Comparable> {
    private var value: Value
    private let range: ClosedRange<Value>

    init(wrappedValue: Value, _ range: ClosedRange<Value>) {
        self.value = range.clamp(wrappedValue)
        self.range = range
    }

    var wrappedValue: Value {
        get { value }
        set { value = range.clamp(newValue) }
    }

    var projectedValue: Clamped<Value> { self }
}

extension ClosedRange where Bound: Comparable {
    func clamp(_ value: Bound) -> Bound {
        min(max(value, lowerBound), upperBound)
    }
}

extension Int {
    @Clamped(wrappedValue: 0,...100) var clamped: Int {
        get { self }
        set { self = newValue }
    }
}

```swift
protocol ClampedProtocol {
    associatedtype Value: Comparable
    init(wrappedValue: Value, _ range: ClosedRange<Value>)
}

// Property wrapper that clamps value within a specified range.
@propertyWrapper
struct Clamped<Value: Comparable> {
    private var value: Value
    private let range: ClosedRange<Value>

    init(wrappedValue: Value, _ range: ClosedRange<Value>) {
        self.value = range.clamp(wrappedValue)
        self.range = range
    }

    var wrappedValue: Value {
        get { value }
        set { value = range.clamp(newValue) }
    }

    var projectedValue: Clamped<Value> { self }
}

// Extension that adds the `clamp` method to the `ClosedRange` type.
extension ClosedRange where Bound: Comparable {
    func clamp(_ value: Bound) -> Bound {
        min(max(value, lowerBound), upperBound)
    }
}

// Extension that adds the `clamped` property wrapper to the `Int` type.
extension Int {
    @Clamped(wrappedValue: 0,...100) var clamped: Int {
        get { self }
        set { self = newValue }
    }
}

// Example usage:
var age = 100
age.clamped = 10
print(age) // Prints "10"
```

protocol ClampedProtocol {
    associatedtype Value: Comparable
    init(wrappedValue: Value, _ range: ClosedRange<Value>)
}

@propertyWrapper
struct Clamped<Value: Comparable> {
    private var value: Value
    private let range: ClosedRange<Value>

    init(wrappedValue: Value, _ range: ClosedRange<Value>) {
        self.value = range.clamp(wrappedValue)
        self.range = range
    }

    var wrappedValue: Value {
        get { value }
        set { value = range.clamp(newValue) }
    }
}

extension Clamped: CustomStringConvertible {
    var description: String {
        "Clamped(\(wrappedValue), \(range))"
    }
}

extension Clamped: CustomDebugStringConvertible {
    var debugDescription: String {
        "Clamped(\(wrappedValue), \(range))"
    }
}

extension Clamped: Codable where Value: Codable {
    init(from decoder: Decoder) throws {
        let container = try decoder.singleValueContainer()
        let value = try container.decode(Value.self)
        self.init(wrappedValue: value, range)
    }

    func encode(to encoder: Encoder) throws {
        var container = encoder.singleValueContainer()
        try container.encode(wrappedValue)
    }
}

extension Clamped: Equatable where Value: Equatable {
    static func == (lhs: Clamped<Value>, rhs: Clamped<Value>) -> Bool {
        lhs.wrappedValue == rhs.wrappedValue
    }
}

extension Clamped: Hashable where Value: Hashable {
    func hash(into hasher: inout Hasher) {
        hasher.combine(wrappedValue)
    }
}

extension Clamped: Comparable where Value: Comparable {
    static func < (lhs: Clamped<Value>, rhs: Clamped<Value>) -> Bool {
        lhs.wrappedValue < rhs.wrappedValue
    }
}

extension Clamped: Encodable where Value: Encodable {
    func encode(to encoder: Encoder) throws {
        var container = encoder.singleValueContainer()
        try container.encode(wrappedValue)
    }
}

extension Clamped: Decodable where Value: Decodable {
    init(from decoder: Decoder) throws {
        let container = try decoder.singleValueContainer()
        let value = try container.decode(Value.self)
        self.init(wrappedValue: value, range)
    }
}

extension Clamped: Sendable where Value: Sendable {}

extension Clamped: CustomReflectable {
    var customMirror: Mirror {
        Mirror(self, children: ["wrappedValue": wrappedValue])
    }
}

extension Clamped: CustomPlaygroundQuickLookable {
    var playgroundDescription: Any {
        wrappedValue
    }
}

extension Clamped: CustomPlaygroundQuickLookableReflectable {
    var customPlaygroundQuickLook: PlaygroundQuickLook {
       .text(wrappedValue.description)
    }
}

extension Clamped: CustomReflectableKey {
    static let keyPath: KeyPath<Clamped, Value> = \Clamped.wrappedValue
}

extension Clamped: CustomReflectableEnum {
    static let enumName: String = "Clamped"
}

extension Clamped: CustomReflectableEnumCase {
    static let caseName: String = "clamped"
}

extension Clamped: CustomReflectableEnumCaseOption {
    static let caseOptionName: String = "clamped"
}

extension Clamped: CustomReflectableEnumCaseRawValue {
    static let caseRawValue: String = "clamped"
}

extension Clamped: CustomReflectableEnumCaseAssociatedValue {
    static let associatedValueName: String = "wrappedValue"
}

extension Clamped: CustomReflectableEnumCaseAssociatedValue {
    static let associatedValueName: String = "range"
}

```swift
protocol ClampedProtocol {
    associatedtype Value: Comparable
    init(wrappedValue: Value, _ range: ClosedRange<Value>)
}

// Property wrapper that clamps value within a specified range.
@propertyWrapper
struct Clamped<Value: Comparable> {
    private var value: Value
    private let range: ClosedRange<Value>

    init(wrappedValue: Value, _ range: ClosedRange<Value>) {
        self.value = range.clamp(wrappedValue)
        self.range = range
    }

    var wrappedValue: Value {
        get { value }
        set { value = range.clamp(newValue) }
    }
}

extension Clamped: CustomStringConvertible {
    var description: String {
        "Clamped(\(wrappedValue), \(range))"
    }
}

extension Clamped: CustomDebugStringConvertible {
    var debugDescription: String {
        "Clamped(\(wrappedValue), \(range))"
    }
}

extension Clamped: Codable where Value: Codable {
    init(from decoder: Decoder) throws {
        let container = try decoder.singleValueContainer()
        let value = try container.decode(Value.self)
        self.init(wrappedValue: value, range)
    }

    func encode(to encoder: Encoder) throws {
        var container = encoder.singleValueContainer()
        try container.encode(wrappedValue)
    }
}

extension Clamped: Equatable where Value: Equatable {
    static func == (lhs: Clamped<Value>, rhs: Clamped<Value>) -> Bool {
        lhs.wrappedValue == rhs.wrappedValue
    }
}

extension Clamped: Hashable where Value: Hashable {
    func hash(into hasher: inout Hasher) {
        hasher.combine(wrappedValue)
    }
}

extension Clamped: Comparable where Value: Comparable {
    static func < (lhs: Clamped<Value>, rhs: Clamped<Value>) -> Bool {
        lhs.wrappedValue < rhs.wrappedValue
    }
}

extension Clamped: Encodable where Value: Encodable {
    func encode(to encoder: Encoder) throws {
        var container = encoder.singleValueContainer()
        try container.encode(wrappedValue)
    }
}

extension Clamped: Decodable where Value: Decodable {
    init(from decoder: Decoder) throws {
        let container = try decoder.singleValueContainer()
        let value = try container.decode(Value.self)
        self.init(wrappedValue: value, range)
    }
}

extension Clamped: Sendable where Value: Sendable {}

extension Clamped: CustomReflectable {
    var customMirror: Mirror {
        Mirror(self, children: ["wrappedValue": wrappedValue])
    }
}

extension Clamped: CustomPlaygroundQuickLookable {
    var playgroundDescription: Any {
        wrappedValue
    }
}

extension Clamped: CustomPlaygroundQuickLookableReflectable {
    var customPlaygroundQuickLook: PlaygroundQuickLook {
       .text(wrappedValue.description)
    }
}

extension Clamped: CustomReflectableKey {
    static let keyPath: KeyPath<Clamped, Value> = \Clamped.wrappedValue
}

extension Clamped: CustomReflectableEnum {
    static let enumName: String = "Clamped"
}

extension Clamped: CustomReflectableEnumCase {
    static let caseName: String = "clamped"
}

extension Clamped: CustomReflectableEnumCaseOption {
    static let caseOptionName: String = "clamped"
}

extension Clamped: CustomReflectableEnumCaseRawValue {
    static let caseRawValue: String = "clamped"
}

extension Clamped: CustomReflectableEnumCaseAssociatedValue {
    static let associatedValueName: String = "wrappedValue"
}

extension Clamped: CustomReflectableEnumCaseAssociatedValue {
    static let associatedValueName: String = "range"
}

extension Clamped: CustomReflectableEnumCaseAssociatedValue {
    static let associatedValueName: String = "range"
}

extension Clamped: CustomReflectableEnumCaseAssociatedValue {
    static let associatedValueName: String = "range"
}

extension Clamped: CustomReflectableEnumCaseAssociatedValue {
    static let associatedValueName: String = "range"
}

extension Clamped: CustomReflectableEnumCaseAssociatedValue {
    static let associatedValueName: String = "range"
}

extension Clamped: CustomReflectableEnumCaseAssociatedValue {
    static let associatedValueName: String = "range"
}

extension Clamped: CustomReflectableEnumCaseAssociatedValue {
    static let associatedValueName: String = "range"
}

extension Clamp

protocol ClampedProtocol {
    associatedtype Value: Comparable
    init(wrappedValue: Value, _ range: ClosedRange<Value>)
}

@propertyWrapper
struct Clamped<Value: Comparable> {
    private var value: Value
    private let range: ClosedRange<Value>

    init(wrappedValue: Value, _ range: ClosedRange<Value>) {
        self.value = range.clamp(wrappedValue)
        self.range = range
    }

    var wrappedValue: Value {
        get { value }
        set { value = range.clamp(newValue) }
    }

    var projectedValue: Clamped<Value> { self }
}

extension Clamped: CustomStringConvertible {
    var description: String {
        "Clamped(\(wrappedValue), \(range))"
    }
}

extension Clamped: CustomDebugStringConvertible {
    var debugDescription: String {
        "Clamped(\(wrappedValue), \(range))"
    }
}

extension Clamped: Codable where Value: Codable {
    init(from decoder: Decoder) throws {
        let container = try decoder.singleValueContainer()
        let value = try container.decode(Value.self)
        self.init(wrappedValue: value, range)
    }

    func encode(to encoder: Encoder) throws {
        var container = encoder.singleValueContainer()
        try container.encode(wrappedValue)
    }
}

extension Clamped: Equatable where Value: Equatable {
    static func == (lhs: Clamped<Value>, rhs: Clamped<Value>) -> Bool {
        lhs.wrappedValue == rhs.wrappedValue
    }
}

extension Clamped: Hashable where Value: Hashable {
    func hash(into hasher: inout Hasher) {
        hasher.combine(wrappedValue)
    }
}

extension Clamped: Sendable where Value: Sendable {}

extension Clamped: CustomReflectable {
    var customMirror: Mirror {
        Mirror(self, children: ["wrappedValue": wrappedValue])
    }
}

extension Clamped: CustomPlaygroundQuickLookable {
    var playgroundDescription: Any {
        wrappedValue
    }
}

extension Clamped: CustomReflectableRequired {
    static func customMirror(reflecting value: Clamped<Value>) -> Mirror {
        value.customMirror
    }
}

extension Clamped: CustomPlaygroundQuickLookableRequired {
    static func customPlaygroundQuickLook(reflecting value: Clamped<Value>) -> PlaygroundQuickLook {
        value.playgroundDescription
    }
}

extension Clamped: CustomReflectable_CustomPlaygroundQuickLookable where Value: CustomReflectable, Value: CustomPlaygroundQuickLookable {
    static func customMirror(reflecting value: Clamped<Value>) -> Mirror {
        value.customMirror
    }

    static func customPlaygroundQuickLook(reflecting value: Clamped<Value>) -> PlaygroundQuickLook {
        value.playgroundDescription
    }
}

extension Clamped: CustomReflectable_CustomPlaygroundQuickLookableRequired where Value: CustomReflectable, Value: CustomPlaygroundQuickLookable {
    static func customMirror(reflecting value: Clamped<Value>) -> Mirror {
        value.customMirror
    }

    static func customPlaygroundQuickLook(reflecting value: Clamped<Value>) -> PlaygroundQuickLook {
        value.playgroundDescription
    }
}

extension Clamped: CustomReflectable_CustomPlaygroundQuickLookable_CustomReflectableRequired where Value: CustomReflectable, Value: CustomPlaygroundQuickLookable, Value: CustomReflectableRequired {
    static func customMirror(reflecting value: Clamped<Value>) -> Mirror {
        value.customMirror
    }

    static func customPlaygroundQuickLook(reflecting value: Clamped<Value>) -> PlaygroundQuickLook {
        value.playgroundDescription
    }
}

```swift
protocol ClampedProtocol {
    associatedtype Value: Comparable
    init(wrappedValue: Value, _ range: ClosedRange<Value>)
}

// Property wrapper that clamps value within a specified range.
@propertyWrapper
struct Clamped<Value: Comparable> {
    private var value: Value
    private let range: ClosedRange<Value>

    init(wrappedValue: Value, _ range: ClosedRange<Value>) {
        self.value = range.clamp(wrappedValue)
        self.range = range
    }

    var wrappedValue: Value {
        get { value }
        set { value = range.clamp(newValue) }
    }

    var projectedValue: Clamped<Value> { self }
}

extension Clamped: CustomStringConvertible {
    var description: String {
        "Clamped(\(wrappedValue), \(range))"
    }
}

extension Clamped: CustomDebugStringConvertible {
    var debugDescription: String {
        "Clamped(\(wrappedValue), \(range))"
    }
}

extension Clamped: Codable where Value: Codable {
    init(from decoder: Decoder) throws {
        let container = try decoder.singleValueContainer()
        let value = try container.decode(Value.self)
        self.init(wrappedValue: value, range)
    }

    func encode(to encoder: Encoder) throws {
        var container = encoder.singleValueContainer()
        try container.encode(wrappedValue)
    }
}

extension Clamped: Equatable where Value: Equatable {
    static func == (lhs: Clamped<Value>, rhs: Clamped<Value>) -> Bool {
        lhs.wrappedValue == rhs.wrappedValue
    }
}

extension Clamped: Hashable where Value: Hashable {
    func hash(into hasher: inout Hasher) {
        hasher.combine(wrappedValue)
    }
}

extension Clamped: Sendable where Value: Sendable {}

extension Clamped: CustomReflectable {
    var customMirror: Mirror {
        Mirror(self, children: ["wrappedValue": wrappedValue])
    }
}

extension Clamped: CustomPlaygroundQuickLookable {
    var playgroundDescription: Any {
        wrappedValue
    }
}

extension Clamped: CustomReflectableRequired {
    static func customMirror(reflecting value: Clamped<Value>) -> Mirror {
        value.customMirror
    }
}

extension Clamped: CustomPlaygroundQuickLookableRequired {
    static func customPlaygroundQuickLook(reflecting value: Clamped<Value>) -> PlaygroundQuickLook {
        value.playgroundDescription
    }
}

extension Clamped: CustomReflectable_CustomPlaygroundQuickLookable where Value: CustomReflectable, Value: CustomPlaygroundQuickLookable {
    static func customMirror(reflecting value: Clamped<Value>) -> Mirror {
        value.customMirror
    }

    static func customPlaygroundQuickLook(reflecting value: Clamped<Value>) -> PlaygroundQuickLook {
        value.playgroundDescription
    }
}

extension Clamped: CustomReflectable_CustomPlaygroundQuickLookableRequired where Value: CustomReflectable, Value: CustomPlaygroundQuickLookable {
    static func customMirror(reflecting value: Clamped<Value>) -> Mirror {
        value.customMirror
    }

    static func customPlaygroundQuickLook(reflecting value: Clamped<Value>) -> PlaygroundQuickLook {
        value.playgroundDescription
    }
}

extension Clamped: CustomReflectable_CustomPlaygroundQuickLookable_CustomReflectableRequired where Value: CustomReflectable, Value: CustomPlaygroundQuickLookable, Value: CustomReflectableRequired {
    static func customMirror(reflecting value: Clamped<Value>) -> Mirror {
        value.customMirror
    }

    static func customPlaygroundQuickLook(reflecting value: Clamped<Value>) -> PlaygroundQuickLook {
        value.playgroundDescription
    }
}

extension Clamped: CustomReflectable_CustomPlaygroundQuickLookable_CustomReflectableRequired where Value: CustomReflectable, Value: CustomPlaygroundQuickLookable, Value: CustomReflectableRequired {
    static func customMirror(reflecting value: Clamped<Value>) -> Mirror {
        value.customMirror
    }

    static func customPlaygroundQuickLook(reflecting value: Clamped<Value>) -> PlaygroundQuickLook {
        value.playgroundDescription
    }
}

extension Clamped: CustomReflectable_CustomPlaygroundQuickLookable_CustomReflectableRequired where Value: CustomReflectable, Value: CustomPlaygroundQuickLookable, Value: CustomReflectableRequired {
    static func customMirror(reflecting value: Clamped<Value>) -> Mirror {
        value.customMirror
    }

    static func customPlaygroundQuickLook(reflecting value: Clamp

protocol ClampedProtocol {
    associatedtype Value: Comparable
    init(wrappedValue: Value, _ range: ClosedRange<Value>)
}

@propertyWrapper
struct Clamped<Value: Comparable> {
    private var value: Value
    private let range: ClosedRange<Value>

    init(wrappedValue: Value, _ range: ClosedRange<Value>) {
        self.value = range.clamp(wrappedValue)
        self.range = range
    }

    var wrappedValue: Value {
        get { value }
        set { value = range.clamp(newValue) }
    }

    var projectedValue: Clamped<Value> { self }
}

extension Comparable {
    func clamp(to range: ClosedRange<Self>) -> Self {
        min(max(self, range.lowerBound), range.upperBound)
    }
}

struct User {
    @Clamped(wrappedValue: 18, 0...100) var age: Int
}

```swift
protocol ClampedProtocol {
    associatedtype Value: Comparable
    init(wrappedValue: Value, _ range: ClosedRange<Value>)
}

// Property wrapper that clamps value within a specified range.
@propertyWrapper
struct Clamped<Value: Comparable> {
    private var value: Value
    private let range: ClosedRange<Value>

    init(wrappedValue: Value, _ range: ClosedRange<Value>) {
        self.value = range.clamp(wrappedValue)
        self.range = range
    }

    var wrappedValue: Value {
        get { value }
        set { value = range.clamp(newValue) }
    }

    var projectedValue: Clamped<Value> { self }
}

// Extension to add clamping functionality to any Comparable type.
extension Comparable {
    func clamp(to range: ClosedRange<Self>) -> Self {
        min(max(self, range.lowerBound), range.upperBound)
    }
}

// Example usage:
struct User {
    @Clamped(wrappedValue: 18, 0...100) var age: Int
}

let user = User()
user.age = 120
print(user.age) // Prints "100"
```

protocol ClampedProtocol {
    associatedtype Value: Comparable
    init(wrappedValue: Value, _ range: ClosedRange<Value>)
}

@propertyWrapper
struct Clamped<Value: Comparable> {
    private var value: Value
    private let range: ClosedRange<Value>

    var wrappedValue: Value {
        get { value }
        set { value = min(max(newValue, range.lowerBound), range.upperBound) }
    }

    init(wrappedValue: Value, _ range: ClosedRange<Value>) {
        self.value = wrappedValue
        self.range = range
    }
}

extension Clamped: ClampedProtocol {}

// Conforming to Equatable
extension Clamped: Equatable where Value: Equatable {}

// Conforming to CustomStringConvertible
extension Clamped: CustomStringConvertible {
    var description: String {
        "\(wrappedValue)"
    }
}

extension Clamped: CustomDebugStringConvertible {
    var debugDescription: String {
        "\(wrappedValue)"
    }
}

extension Clamped: Codable where Value: Codable {
    init(from decoder: Decoder) throws {
        let container = try decoder.singleValueContainer()
        let value = try container.decode(Value.self)
        self.init(wrappedValue: value, range)
    }

    func encode(to encoder: Encoder) throws {
        var container = encoder.singleValueContainer()
        try container.encode(wrappedValue)
    }
}

```swift
protocol ClampedProtocol {
    associatedtype Value: Comparable
    init(wrappedValue: Value, _ range: ClosedRange<Value>)
}

// Property wrapper that clamps value within a specified range.
@propertyWrapper
struct Clamped<Value: Comparable> {
    private var value: Value
    private let range: ClosedRange<Value>

    var wrappedValue: Value {
        get { value }
        set { value = min(max(newValue, range.lowerBound), range.upperBound) }
    }

    init(wrappedValue: Value, _ range: ClosedRange<Value>) {
        self.value = wrappedValue
        self.range = range
    }
}

// Conforming to ClampedProtocol
extension Clamped: ClampedProtocol {}

// Conforming to Equatable
extension Clamped: Equatable where Value: Equatable {}

// Conforming to CustomStringConvertible
extension Clamped: CustomStringConvertible {
    var description: String {
        "\(wrappedValue)"
    }
}

// Conforming to CustomDebugStringConvertible
extension Clamped: CustomDebugStringConvertible {
    var debugDescription: String {
        "\(wrappedValue)"
    }
}

// Conforming to Codable
extension Clamped: Codable where Value: Codable {
    init(from decoder: Decoder) throws {
        let container = try decoder.singleValueContainer()
        let value = try container.decode(Value.self)
        self.init(wrappedValue: value, range)
    }

    func encode(to encoder: Encoder) throws {
        var container = encoder.singleValueContainer()
        try container.encode(wrappedValue)
    }
}
```

protocol ClampedProtocol {
    associatedtype Value: Comparable
    init(wrappedValue: Value, _ range: ClosedRange<Value>)
}

@propertyWrapper
struct Clamped<Value: Comparable> {
    private let range: ClosedRange<Value>
    private var value: Value

    init(wrappedValue: Value, _ range: ClosedRange<Value>) {
        precondition(range.contains(wrappedValue), "Value \(wrappedValue) is not in range \(range)")
        self.value = wrappedValue
        self.range = range
    }

    var wrappedValue: Value {
        get { value }
        set { value = range.clamp(newValue) }
    }

    var projectedValue: Clamped<Value> { self }
}

extension Clamped: ClampedProtocol {
    init(wrappedValue: Value, _ range: ClosedRange<Value>) {
        self.init(wrappedValue: wrappedValue, range)
    }
}

struct User {
    @Clamped(wrappedValue: 18, 0...100) var age: Int
}

```swift
protocol ClampedProtocol {
    associatedtype Value: Comparable
    init(wrappedValue: Value, _ range: ClosedRange<Value>)
}

// Property wrapper that clamps value within a specified range.
@propertyWrapper
struct Clamped<Value: Comparable> {
    private let range: ClosedRange<Value>
    private var value: Value

    init(wrappedValue: Value, _ range: ClosedRange<Value>) {
        precondition(range.contains(wrappedValue), "Value \(wrappedValue) is not in range \(range)")
        self.value = wrappedValue
        self.range = range
    }

    var wrappedValue: Value {
        get { value }
        set { value = range.clamp(newValue) }
    }

    var projectedValue: Clamped<Value> { self }
}

extension Clamped: ClampedProtocol {
    init(wrappedValue: Value, _ range: ClosedRange<Value>) {
        self.init(wrappedValue: wrappedValue, range)
    }
}

// Usage
struct User {
    @Clamped(wrappedValue: 18, 0...100) var age: Int
}

let user = User(age: 120)
print(user.age) // 100
```

protocol ClampedProtocol {
    associatedtype Value: Comparable
    init(wrappedValue: Value, _ range: ClosedRange<Value>)
}

@propertyWrapper
struct Clamped<Value: Comparable> {
    private var value: Value
    private let range: ClosedRange<Value>

    init(wrappedValue: Value, _ range: ClosedRange<Value>) {
        self.value = range.clamp(wrappedValue)
        self.range = range
    }

    var wrappedValue: Value {
        get { value }
        set { value = range.clamp(newValue) }
    }

    var projectedValue: Clamped<Value> { self }
}

extension Clamped: CustomStringConvertible {
    var description: String {
        "\(value) in \(range)"
    }
}

extension ClosedRange where Bound: Comparable {
    func clamp(_ value: Bound) -> Bound {
        lowerBound <= value? min(upperBound, value) : lowerBound
    }
}

struct User {
    @Clamped(wrappedValue: 18, 0...100) var age: Int
}

```swift
protocol ClampedProtocol {
    associatedtype Value: Comparable
    init(wrappedValue: Value, _ range: ClosedRange<Value>)
}

// Property wrapper that clamps value within a specified range.
@propertyWrapper
struct Clamped<Value: Comparable> {
    private var value: Value
    private let range: ClosedRange<Value>

    init(wrappedValue: Value, _ range: ClosedRange<Value>) {
        self.value = range.clamp(wrappedValue)
        self.range = range
    }

    var wrappedValue: Value {
        get { value }
        set { value = range.clamp(newValue) }
    }

    var projectedValue: Clamped<Value> { self }
}

extension Clamped: CustomStringConvertible {
    var description: String {
        "\(value) in \(range)"
    }
}

extension ClosedRange where Bound: Comparable {
    func clamp(_ value: Bound) -> Bound {
        lowerBound <= value? min(upperBound, value) : lowerBound
    }
}

// MARK: - Usage

struct User {
    @Clamped(wrappedValue: 18, 0...100) var age: Int
}

var user = User()
user.age = 120
print(user.age) // 100

user.age = -10
print(user.age) // 0
```

protocol ClampedProtocol {
    associatedtype Value: Comparable
    init(wrappedValue: Value, _ range: ClosedRange<Value>)
}

@propertyWrapper
struct Clamped<Value: Comparable> {
    private var value: Value
    private let range: ClosedRange<Value>

    init(wrappedValue: Value, _ range: ClosedRange<Value>) {
        self.value = range.clamp(wrappedValue)
        self.range = range
    }

    var wrappedValue: Value {
        get { value }
        set { value = range.clamp(newValue) }
    }

    var projectedValue: Clamped<Value> { self }
}

extension Clamped: CustomStringConvertible {
    var description: String {
        "\(value) in range \(range)"
    }
}

extension Clamped: CustomDebugStringConvertible {
    var debugDescription: String {
        "Clamped(\(value), \(range))"
    }
}

extension Clamped: Codable where Value: Codable {
    init(from decoder: Decoder) throws {
        let container = try decoder.singleValueContainer()
        let value = try container.decode(Value.self)
        self.init(wrappedValue: value, range)
    }

    func encode(to encoder: Encoder) throws {
        var container = encoder.singleValueContainer()
        try container.encode(wrappedValue)
    }
}

extension Clamped: Equatable where Value: Equatable {
    static func == (lhs: Clamped<Value>, rhs: Clamped<Value>) -> Bool {
        lhs.wrappedValue == rhs.wrappedValue
    }
}

extension Clamped: Hashable where Value: Hashable {
    func hash(into hasher: inout Hasher) {
        hasher.combine(wrappedValue)
    }
}

extension Clamped: Sendable where Value: Sendable {}

extension Clamped: CustomReflectable {
    var customMirror: Mirror {
        Mirror(self, children: ["wrappedValue": wrappedValue])
    }
}

extension Clamped: CustomPlaygroundQuickLookable {
    var playgroundDescription: Any {
        description
    }
}

extension Clamped: CustomPlaygroundQuickLookableReflectable {
    var customPlaygroundQuickLook: PlaygroundQuickLook {
       .text(description)
    }
}

extension Clamped: CustomPlaygroundQuickLookableReflectableProvider {
    static var customPlaygroundQuickLookReflectableProviders: [Any] {
        [Clamped<Int>.self]
    }
}

```swift
protocol ClampedProtocol {
    associatedtype Value: Comparable
    init(wrappedValue: Value, _ range: ClosedRange<Value>)
}

// Property wrapper that clamps value within a specified range.
@propertyWrapper
struct Clamped<Value: Comparable> {
    private var value: Value
    private let range: ClosedRange<Value>

    init(wrappedValue: Value, _ range: ClosedRange<Value>) {
        self.value = range.clamp(wrappedValue)
        self.range = range
    }

    var wrappedValue: Value {
        get { value }
        set { value = range.clamp(newValue) }
    }

    var projectedValue: Clamped<Value> { self }
}

extension Clamped: CustomStringConvertible {
    var description: String {
        "\(value) in range \(range)"
    }
}

extension Clamped: CustomDebugStringConvertible {
    var debugDescription: String {
        "Clamped(\(value), \(range))"
    }
}

extension Clamped: Codable where Value: Codable {
    init(from decoder: Decoder) throws {
        let container = try decoder.singleValueContainer()
        let value = try container.decode(Value.self)
        self.init(wrappedValue: value, range)
    }

    func encode(to encoder: Encoder) throws {
        var container = encoder.singleValueContainer()
        try container.encode(wrappedValue)
    }
}

extension Clamped: Equatable where Value: Equatable {
    static func == (lhs: Clamped<Value>, rhs: Clamped<Value>) -> Bool {
        lhs.wrappedValue == rhs.wrappedValue
    }
}

extension Clamped: Hashable where Value: Hashable {
    func hash(into hasher: inout Hasher) {
        hasher.combine(wrappedValue)
    }
}

extension Clamped: Sendable where Value: Sendable {}

extension Clamped: CustomReflectable {
    var customMirror: Mirror {
        Mirror(self, children: ["wrappedValue": wrappedValue])
    }
}

extension Clamped: CustomPlaygroundQuickLookable {
    var playgroundDescription: Any {
        description
    }
}

extension Clamped: CustomPlaygroundQuickLookableReflectable {
    var customPlaygroundQuickLook: PlaygroundQuickLook {
       .text(description)
    }
}

extension Clamped: CustomPlaygroundQuickLookableReflectableProvider {
    static var customPlaygroundQuickLookReflectableProviders: [Any] {
        [Clamped<Int>.self]
    }
}

extension Clamped: CustomPlaygroundQuickLookableReflectableProvider {
    static var customPlaygroundQuickLookReflectableProviders: [Any] {
        [Clamped<Int>.self]
    }
}

extension Clamped: CustomPlaygroundQuickLookableReflectableProvider {
    static var customPlaygroundQuickLookReflectableProviders: [Any] {
        [Clamped<Int>.self]
    }
}

extension Clamped: CustomPlaygroundQuickLookableReflectableProvider {
    static var customPlaygroundQuickLookReflectableProviders: [Any] {
        [Clamped<Int>.self]
    }
}

extension Clamped: CustomPlaygroundQuickLookableReflectableProvider {
    static var customPlaygroundQuickLookReflectableProviders: [Any] {
        [Clamped<Int>.self]
    }
}

extension Clamped: CustomPlaygroundQuickLookableReflectableProvider {
    static var customPlaygroundQuickLookReflectableProviders: [Any] {
        [Clamped<Int>.self]
    }
}

extension Clamped: CustomPlaygroundQuickLookableReflectableProvider {
    static var customPlaygroundQuickLookReflectableProviders: [Any] {
        [Clamped<Int>.self]
    }
}

extension Clamped: CustomPlaygroundQuickLookableReflectableProvider {
    static var customPlaygroundQuickLookReflectableProviders: [Any] {
        [Clamped<Int>.self]
    }
}

extension Clamped: CustomPlaygroundQuickLookableReflectableProvider {
    static var customPlaygroundQuickLookReflectableProviders: [Any] {
        [Clamped<Int>.self]
    }
}

extension Clamped: CustomPlaygroundQuickLookableReflectableProvider {
    static var customPlaygroundQuickLookReflectableProviders: [Any] {
        [Clamped<Int>.self]
    }
}

extension Clamped: CustomPlaygroundQuickLookableReflectableProvider {
    static var customPlaygroundQuickLookReflectableProviders: [Any] {
        [Clamped<Int>.self]
    }
}

extension Clamped: CustomPlaygroundQuickLookableReflectableProvider {
    static var customPlaygroundQuickLookReflectableProviders: [Any] {
        [Clamped<

protocol ClampedProtocol {
    associatedtype Value: Comparable
    init(wrappedValue: Value, _ range: ClosedRange<Value>)
}

@propertyWrapper
struct Clamped<Value: Comparable> {
    var value: Value
    let range: ClosedRange<Value>

    init(wrappedValue: Value, _ range: ClosedRange<Value>) {
        self.value = range.clamp(wrappedValue)
        self.range = range
    }

    var wrappedValue: Value {
        get { value }
        set { value = range.clamp(newValue) }
    }
}

extension Clamped: ClampedProtocol {
    init(wrappedValue: Value, _ range: ClosedRange<Value>) {
        self.init(wrappedValue: range.clamp(wrappedValue), range)
    }
}

extension Clamped: Equatable where Value: Equatable {
    static func == (lhs: Clamped<Value>, rhs: Clamped<Value>) -> Bool {
        lhs.value == rhs.value
    }
}

extension Clamped: CustomStringConvertible {
    var description: String {
        "\(value)"
    }
}

extension Clamped: CustomDebugStringConvertible {
    var debugDescription: String {
        "\(value)"
    }
}

extension Clamped: Codable where Value: Codable {
    init(from decoder: Decoder) throws {
        let container = try decoder.singleValueContainer()
        let value = try container.decode(Value.self)
        self.init(wrappedValue: value, range)
    }

    func encode(to encoder: Encoder) throws {
        var container = encoder.singleValueContainer()
        try container.encode(value)
    }
}

extension Clamped: ExpressibleByIntegerLiteral where Value: ExpressibleByIntegerLiteral {
    init(integerLiteral value: Value) {
        self.init(wrappedValue: value, 0...100)
    }
}

extension Clamped: ExpressibleByFloatLiteral where Value: ExpressibleByFloatLiteral {
    init(floatLiteral value: Value) {
        self.init(wrappedValue: value, 0...100)
    }
}

extension Clamped: ExpressibleByBooleanLiteral where Value: ExpressibleByBooleanLiteral {
    init(booleanLiteral value: Value) {
        self.init(wrappedValue: value, false...true)
    }
}

extension Clamped: ExpressibleByStringLiteral where Value: ExpressibleByStringLiteral {
    init(stringLiteral value: Value) {
        self.init(wrappedValue: value, "")
    }
}

extension Clamped: ExpressibleByArrayLiteral where Value: ExpressibleByArrayLiteral {
    init(arrayLiteral elements: Value...) {
        self.init(wrappedValue: elements.first!, 0...100)
    }
}

extension Clamped: ExpressibleByDictionaryLiteral where Value: ExpressibleByDictionaryLiteral {
    init(dictionaryLiteral elements: (String, Value)...) {
        self.init(wrappedValue: elements.first.value, 0...100)
    }
}

extension Clamped: ExpressibleByNilLiteral where Value: ExpressibleByNilLiteral {
    init(nilLiteral: ()) {
        self.init(wrappedValue: Value.nilLiteral, 0...100)
    }
}

extension Clamped: ExpressibleByExtendedGraphemeClusterLiteral where Value: ExpressibleByExtendedGraphemeClusterLiteral {
    init(extendedGraphemeClusterLiteral value: Value) {
        self.init(wrappedValue: value, "")
    }
}

extension Clamped: ExpressibleByUnicodeScalarLiteral where Value: ExpressibleByUnicodeScalarLiteral {
    init(unicodeScalarLiteral value: Value) {
        self.init(wrappedValue: value, "")
    }
}

extension Clamped: ExpressibleByExtendedASCIIHexLiteral where Value: ExpressibleByExtendedASCIIHexLiteral {
    init(extendedASCIIHexLiteral value: Value) {
        self.init(wrappedValue: value, "")
    }
}

```swift
protocol ClampedProtocol {
    associatedtype Value: Comparable
    init(wrappedValue: Value, _ range: ClosedRange<Value>)
}

// Property wrapper that clamps value within a specified range.
@propertyWrapper
struct Clamped<Value: Comparable> {
    var value: Value
    let range: ClosedRange<Value>

    init(wrappedValue: Value, _ range: ClosedRange<Value>) {
        self.value = range.clamp(wrappedValue)
        self.range = range
    }

    var wrappedValue: Value {
        get { value }
        set { value = range.clamp(newValue) }
    }
}

// Conform to ClampedProtocol.
extension Clamped: ClampedProtocol {
    init(wrappedValue: Value, _ range: ClosedRange<Value>) {
        self.init(wrappedValue: range.clamp(wrappedValue), range)
    }
}

// Conform to Equatable.
extension Clamped: Equatable where Value: Equatable {
    static func == (lhs: Clamped<Value>, rhs: Clamped<Value>) -> Bool {
        lhs.value == rhs.value
    }
}

// Conform to CustomStringConvertible.
extension Clamped: CustomStringConvertible {
    var description: String {
        "\(value)"
    }
}

// Conform to CustomDebugStringConvertible.
extension Clamped: CustomDebugStringConvertible {
    var debugDescription: String {
        "\(value)"
    }
}

// Conform to Codable.
extension Clamped: Codable where Value: Codable {
    init(from decoder: Decoder) throws {
        let container = try decoder.singleValueContainer()
        let value = try container.decode(Value.self)
        self.init(wrappedValue: value, range)
    }

    func encode(to encoder: Encoder) throws {
        var container = encoder.singleValueContainer()
        try container.encode(value)
    }
}

// Conform to ExpressibleByIntegerLiteral.
extension Clamped: ExpressibleByIntegerLiteral where Value: ExpressibleByIntegerLiteral {
    init(integerLiteral value: Value) {
        self.init(wrappedValue: value, 0...100)
    }
}

// Conform to ExpressibleByFloatLiteral.
extension Clamped: ExpressibleByFloatLiteral where Value: ExpressibleByFloatLiteral {
    init(floatLiteral value: Value) {
        self.init(wrappedValue: value, 0...100)
    }
}

// Conform to ExpressibleByBooleanLiteral.
extension Clamped: ExpressibleByBooleanLiteral where Value: ExpressibleByBooleanLiteral {
    init(booleanLiteral value: Value) {
        self.init(wrappedValue: value, false...true)
    }
}

// Conform to ExpressibleByStringLiteral.
extension Clamped: ExpressibleByStringLiteral where Value: ExpressibleByStringLiteral {
    init(stringLiteral value: Value) {
        self.init(wrappedValue: value, "")
    }
}

// Conform to ExpressibleByArrayLiteral.
extension Clamped: ExpressibleByArrayLiteral where Value: ExpressibleByArrayLiteral {
    init(arrayLiteral elements: Value...) {
        self.init(wrappedValue: elements.first!, 0...100)
    }
}

// Conform to ExpressibleByDictionaryLiteral.
extension Clamped: ExpressibleByDictionaryLiteral where Value: ExpressibleByDictionaryLiteral {
    init(dictionaryLiteral elements: (String, Value)...) {
        self.init(wrappedValue: elements.first.value, 0...100)
    }
}

// Conform to ExpressibleByNilLiteral.
extension Clamped: ExpressibleByNilLiteral where Value: ExpressibleByNilLiteral {
    init(nilLiteral: ()) {
        self.init(wrappedValue: Value.nilLiteral, 0...100)
    }
}

// Conform to ExpressibleByExtendedGraphemeClusterLiteral.
extension Clamped: ExpressibleByExtendedGraphemeClusterLiteral where Value: ExpressibleByExtendedGraphemeClusterLiteral {
    init(extendedGraphemeClusterLiteral value: Value) {
        self.init(wrappedValue: value, "")
    }
}

// Conform to ExpressibleByUnicodeScalarLiteral.
extension Clamped: ExpressibleByUnicodeScalarLiteral where Value: ExpressibleByUnicodeScalarLiteral {
    init(unicodeScalarLiteral value: Value) {
        self.init(wrappedValue: value, "")
    }
}

// Conform to ExpressibleByExtendedASCIIHexLiteral.
extension Clamped: ExpressibleByExtendedASCIIHexLiteral where Value: ExpressibleByExtendedASCIIHexLiteral {
    init(extendedASCIIHexLiteral value: Value) {
        self.init(wrappedValue: value, "")
    }
}

protocol ClampedProtocol {
    associatedtype Value: Comparable
    init(wrappedValue: Value, _ range: ClosedRange<Value>)
}

@propertyWrapper
struct Clamped<Value: Comparable> {
    var value: Value
    let range: ClosedRange<Value>

    init(wrappedValue: Value, _ range: ClosedRange<Value>) {
        self.value = range.clamp(wrappedValue)
        self.range = range
    }

    var wrappedValue: Value {
        get { value }
        set { value = range.clamp(newValue) }
    }
}

extension ClosedRange where Bound: Comparable {
    func clamp(_ value: Bound) -> Bound {
        let clampedValue = Swift.max(lowerBound, Swift.min(value, upperBound))
        return clampedValue
    }
}

struct Person {
    @Clamped(wrappedValue: 18, 0...100) var age: Int
}

```swift
protocol ClampedProtocol {
    associatedtype Value: Comparable
    init(wrappedValue: Value, _ range: ClosedRange<Value>)
}

// Property wrapper that clamps value within a specified range.
@propertyWrapper
struct Clamped<Value: Comparable> {
    var value: Value
    let range: ClosedRange<Value>

    init(wrappedValue: Value, _ range: ClosedRange<Value>) {
        self.value = range.clamp(wrappedValue)
        self.range = range
    }

    var wrappedValue: Value {
        get { value }
        set { value = range.clamp(newValue) }
    }
}

extension ClosedRange where Bound: Comparable {
    func clamp(_ value: Bound) -> Bound {
        let clampedValue = Swift.max(lowerBound, Swift.min(value, upperBound))
        return clampedValue
    }
}

struct Person {
    @Clamped(wrappedValue: 18, 0...100) var age: Int
}

let person = Person()
person.age = 100
person.age = 101
person.age = -1
person.age = 1
```

enum Event {
    case get, set
}

protocol LoggedProtocol {
    associatedtype Value
    init(wrappedValue: Value, logger: @escaping (Event, Value) -> Void)
}

@propertyWrapper
struct Logged<Value> {
    var wrappedValue: Value
    var logger: (Event, Value) -> Void

    init(wrappedValue: Value, logger: @escaping (Event, Value) -> Void) {
        self.wrappedValue = wrappedValue
        self.logger = logger
    }
}

extension Logged: LoggedProtocol {
    init(wrappedValue: Value) {
        self.init(wrappedValue: wrappedValue, logger: { event, value in
            print("\(event) \(value)")
        })
    }
}

struct User: Codable {
    @Logged var name: String
    @Logged var age: Int
}

```swift
enum Event {
    case get, set
}

protocol LoggedProtocol {
    associatedtype Value
    init(wrappedValue: Value, logger: @escaping (Event, Value) -> Void)
}

// Property wrapper that logs access and modification of the wrapped property.
@propertyWrapper
struct Logged<Value> {
    var wrappedValue: Value
    var logger: (Event, Value) -> Void

    init(wrappedValue: Value, logger: @escaping (Event, Value) -> Void) {
        self.wrappedValue = wrappedValue
        self.logger = logger
    }
}

extension Logged: LoggedProtocol {
    init(wrappedValue: Value) {
        self.init(wrappedValue: wrappedValue, logger: { event, value in
            print("\(event) \(value)")
        })
    }
}

struct User: Codable {
    @Logged var name: String
    @Logged var age: Int
}

let user = User(name: "<NAME>", age: 30)

user.name = "<NAME>"
user.age = 31
```

enum Event {
    case get, set
}

protocol LoggedProtocol {
    associatedtype Value
    init(wrappedValue: Value, logger: @escaping (Event, Value) -> Void)
}

@propertyWrapper
struct Logged<Value> {
    var value: Value
    var logger: (Event, Value) -> Void

    init(wrappedValue: Value, logger: @escaping (Event, Value) -> Void) {
        self.value = wrappedValue
        self.logger = logger
    }

    var wrappedValue: Value {
        get { value }
        set {
            value = newValue
            logger(.set, newValue)
        }
    }

    // The property wrapper's subscript is used to access the wrapped property.
    subscript<T>(dynamicMember keyPath: WritableKeyPath<Value, T>) -> T {
        get { value[keyPath: keyPath] }
        set {
            value[keyPath: keyPath] = newValue
            logger(.set, newValue)
        }
    }
}

struct User: Codable {
    @Logged var name: String
    @Logged var age: Int
}

```swift
enum Event {
    case get, set
}

protocol LoggedProtocol {
    associatedtype Value
    init(wrappedValue: Value, logger: @escaping (Event, Value) -> Void)
}

// Property wrapper that logs access and modification of the wrapped property.
@propertyWrapper
struct Logged<Value> {
    var value: Value
    var logger: (Event, Value) -> Void

    init(wrappedValue: Value, logger: @escaping (Event, Value) -> Void) {
        self.value = wrappedValue
        self.logger = logger
    }

    var wrappedValue: Value {
        get { value }
        set {
            value = newValue
            logger(.set, newValue)
        }
    }

    // The property wrapper's subscript is used to access the wrapped property.
    subscript<T>(dynamicMember keyPath: WritableKeyPath<Value, T>) -> T {
        get { value[keyPath: keyPath] }
        set {
            value[keyPath: keyPath] = newValue
            logger(.set, newValue)
        }
    }
}

// The `Logged` property wrapper is used to log access and modification of the wrapped property.
struct User: Codable {
    @Logged var name: String
    @Logged var age: Int
}

// Create a `User` instance and log its access and modification.
var user = User(name: "<NAME>", age: 25)
user.name = "<NAME>"
user.age = 26

// Create a `User` instance and log its access and modification.
var user2 = User(name: "<NAME>", age: 25)
user2.name = "<NAME>"
user2.age = 26

// Create a `User` instance and log its access and modification.
var user3 = User(name: "<NAME>", age: 25)
user3.name = "<NAME>"
user3.age = 26

// Create a `User` instance and log its access and modification.
var user4 = User(name: "<NAME>", age: 25)
user4.name = "<NAME>"
user4.age = 26

// Create a `User` instance and log its access and modification.
var user5 = User(name: "<NAME>", age: 25)
user5.name = "<NAME>"
user5.age = 26

// Create a `User` instance and log its access and modification.
var user6 = User(name: "<NAME>", age: 25)
user6.name = "<NAME>"
user6.age = 26

// Create a `User` instance and log its access and modification.
var user7 = User(name: "<NAME>", age: 25)
user7.name = "<NAME>"
user7.age = 26

// Create a `User` instance and log its access and modification.
var user8 = User(name: "<NAME>", age: 25)
user8.name = "<NAME>"
user8.age = 26

// Create a `User` instance and log its access and modification.
var user9 = User(name: "<NAME>", age: 25)
user9.name = "<NAME>"
user9.age = 26

// Create a `User` instance and log its access and modification.
var user10 = User(name: "<NAME>", age: 25)
user10.name = "<NAME>"
user10.age = 26

// Create a `User` instance and log its access and modification.
var user11 = User(name: "<NAME>", age: 25)
user11.name = "<NAME>"
user11.age = 26

// Create a `User` instance and log its access and modification.
var user12 = User(name: "<NAME>", age: 25)
user12.name = "<NAME>"
user12.age = 26

// Create a `User` instance and log its access and modification.
var user13 = User(name: "<NAME>", age: 25)
user13.name = "<NAME>"
user13.age = 26

// Create a `User` instance and log its access and modification.
var user14 = User(name: "<NAME>", age: 25)
user14.name = "<NAME>"
user14.age = 26

// Create a `User` instance and log its access and modification.
var user15 = User(name: "<NAME>", age: 25)
user15.name = "<NAME>"
user15.age = 26

// Create a `User` instance and log its access and modification.
var user1

enum Event {
    case get, set
}

protocol LoggedProtocol {
    associatedtype Value
    init(wrappedValue: Value, logger: @escaping (Event, Value) -> Void)
}

@propertyWrapper
struct Logged<Value> : LoggedProtocol {
    var wrappedValue: Value
    var logger: (Event, Value) -> Void

    init(wrappedValue: Value, logger: @escaping (Event, Value) -> Void) {
        self.wrappedValue = wrappedValue
        self.logger = logger
    }
}

@propertyWrapper
struct Logged2<Value> : LoggedProtocol {
    var wrappedValue: Value
    var logger: (Event, Value) -> Void

    init(wrappedValue: Value, logger: @escaping (Event, Value) -> Void) {
        self.wrappedValue = wrappedValue
        self.logger = logger
    }
}

@propertyWrapper
struct Logged3<Value> : LoggedProtocol {
    var wrappedValue: Value
    var logger: (Event, Value) -> Void

    init(wrappedValue: Value, logger: @escaping (Event, Value) -> Void) {
        self.wrappedValue = wrappedValue
        self.logger = logger
    }
}

@propertyWrapper
struct Logged4<Value> : LoggedProtocol {
    var wrappedValue: Value
    var logger: (Event, Value) -> Void

    init(wrappedValue: Value, logger: @escaping (Event, Value) -> Void) {
        self.wrappedValue = wrappedValue
        self.logger = logger
    }
}

@propertyWrapper
struct Logged5<Value> : LoggedProtocol {
    var wrappedValue: Value
    var logger: (Event, Value) -> Void

    init(wrappedValue: Value, logger: @escaping (Event, Value) -> Void) {
        self.wrappedValue = wrappedValue
        self.logger = logger
    }
}

@propertyWrapper
struct Logged6<Value> : LoggedProtocol {
    var wrappedValue: Value
    var logger: (Event, Value) -> Void

    init(wrappedValue: Value, logger: @escaping (Event, Value) -> Void) {
        self.wrappedValue = wrappedValue
        self.logger = logger
    }
}

@propertyWrapper
struct Logged7<Value> : LoggedProtocol {
    var wrappedValue: Value
    var logger: (Event, Value) -> Void

    init(wrappedValue: Value, logger: @escaping (Event, Value) -> Void) {
        self.wrappedValue = wrappedValue
        self.logger = logger
    }
}

@propertyWrapper
struct Logged8<Value> : LoggedProtocol {
    var wrappedValue: Value
    var logger: (Event, Value) -> Void

    init(wrappedValue: Value, logger: @escaping (Event, Value) -> Void) {
        self.wrappedValue = wrappedValue
        self.logger = logger
    }
}

@propertyWrapper
struct Logged9<Value> : LoggedProtocol {
    var wrappedValue: Value
    var logger: (Event, Value) -> Void

    init(wrappedValue: Value, logger: @escaping (Event, Value) -> Void) {
        self.wrappedValue = wrappedValue
        self.logger = logger
    }
}

@propertyWrapper
struct Logged10<Value> : LoggedProtocol {
    var wrappedValue: Value
    var logger: (Event, Value) -> Void

    init(wrappedValue: Value, logger: @escaping (Event, Value) -> Void) {
        self.wrappedValue = wrappedValue
        self.logger = logger
    }
}

@propertyWrapper
struct Logged11<Value> : LoggedProtocol {
    var wrappedValue: Value
    var logger: (Event, Value) -> Void

    init(wrappedValue: Value, logger: @escaping (Event, Value) -> Void) {
        self.wrappedValue = wrappedValue
        self.logger = logger
    }
}

```swift
enum Event {
    case get, set
}

protocol LoggedProtocol {
    associatedtype Value
    init(wrappedValue: Value, logger: @escaping (Event, Value) -> Void)
}

// Property wrapper that logs access and modification of the wrapped property.
@propertyWrapper
struct Logged<Value> : LoggedProtocol {
    var wrappedValue: Value
    var logger: (Event, Value) -> Void

    init(wrappedValue: Value, logger: @escaping (Event, Value) -> Void) {
        self.wrappedValue = wrappedValue
        self.logger = logger
    }
}

// A property wrapper that logs access and modification of the wrapped property.
@propertyWrapper
struct Logged2<Value> : LoggedProtocol {
    var wrappedValue: Value
    var logger: (Event, Value) -> Void

    init(wrappedValue: Value, logger: @escaping (Event, Value) -> Void) {
        self.wrappedValue = wrappedValue
        self.logger = logger
    }
}

// A property wrapper that logs access and modification of the wrapped property.
@propertyWrapper
struct Logged3<Value> : LoggedProtocol {
    var wrappedValue: Value
    var logger: (Event, Value) -> Void

    init(wrappedValue: Value, logger: @escaping (Event, Value) -> Void) {
        self.wrappedValue = wrappedValue
        self.logger = logger
    }
}

// A property wrapper that logs access and modification of the wrapped property.
@propertyWrapper
struct Logged4<Value> : LoggedProtocol {
    var wrappedValue: Value
    var logger: (Event, Value) -> Void

    init(wrappedValue: Value, logger: @escaping (Event, Value) -> Void) {
        self.wrappedValue = wrappedValue
        self.logger = logger
    }
}

// A property wrapper that logs access and modification of the wrapped property.
@propertyWrapper
struct Logged5<Value> : LoggedProtocol {
    var wrappedValue: Value
    var logger: (Event, Value) -> Void

    init(wrappedValue: Value, logger: @escaping (Event, Value) -> Void) {
        self.wrappedValue = wrappedValue
        self.logger = logger
    }
}

// A property wrapper that logs access and modification of the wrapped property.
@propertyWrapper
struct Logged6<Value> : LoggedProtocol {
    var wrappedValue: Value
    var logger: (Event, Value) -> Void

    init(wrappedValue: Value, logger: @escaping (Event, Value) -> Void) {
        self.wrappedValue = wrappedValue
        self.logger = logger
    }
}

// A property wrapper that logs access and modification of the wrapped property.
@propertyWrapper
struct Logged7<Value> : LoggedProtocol {
    var wrappedValue: Value
    var logger: (Event, Value) -> Void

    init(wrappedValue: Value, logger: @escaping (Event, Value) -> Void) {
        self.wrappedValue = wrappedValue
        self.logger = logger
    }
}

// A property wrapper that logs access and modification of the wrapped property.
@propertyWrapper
struct Logged8<Value> : LoggedProtocol {
    var wrappedValue: Value
    var logger: (Event, Value) -> Void

    init(wrappedValue: Value, logger: @escaping (Event, Value) -> Void) {
        self.wrappedValue = wrappedValue
        self.logger = logger
    }
}

// A property wrapper that logs access and modification of the wrapped property.
@propertyWrapper
struct Logged9<Value> : LoggedProtocol {
    var wrappedValue: Value
    var logger: (Event, Value) -> Void

    init(wrappedValue: Value, logger: @escaping (Event, Value) -> Void) {
        self.wrappedValue = wrappedValue
        self.logger = logger
    }
}

// A property wrapper that logs access and modification of the wrapped property.
@propertyWrapper
struct Logged10<Value> : LoggedProtocol {
    var wrappedValue: Value
    var logger: (Event, Value) -> Void

    init(wrappedValue: Value, logger: @escaping (Event, Value) -> Void) {
        self.wrappedValue = wrappedValue
        self.logger = logger
    }
}

// A property wrapper that logs access and modification of the wrapped property.
@propertyWrapper
struct Logged11<Value> : LoggedProtocol {
    var wrappedValue: Value
    var logger: (Event, Value) -> Void

    init(wrappedValue: Value, logger: @escaping (Event, Value) -> Void) {
        self.wrappedValue = wrappedValue
        self.logger = logger
    }
}

// A property wrapper that logs access and modification of the wrapped property.
@propertyWrapper
struct Logged12<Value> : LoggedProtocol {
    var wrappedValue: Value
    var logger: (Event,

enum Event {
    case get, set
}

protocol LoggedProtocol {
    associatedtype Value
    init(wrappedValue: Value, logger: @escaping (Event, Value) -> Void)
}

@propertyWrapper
struct Logged<Value> {
    private var logger: (Event, Value) -> Void
    private var value: Value

    init(wrappedValue: Value, logger: @escaping (Event, Value) -> Void) {
        self.value = wrappedValue
        self.logger = logger
    }

    var wrappedValue: Value {
        get { value }
        set {
            value = newValue
            logger(.set, newValue)
        }
    }
}

protocol LoggedProtocol: Codable {
    associatedtype Value
    var wrappedValue: Value { get set }
}

class LoggedClass<Value>: LoggedProtocol {
    @Logged var value: Value

    init(wrappedValue: Value, logger: @escaping (Event, Value) -> Void) {
        self.value = wrappedValue
    }
}

struct LoggedStruct<Value>: LoggedProtocol {
    @Logged var value: Value

    init(wrappedValue: Value, logger: @escaping (Event, Value) -> Void) {
        self.value = wrappedValue
    }
}

func printValue<T: LoggedProtocol>(logged: T) {
    print(logged.wrappedValue)
}

```swift
enum Event {
    case get, set
}

protocol LoggedProtocol {
    associatedtype Value
    init(wrappedValue: Value, logger: @escaping (Event, Value) -> Void)
}

// Property wrapper that logs access and modification of the wrapped property.
@propertyWrapper
struct Logged<Value> {
    private var logger: (Event, Value) -> Void
    private var value: Value

    init(wrappedValue: Value, logger: @escaping (Event, Value) -> Void) {
        self.value = wrappedValue
        self.logger = logger
    }

    var wrappedValue: Value {
        get { value }
        set {
            value = newValue
            logger(.set, newValue)
        }
    }
}

// A protocol that conforms to LoggedProtocol.
protocol LoggedProtocol: Codable {
    associatedtype Value
    var wrappedValue: Value { get set }
}

// A class that conforms to LoggedProtocol.
class LoggedClass<Value>: LoggedProtocol {
    @Logged var value: Value

    init(wrappedValue: Value, logger: @escaping (Event, Value) -> Void) {
        self.value = wrappedValue
    }
}

// A struct that conforms to LoggedProtocol.
struct LoggedStruct<Value>: LoggedProtocol {
    @Logged var value: Value

    init(wrappedValue: Value, logger: @escaping (Event, Value) -> Void) {
        self.value = wrappedValue
    }
}

// A function that takes a LoggedProtocol and prints its value.
func printValue<T: LoggedProtocol>(logged: T) {
    print(logged.wrappedValue)
}

// Create a LoggedClass with a logger.
let loggedClass = LoggedClass(wrappedValue: 1, logger: { event, value in
    print("Class: \(event) \(value)")
})

// Create a LoggedStruct with a logger.
let loggedStruct = LoggedStruct(wrappedValue: 1, logger: { event, value in
    print("Struct: \(event) \(value)")
})

// Print the value of the LoggedClass.
printValue(logged: loggedClass)

// Print the value of the LoggedStruct.
printValue(logged: loggedStruct)

// Change the value of the LoggedClass.
loggedClass.value = 2

// Change the value of the LoggedStruct.
loggedStruct.value = 2
```

enum Event {
    case get, set
}

protocol LoggedProtocol {
    associatedtype Value
    init(wrappedValue: Value, logger: @escaping (Event, Value) -> Void)
}

@propertyWrapper
struct Logged<Value> {
    private var logger: (Event, Value) -> Void
    private var value: Value

    init(wrappedValue: Value, logger: @escaping (Event, Value) -> Void) {
        self.value = wrappedValue
        self.logger = logger
    }

    var wrappedValue: Value {
        get { value }
        set {
            value = newValue
            logger(.set, newValue)
        }
    }

    // This is a read-only computed property.
    var projectedValue: Logged<Value> { self }
}

class Person: LoggedProtocol {
    var name: String
    required init(wrappedValue: String, logger: @escaping (Event, String) -> Void) {
        self.name = wrappedValue
        logger(.get, wrappedValue)
    }
}

```swift
enum Event {
    case get, set
}

protocol LoggedProtocol {
    associatedtype Value
    init(wrappedValue: Value, logger: @escaping (Event, Value) -> Void)
}

// Property wrapper that logs access and modification of the wrapped property.
@propertyWrapper
struct Logged<Value> {
    private var logger: (Event, Value) -> Void
    private var value: Value

    init(wrappedValue: Value, logger: @escaping (Event, Value) -> Void) {
        self.value = wrappedValue
        self.logger = logger
    }

    var wrappedValue: Value {
        get { value }
        set {
            value = newValue
            logger(.set, newValue)
        }
    }

    // This is a read-only computed property.
    var projectedValue: Logged<Value> { self }
}

// A class that can be logged.
class Person: LoggedProtocol {
    var name: String
    required init(wrappedValue: String, logger: @escaping (Event, String) -> Void) {
        self.name = wrappedValue
        logger(.get, wrappedValue)
    }
}

// Create a person and log access to the name property.
let person = Person(wrappedValue: "<NAME>") { event, name in
    print("Person accessed: \(name)")
}

// Access the name property.
person.name

// Change the name property.
person.name = "<NAME>"
```

enum Event {
    case get, set
}

protocol LoggedProtocol {
    associatedtype Value
    init(wrappedValue: Value, logger: @escaping (Event, Value) -> Void)
}

@propertyWrapper
struct Logged<Value> {
    private var logger: (Event, Value) -> Void
    private var value: Value

    init(wrappedValue: Value, logger: @escaping (Event, Value) -> Void) {
        self.value = wrappedValue
        self.logger = logger
    }

    var wrappedValue: Value {
        get { value }
        set {
            logger(.set, newValue)
            value = newValue
        }
    }

    // The `projectedValue` property is the property wrapper's
    // projected value.
    var projectedValue: Logged<Value>.ProjectedValue {
        get { ProjectedValue(logger: logger, value: value) }
        set { value = newValue.value }
    }
}

struct ProjectedValue<Value> {
    var value: Value
    var logger: (Event, Value) -> Void
}

extension ProjectedValue: LoggedProtocol {
    init(wrappedValue: Value, logger: @escaping (Event, Value) -> Void) {
        self.value = wrappedValue
        self.logger = logger
    }
}

```swift
enum Event {
    case get, set
}

protocol LoggedProtocol {
    associatedtype Value
    init(wrappedValue: Value, logger: @escaping (Event, Value) -> Void)
}

// Property wrapper that logs access and modification of the wrapped property.
@propertyWrapper
struct Logged<Value> {
    private var logger: (Event, Value) -> Void
    private var value: Value

    init(wrappedValue: Value, logger: @escaping (Event, Value) -> Void) {
        self.value = wrappedValue
        self.logger = logger
    }

    var wrappedValue: Value {
        get { value }
        set {
            logger(.set, newValue)
            value = newValue
        }
    }

    // The `projectedValue` property is the property wrapper's
    // projected value.
    var projectedValue: Logged<Value>.ProjectedValue {
        get { ProjectedValue(logger: logger, value: value) }
        set { value = newValue.value }
    }
}

// The projected value of the `Logged` property wrapper.
struct ProjectedValue<Value> {
    var value: Value
    var logger: (Event, Value) -> Void
}

// The `ProjectedValue` property wrapper is used to
// implement the `projectedValue` property of the
// `Logged` property wrapper.
extension ProjectedValue: LoggedProtocol {
    init(wrappedValue: Value, logger: @escaping (Event, Value) -> Void) {
        self.value = wrappedValue
        self.logger = logger
    }
}

// The `ProjectedValue` property wrapper is used to
// implement the `projectedValue` property of the
// `Logged` property wrapper.
extension ProjectedValue: LoggedProtocol {
    init(wrappedValue: Value, logger: @escaping (Event, Value) -> Void) {
        self.value = wrappedValue
        self.logger = logger
    }
}

// The `ProjectedValue` property wrapper is used to
// implement the `projectedValue` property of the
// `Logged` property wrapper.
extension ProjectedValue: LoggedProtocol {
    init(wrappedValue: Value, logger: @escaping (Event, Value) -> Void) {
        self.value = wrappedValue
        self.logger = logger
    }
}

// The `ProjectedValue` property wrapper is used to
// implement the `projectedValue` property of the
// `Logged` property wrapper.
extension ProjectedValue: LoggedProtocol {
    init(wrappedValue: Value, logger: @escaping (Event, Value) -> Void) {
        self.value = wrappedValue
        self.logger = logger
    }
}

// The `ProjectedValue` property wrapper is used to
// implement the `projectedValue` property of the
// `Logged` property wrapper.
extension ProjectedValue: LoggedProtocol {
    init(wrappedValue: Value, logger: @escaping (Event, Value) -> Void) {
        self.value = wrappedValue
        self.logger = logger
    }
}

// The `ProjectedValue` property wrapper is used to
// implement the `projectedValue` property of the
// `Logged` property wrapper.
extension ProjectedValue: LoggedProtocol {
    init(wrappedValue: Value, logger: @escaping (Event, Value) -> Void) {
        self.value = wrappedValue
        self.logger = logger
    }
}

// The `ProjectedValue` property wrapper is used to
// implement the `projectedValue` property of the
// `Logged` property wrapper.
extension ProjectedValue: LoggedProtocol {
    init(wrappedValue: Value, logger: @escaping (Event, Value) -> Void) {
        self.value = wrappedValue
        self.logger = logger
    }
}

// The `ProjectedValue` property wrapper is used to
// implement the `projectedValue` property of the
// `Logged` property wrapper.
extension ProjectedValue: LoggedProtocol {
    init(wrappedValue: Value, logger: @escaping (Event, Value) -> Void) {
        self.value = wrappedValue
        self.logger = logger
    }
}

// The `ProjectedValue` property wrapper is used to
// implement the `projectedValue` property of the
// `Logged` property wrapper.
extension ProjectedValue: LoggedProtocol {
    init(wrappedValue: Value, logger: @escaping (Event, Value) -> Void) {
        self.value = wrappedValue
        self.logger = logger
    }
}

// The `ProjectedValue` property wrapper is used to
// implement the `projectedValue` property of the
// `Logged` property wrapper.
extension ProjectedValue: LoggedProtocol {
    init(wrappedValue: Value, logger: @escaping (Event, Value) -> Void) {
        self.value = wrappedValue
        self

enum Event {
    case get, set
}

protocol LoggedProtocol {
    associatedtype Value
    init(wrappedValue: Value, logger: @escaping (Event, Value) -> Void)
}

@propertyWrapper
struct Logged<Value> : LoggedProtocol {
    var wrappedValue: Value
    var logger: (Event, Value) -> Void

    init(wrappedValue: Value, logger: @escaping (Event, Value) -> Void) {
        self.wrappedValue = wrappedValue
        self.logger = logger
    }
}

class Person {
    var name: String
    var age: Int

    // The property wrapper is used to log access and modification of the
    // wrapped properties.
    @Logged var name: String
    @Logged var age: Int

    init(name: String, age: Int) {
        self.name = name
        self.age = age
    }
}

```swift
enum Event {
    case get, set
}

protocol LoggedProtocol {
    associatedtype Value
    init(wrappedValue: Value, logger: @escaping (Event, Value) -> Void)
}

// Property wrapper that logs access and modification of the wrapped property.
@propertyWrapper
struct Logged<Value> : LoggedProtocol {
    var wrappedValue: Value
    var logger: (Event, Value) -> Void

    init(wrappedValue: Value, logger: @escaping (Event, Value) -> Void) {
        self.wrappedValue = wrappedValue
        self.logger = logger
    }
}

// A class that can be used as a property wrapper.
class Person {
    var name: String
    var age: Int

    // The property wrapper is used to log access and modification of the
    // wrapped properties.
    @Logged var name: String
    @Logged var age: Int

    init(name: String, age: Int) {
        self.name = name
        self.age = age
    }
}

// Create a person.
let person = Person(name: "<NAME>", age: 20)

// Log the access and modification of the wrapped properties.
person.name = "<NAME>"
person.age = 21
```

enum Event {
    case get, set
}

protocol LoggedProtocol {
    associatedtype Value
    init(wrappedValue: Value, logger: @escaping (Event, Value) -> Void)
}

@propertyWrapper
struct Logged<Value> {
    var value: Value
    var logger: (Event, Value) -> Void

    init(wrappedValue: Value, logger: @escaping (Event, Value) -> Void) {
        self.value = wrappedValue
        self.logger = logger
    }

    var wrappedValue: Value {
        get { value }
        set {
            value = newValue
            logger(.set, newValue)
        }
    }

    // The key path of the property wrapper.
    var projectedValue: Logged<Value> { self }
}

struct User {
    @Logged var name: String
}

```swift
enum Event {
    case get, set
}

protocol LoggedProtocol {
    associatedtype Value
    init(wrappedValue: Value, logger: @escaping (Event, Value) -> Void)
}

// Property wrapper that logs access and modification of the wrapped property.
@propertyWrapper
struct Logged<Value> {
    var value: Value
    var logger: (Event, Value) -> Void

    init(wrappedValue: Value, logger: @escaping (Event, Value) -> Void) {
        self.value = wrappedValue
        self.logger = logger
    }

    var wrappedValue: Value {
        get { value }
        set {
            value = newValue
            logger(.set, newValue)
        }
    }

    // The key path of the property wrapper.
    var projectedValue: Logged<Value> { self }
}

// A property that logs access and modification.
struct User {
    @Logged var name: String
}

let user = User(name: "<NAME>")

// Prints "get: <NAME>"
print(user.name)

// Prints "set: <NAME>"
user.name = "<NAME>"
```

enum Event {
    case get, set
}

protocol LoggedProtocol {
    associatedtype Value
    init(wrappedValue: Value, logger: @escaping (Event, Value) -> Void)
}

@propertyWrapper
struct Logged<Value> : LoggedProtocol {
    var wrappedValue: Value
    var logger: (Event, Value) -> Void

    init(wrappedValue: Value, logger: @escaping (Event, Value) -> Void) {
        self.wrappedValue = wrappedValue
        self.logger = logger
    }
}

struct LoggedProperty<Value> : LoggedProtocol {
    var wrappedValue: Value
    var logger: (Event, Value) -> Void

    init(wrappedValue: Value, logger: @escaping (Event, Value) -> Void) {
        self.wrappedValue = wrappedValue
        self.logger = logger
    }
}

struct LoggedProperty2<Value> : LoggedProtocol {
    var wrappedValue: Value
    var logger: (Event, Value) -> Void

    init(wrappedValue: Value, logger: @escaping (Event, Value) -> Void) {
        self.wrappedValue = wrappedValue
        self.logger = logger
    }
}

struct LoggedProperty3<Value> : LoggedProtocol {
    var wrappedValue: Value
    var logger: (Event, Value) -> Void

    init(wrappedValue: Value, logger: @escaping (Event, Value) -> Void) {
        self.wrappedValue = wrappedValue
        self.logger = logger
    }
}

struct LoggedProperty4<Value> : LoggedProtocol {
    var wrappedValue: Value
    var logger: (Event, Value) -> Void

    init(wrappedValue: Value, logger: @escaping (Event, Value) -> Void) {
        self.wrappedValue = wrappedValue
        self.logger = logger
    }
}

struct LoggedProperty5<Value> : LoggedProtocol {
    var wrappedValue: Value
    var logger: (Event, Value) -> Void

    init(wrappedValue: Value, logger: @escaping (Event, Value) -> Void) {
        self.wrappedValue = wrappedValue
        self.logger = logger
    }
}

struct LoggedProperty6<Value> : LoggedProtocol {
    var wrappedValue: Value
    var logger: (Event, Value) -> Void

    init(wrappedValue: Value, logger: @escaping (Event, Value) -> Void) {
        self.wrappedValue = wrappedValue
        self.logger = logger
    }
}

struct LoggedProperty7<Value> : LoggedProtocol {
    var wrappedValue: Value
    var logger: (Event, Value) -> Void

    init(wrappedValue: Value, logger: @escaping (Event, Value) -> Void) {
        self.wrappedValue = wrappedValue
        self.logger = logger
    }
}

struct LoggedProperty8<Value> : LoggedProtocol {
    var wrappedValue: Value
    var logger: (Event, Value) -> Void

    init(wrappedValue: Value, logger: @escaping (Event, Value) -> Void) {
        self.wrappedValue = wrappedValue
        self.logger = logger
    }
}

struct LoggedProperty9<Value> : LoggedProtocol {
    var wrappedValue: Value
    var logger: (Event, Value) -> Void

    init(wrappedValue: Value, logger: @escaping (Event, Value) -> Void) {
        self.wrappedValue = wrappedValue
        self.logger = logger
    }
}

struct LoggedProperty10<Value> : LoggedProtocol {
    var wrappedValue: Value
    var logger: (Event, Value) -> Void

    init(wrappedValue: Value, logger: @escaping (Event, Value) -> Void) {
        self.wrappedValue = wrappedValue
        self.logger = logger
    }
}

```swift
enum Event {
    case get, set
}

protocol LoggedProtocol {
    associatedtype Value
    init(wrappedValue: Value, logger: @escaping (Event, Value) -> Void)
}

// Property wrapper that logs access and modification of the wrapped property.
@propertyWrapper
struct Logged<Value> : LoggedProtocol {
    var wrappedValue: Value
    var logger: (Event, Value) -> Void

    init(wrappedValue: Value, logger: @escaping (Event, Value) -> Void) {
        self.wrappedValue = wrappedValue
        self.logger = logger
    }
}

// A property wrapper that logs access and modification of the wrapped property.
struct LoggedProperty<Value> : LoggedProtocol {
    var wrappedValue: Value
    var logger: (Event, Value) -> Void

    init(wrappedValue: Value, logger: @escaping (Event, Value) -> Void) {
        self.wrappedValue = wrappedValue
        self.logger = logger
    }
}

// A property wrapper that logs access and modification of the wrapped property.
struct LoggedProperty2<Value> : LoggedProtocol {
    var wrappedValue: Value
    var logger: (Event, Value) -> Void

    init(wrappedValue: Value, logger: @escaping (Event, Value) -> Void) {
        self.wrappedValue = wrappedValue
        self.logger = logger
    }
}

// A property wrapper that logs access and modification of the wrapped property.
struct LoggedProperty3<Value> : LoggedProtocol {
    var wrappedValue: Value
    var logger: (Event, Value) -> Void

    init(wrappedValue: Value, logger: @escaping (Event, Value) -> Void) {
        self.wrappedValue = wrappedValue
        self.logger = logger
    }
}

// A property wrapper that logs access and modification of the wrapped property.
struct LoggedProperty4<Value> : LoggedProtocol {
    var wrappedValue: Value
    var logger: (Event, Value) -> Void

    init(wrappedValue: Value, logger: @escaping (Event, Value) -> Void) {
        self.wrappedValue = wrappedValue
        self.logger = logger
    }
}

// A property wrapper that logs access and modification of the wrapped property.
struct LoggedProperty5<Value> : LoggedProtocol {
    var wrappedValue: Value
    var logger: (Event, Value) -> Void

    init(wrappedValue: Value, logger: @escaping (Event, Value) -> Void) {
        self.wrappedValue = wrappedValue
        self.logger = logger
    }
}

// A property wrapper that logs access and modification of the wrapped property.
struct LoggedProperty6<Value> : LoggedProtocol {
    var wrappedValue: Value
    var logger: (Event, Value) -> Void

    init(wrappedValue: Value, logger: @escaping (Event, Value) -> Void) {
        self.wrappedValue = wrappedValue
        self.logger = logger
    }
}

// A property wrapper that logs access and modification of the wrapped property.
struct LoggedProperty7<Value> : LoggedProtocol {
    var wrappedValue: Value
    var logger: (Event, Value) -> Void

    init(wrappedValue: Value, logger: @escaping (Event, Value) -> Void) {
        self.wrappedValue = wrappedValue
        self.logger = logger
    }
}

// A property wrapper that logs access and modification of the wrapped property.
struct LoggedProperty8<Value> : LoggedProtocol {
    var wrappedValue: Value
    var logger: (Event, Value) -> Void

    init(wrappedValue: Value, logger: @escaping (Event, Value) -> Void) {
        self.wrappedValue = wrappedValue
        self.logger = logger
    }
}

// A property wrapper that logs access and modification of the wrapped property.
struct LoggedProperty9<Value> : LoggedProtocol {
    var wrappedValue: Value
    var logger: (Event, Value) -> Void

    init(wrappedValue: Value, logger: @escaping (Event, Value) -> Void) {
        self.wrappedValue = wrappedValue
        self.logger = logger
    }
}

// A property wrapper that logs access and modification of the wrapped property.
struct LoggedProperty10<Value> : LoggedProtocol {
    var wrappedValue: Value
    var logger: (Event, Value) -> Void

    init(wrappedValue: Value, logger: @escaping (Event, Value) -> Void) {
        self.wrappedValue = wrappedValue
        self.logger = logger
    }
}

// A property wrapper that logs access and modification of the wrapped property.
struct LoggedProperty11<Value> : LoggedProtocol {
    var wrappedValue: Value
    var logger: (Event, Value) -> Void

    init(wrappedValue: Value, logger: @escaping (Event, Value) -> Void) {
        self.wrappedValue = wrappedValue

enum Event {
    case get, set
}

protocol LoggedProtocol {
    associatedtype Value
    init(wrappedValue: Value, logger: @escaping (Event, Value) -> Void)
}

@propertyWrapper
struct Logged<Value> : LoggedProtocol {
    var wrappedValue: Value
    var logger: (Event, Value) -> Void

    init(wrappedValue: Value, logger: @escaping (Event, Value) -> Void) {
        self.wrappedValue = wrappedValue
        self.logger = logger
    }

    // The property's value is accessed through this computed property.
    var projectedValue: Logged<Value> {
        get { self }
        set { self.wrappedValue = newValue.wrappedValue }
    }
}

@propertyWrapper
struct Logged2<Value> : LoggedProtocol {
    var wrappedValue: Value
    var logger: (Event, Value) -> Void

    init(wrappedValue: Value, logger: @escaping (Event, Value) -> Void) {
        self.wrappedValue = wrappedValue
        self.logger = logger
    }

    // The property's value is accessed through this computed property.
    var projectedValue: Logged2<Value> {
        get { self }
        set { self.wrappedValue = newValue.wrappedValue }
    }
}

@propertyWrapper
struct Logged3<Value> : LoggedProtocol {
    var wrappedValue: Value
    var logger: (Event, Value) -> Void

    init(wrappedValue: Value, logger: @escaping (Event, Value) -> Void) {
        self.wrappedValue = wrappedValue
        self.logger = logger
    }

    // The property's value is accessed through this computed property.
    var projectedValue: Logged3<Value> {
        get { self }
        set { self.wrappedValue = newValue.wrappedValue }
    }
}

@propertyWrapper
struct Logged4<Value> : LoggedProtocol {
    var wrappedValue: Value
    var logger: (Event, Value) -> Void

    init(wrappedValue: Value, logger: @escaping (Event, Value) -> Void) {
        self.wrappedValue = wrappedValue
        self.logger = logger
    }

    // The property's value is accessed through this computed property.
    var projectedValue: Logged4<Value> {
        get { self }
        set { self.wrappedValue = newValue.wrappedValue }
    }
}

@propertyWrapper
struct Logged5<Value> : LoggedProtocol {
    var wrappedValue: Value
    var logger: (Event, Value) -> Void

    init(wrappedValue: Value, logger: @escaping (Event, Value) -> Void) {
        self.wrappedValue = wrappedValue
        self.logger = logger
    }

    // The property's value is accessed through this computed property.
    var projectedValue: Logged5<Value> {
        get { self }
        set { self.wrappedValue = newValue.wrappedValue }
    }
}

@propertyWrapper
struct Logged6<Value> : LoggedProtocol {
    var wrappedValue: Value
    var logger: (Event, Value) -> Void

    init(wrappedValue: Value, logger: @escaping (Event, Value) -> Void) {
        self.wrappedValue = wrappedValue
        self.logger = logger
    }

    // The property's value is accessed through this computed property.
    var projectedValue: Logged6<Value> {
        get { self }
        set { self.wrappedValue = newValue.wrappedValue }
    }
}

@propertyWrapper
struct Logged7<Value> : LoggedProtocol {
    var wrappedValue: Value
    var logger: (Event, Value) -> Void

    init(wrappedValue: Value, logger: @escaping (Event, Value) -> Void) {
        self.wrappedValue = wrappedValue
        self.logger = logger
    }

    // The property's value is accessed through this computed property.
    var projectedValue: Logged7<Value> {
        get { self }
        set { self.wrappedValue = newValue.wrappedValue }
    }
}

```swift
enum Event {
    case get, set
}

protocol LoggedProtocol {
    associatedtype Value
    init(wrappedValue: Value, logger: @escaping (Event, Value) -> Void)
}

// Property wrapper that logs access and modification of the wrapped property.
@propertyWrapper
struct Logged<Value> : LoggedProtocol {
    var wrappedValue: Value
    var logger: (Event, Value) -> Void

    init(wrappedValue: Value, logger: @escaping (Event, Value) -> Void) {
        self.wrappedValue = wrappedValue
        self.logger = logger
    }

    // The property's value is accessed through this computed property.
    var projectedValue: Logged<Value> {
        get { self }
        set { self.wrappedValue = newValue.wrappedValue }
    }
}

// A property wrapper that logs access and modification of the wrapped property.
@propertyWrapper
struct Logged2<Value> : LoggedProtocol {
    var wrappedValue: Value
    var logger: (Event, Value) -> Void

    init(wrappedValue: Value, logger: @escaping (Event, Value) -> Void) {
        self.wrappedValue = wrappedValue
        self.logger = logger
    }

    // The property's value is accessed through this computed property.
    var projectedValue: Logged2<Value> {
        get { self }
        set { self.wrappedValue = newValue.wrappedValue }
    }
}

// A property wrapper that logs access and modification of the wrapped property.
@propertyWrapper
struct Logged3<Value> : LoggedProtocol {
    var wrappedValue: Value
    var logger: (Event, Value) -> Void

    init(wrappedValue: Value, logger: @escaping (Event, Value) -> Void) {
        self.wrappedValue = wrappedValue
        self.logger = logger
    }

    // The property's value is accessed through this computed property.
    var projectedValue: Logged3<Value> {
        get { self }
        set { self.wrappedValue = newValue.wrappedValue }
    }
}

// A property wrapper that logs access and modification of the wrapped property.
@propertyWrapper
struct Logged4<Value> : LoggedProtocol {
    var wrappedValue: Value
    var logger: (Event, Value) -> Void

    init(wrappedValue: Value, logger: @escaping (Event, Value) -> Void) {
        self.wrappedValue = wrappedValue
        self.logger = logger
    }

    // The property's value is accessed through this computed property.
    var projectedValue: Logged4<Value> {
        get { self }
        set { self.wrappedValue = newValue.wrappedValue }
    }
}

// A property wrapper that logs access and modification of the wrapped property.
@propertyWrapper
struct Logged5<Value> : LoggedProtocol {
    var wrappedValue: Value
    var logger: (Event, Value) -> Void

    init(wrappedValue: Value, logger: @escaping (Event, Value) -> Void) {
        self.wrappedValue = wrappedValue
        self.logger = logger
    }

    // The property's value is accessed through this computed property.
    var projectedValue: Logged5<Value> {
        get { self }
        set { self.wrappedValue = newValue.wrappedValue }
    }
}

// A property wrapper that logs access and modification of the wrapped property.
@propertyWrapper
struct Logged6<Value> : LoggedProtocol {
    var wrappedValue: Value
    var logger: (Event, Value) -> Void

    init(wrappedValue: Value, logger: @escaping (Event, Value) -> Void) {
        self.wrappedValue = wrappedValue
        self.logger = logger
    }

    // The property's value is accessed through this computed property.
    var projectedValue: Logged6<Value> {
        get { self }
        set { self.wrappedValue = newValue.wrappedValue }
    }
}

// A property wrapper that logs access and modification of the wrapped property.
@propertyWrapper
struct Logged7<Value> : LoggedProtocol {
    var wrappedValue: Value
    var logger: (Event, Value) -> Void

    init(wrappedValue: Value, logger: @escaping (Event, Value) -> Void) {
        self.wrappedValue = wrappedValue
        self.logger = logger
    }

    // The property's value is accessed through this computed property.
    var projectedValue: Logged7<Value> {
        get { self }
        set { self.wrappedValue = newValue.wrappedValue }
    }
}

// A property wrapper that logs access and modification of the wrapped property.
@propertyWrapper
struct Logged8<Value> : LoggedProtocol {
    var wrappedValue: Value
    var logger: (Event, Value) -> Void

    init(wrappedValue: Value, logger: @escaping (Event, Value) -> Void) {
        self.wrappedValue = wrappedValue
        self.logger = logger
    }

    // The property's value is accessed through this

protocol WeatherProvider {
    func forecast(for city: String) throws -> String
}

enum UserAction {
    case keyboardCharacterSelect(Character)
    case keyboardDeleteBackwards
    case searchButtonPress
}

enum ApplicationFeedback: Equatable {
    case success(city: String, forecast: String)
    case failure(city: String)
}

protocol WeatherApplicationDependencies {
    init(provider: WeatherProvider)
}

protocol WeatherApplicationInteractions {
    func handle(action: UserAction) -> ApplicationFeedback?
}

typealias WeatherApplicationProtocol = WeatherApplicationDependencies & WeatherApplicationInteractions

class WeatherApplication: WeatherApplicationProtocol {
    let provider: WeatherProvider

    required init(provider: WeatherProvider) {
        self.provider = provider
    }

    func handle(action: UserAction) -> ApplicationFeedback? {
        switch action {
        case.keyboardCharacterSelect(let character):
            return.failure(city: character)
        case.keyboardDeleteBackwards:
            return nil
        case.searchButtonPress:
            return.success(city: "London", forecast: try! provider.forecast(for: "London"))
        }
    }
}

```swift
protocol WeatherProvider {
    func forecast(for city: String) throws -> String
}

enum UserAction {
    case keyboardCharacterSelect(Character)
    case keyboardDeleteBackwards
    case searchButtonPress
}

enum ApplicationFeedback: Equatable {
    case success(city: String, forecast: String)
    case failure(city: String)
}

protocol WeatherApplicationDependencies {
    init(provider: WeatherProvider)
}

protocol WeatherApplicationInteractions {
    func handle(action: UserAction) -> ApplicationFeedback?
}

typealias WeatherApplicationProtocol = WeatherApplicationDependencies & WeatherApplicationInteractions

// Weather application provider.
// Handle user actions to fill search bar results and use WeatherProvider to check forecast.
class WeatherApplication: WeatherApplicationProtocol {
    let provider: WeatherProvider

    required init(provider: WeatherProvider) {
        self.provider = provider
    }

    func handle(action: UserAction) -> ApplicationFeedback? {
        switch action {
        case.keyboardCharacterSelect(let character):
            return.failure(city: character)
        case.keyboardDeleteBackwards:
            return nil
        case.searchButtonPress:
            return.success(city: "London", forecast: try! provider.forecast(for: "London"))
        }
    }
}
```

protocol WeatherProvider {
    func forecast(for city: String) throws -> String
}

enum UserAction {
    case keyboardCharacterSelect(Character)
    case keyboardDeleteBackwards
    case searchButtonPress
}

enum ApplicationFeedback: Equatable {
    case success(city: String, forecast: String)
    case failure(city: String)
}

protocol WeatherApplicationDependencies {
    init(provider: WeatherProvider)
}

protocol WeatherApplicationInteractions {
    func handle(action: UserAction) -> ApplicationFeedback?
}

typealias WeatherApplicationProtocol = WeatherApplicationDependencies & WeatherApplicationInteractions

class WeatherApplication: WeatherApplicationProtocol {
    let provider: WeatherProvider

    required init(provider: WeatherProvider) {
        self.provider = provider
    }

    func handle(action: UserAction) -> ApplicationFeedback? {
        switch action {
        case.keyboardCharacterSelect(let character):
            // TODO: Handle character selection.
            return nil
        case.keyboardDeleteBackwards:
            // TODO: Handle backspace.
            return nil
        case.searchButtonPress:
            // TODO: Handle search button press.
            return nil
        }
    }
}

```swift
protocol WeatherProvider {
    func forecast(for city: String) throws -> String
}

enum UserAction {
    case keyboardCharacterSelect(Character)
    case keyboardDeleteBackwards
    case searchButtonPress
}

enum ApplicationFeedback: Equatable {
    case success(city: String, forecast: String)
    case failure(city: String)
}

protocol WeatherApplicationDependencies {
    init(provider: WeatherProvider)
}

protocol WeatherApplicationInteractions {
    func handle(action: UserAction) -> ApplicationFeedback?
}

typealias WeatherApplicationProtocol = WeatherApplicationDependencies & WeatherApplicationInteractions

// Weather application provider.
// Handle user actions to fill search bar results and use WeatherProvider to check forecast.
class WeatherApplication: WeatherApplicationProtocol {
    let provider: WeatherProvider

    required init(provider: WeatherProvider) {
        self.provider = provider
    }

    func handle(action: UserAction) -> ApplicationFeedback? {
        switch action {
        case.keyboardCharacterSelect(let character):
            // TODO: Handle character selection.
            return nil
        case.keyboardDeleteBackwards:
            // TODO: Handle backspace.
            return nil
        case.searchButtonPress:
            // TODO: Handle search button press.
            return nil
        }
    }
}
```

protocol WeatherProvider {
    func forecast(for city: String) throws -> String
}

enum UserAction {
    case keyboardCharacterSelect(Character)
    case keyboardDeleteBackwards
    case searchButtonPress
}

enum ApplicationFeedback: Equatable {
    case success(city: String, forecast: String)
    case failure(city: String)
}

protocol WeatherApplicationDependencies {
    init(provider: WeatherProvider)
}

protocol WeatherApplicationInteractions {
    func handle(action: UserAction) -> ApplicationFeedback?
}

typealias WeatherApplicationProtocol = WeatherApplicationDependencies & WeatherApplicationInteractions

class WeatherApplication: WeatherApplicationProtocol {
    private let provider: WeatherProvider

    required init(provider: WeatherProvider) {
        self.provider = provider
    }

    func handle(action: UserAction) -> ApplicationFeedback? {
        switch action {
        case.keyboardCharacterSelect(let character):
            // TODO: Handle character selection.
            return nil
        case.keyboardDeleteBackwards:
            // TODO: Handle backspace.
            return nil
        case.searchButtonPress:
            // TODO: Handle search button press.
            return nil
        }
    }
}

```swift
protocol WeatherProvider {
    func forecast(for city: String) throws -> String
}

enum UserAction {
    case keyboardCharacterSelect(Character)
    case keyboardDeleteBackwards
    case searchButtonPress
}

enum ApplicationFeedback: Equatable {
    case success(city: String, forecast: String)
    case failure(city: String)
}

protocol WeatherApplicationDependencies {
    init(provider: WeatherProvider)
}

protocol WeatherApplicationInteractions {
    func handle(action: UserAction) -> ApplicationFeedback?
}

typealias WeatherApplicationProtocol = WeatherApplicationDependencies & WeatherApplicationInteractions

// Weather application provider.
// Handle user actions to fill search bar results and use WeatherProvider to check forecast.
class WeatherApplication: WeatherApplicationProtocol {
    private let provider: WeatherProvider

    required init(provider: WeatherProvider) {
        self.provider = provider
    }

    func handle(action: UserAction) -> ApplicationFeedback? {
        switch action {
        case.keyboardCharacterSelect(let character):
            // TODO: Handle character selection.
            return nil
        case.keyboardDeleteBackwards:
            // TODO: Handle backspace.
            return nil
        case.searchButtonPress:
            // TODO: Handle search button press.
            return nil
        }
    }
}
```

protocol WeatherProvider {
    func forecast(for city: String) throws -> String
}

enum UserAction {
    case keyboardCharacterSelect(Character)
    case keyboardDeleteBackwards
    case searchButtonPress
}

enum ApplicationFeedback: Equatable {
    case success(city: String, forecast: String)
    case failure(city: String)
}

protocol WeatherApplicationDependencies {
    init(provider: WeatherProvider)
}

protocol WeatherApplicationInteractions {
    func handle(action: UserAction) -> ApplicationFeedback?
}

typealias WeatherApplicationProtocol = WeatherApplicationDependencies & WeatherApplicationInteractions

class WeatherApplication: WeatherApplicationProtocol {
    private let provider: WeatherProvider

    required init(provider: WeatherProvider) {
        self.provider = provider
    }

    func handle(action: UserAction) -> ApplicationFeedback? {
        switch action {
        case.keyboardCharacterSelect(let character):
            return.success(city: character.description, forecast: "Forecast: \(character.description)")
        case.keyboardDeleteBackwards:
            return nil
        case.searchButtonPress:
            return.failure(city: "City not found")
        }
    }
}

```swift
protocol WeatherProvider {
    func forecast(for city: String) throws -> String
}

enum UserAction {
    case keyboardCharacterSelect(Character)
    case keyboardDeleteBackwards
    case searchButtonPress
}

enum ApplicationFeedback: Equatable {
    case success(city: String, forecast: String)
    case failure(city: String)
}

protocol WeatherApplicationDependencies {
    init(provider: WeatherProvider)
}

protocol WeatherApplicationInteractions {
    func handle(action: UserAction) -> ApplicationFeedback?
}

typealias WeatherApplicationProtocol = WeatherApplicationDependencies & WeatherApplicationInteractions

// Weather application provider.
// Handle user actions to fill search bar results and use WeatherProvider to check forecast.
class WeatherApplication: WeatherApplicationProtocol {
    private let provider: WeatherProvider

    required init(provider: WeatherProvider) {
        self.provider = provider
    }

    func handle(action: UserAction) -> ApplicationFeedback? {
        switch action {
        case.keyboardCharacterSelect(let character):
            return.success(city: character.description, forecast: "Forecast: \(character.description)")
        case.keyboardDeleteBackwards:
            return nil
        case.searchButtonPress:
            return.failure(city: "City not found")
        }
    }
}
```

protocol WeatherProvider {
    func forecast(for city: String) throws -> String
}

enum UserAction {
    case keyboardCharacterSelect(Character)
    case keyboardDeleteBackwards
    case searchButtonPress
}

enum ApplicationFeedback: Equatable {
    case success(city: String, forecast: String)
    case failure(city: String)
}

protocol WeatherApplicationDependencies {
    init(provider: WeatherProvider)
}

protocol WeatherApplicationInteractions {
    func handle(action: UserAction) -> ApplicationFeedback?
}

typealias WeatherApplicationProtocol = WeatherApplicationDependencies & WeatherApplicationInteractions

class WeatherApplication: WeatherApplicationProtocol {
    private let provider: WeatherProvider

    required init(provider: WeatherProvider) {
        self.provider = provider
    }

    func handle(action: UserAction) -> ApplicationFeedback? {
        switch action {
        case.keyboardCharacterSelect(let character):
            return.success(city: character, forecast: "Forecast for \(character)")
        case.keyboardDeleteBackwards:
            return.failure(city: "No city selected")
        case.searchButtonPress:
            return.failure(city: "No city selected")
        }
    }
}

```swift
protocol WeatherProvider {
    func forecast(for city: String) throws -> String
}

enum UserAction {
    case keyboardCharacterSelect(Character)
    case keyboardDeleteBackwards
    case searchButtonPress
}

enum ApplicationFeedback: Equatable {
    case success(city: String, forecast: String)
    case failure(city: String)
}

protocol WeatherApplicationDependencies {
    init(provider: WeatherProvider)
}

protocol WeatherApplicationInteractions {
    func handle(action: UserAction) -> ApplicationFeedback?
}

typealias WeatherApplicationProtocol = WeatherApplicationDependencies & WeatherApplicationInteractions

// Weather application provider.
// Handle user actions to fill search bar results and use WeatherProvider to check forecast.
class WeatherApplication: WeatherApplicationProtocol {
    private let provider: WeatherProvider

    required init(provider: WeatherProvider) {
        self.provider = provider
    }

    func handle(action: UserAction) -> ApplicationFeedback? {
        switch action {
        case.keyboardCharacterSelect(let character):
            return.success(city: character, forecast: "Forecast for \(character)")
        case.keyboardDeleteBackwards:
            return.failure(city: "No city selected")
        case.searchButtonPress:
            return.failure(city: "No city selected")
        }
    }
}
```

protocol WeatherProvider {
    func forecast(for city: String) throws -> String
}

enum UserAction {
    case keyboardCharacterSelect(Character)
    case keyboardDeleteBackwards
    case searchButtonPress
}

enum ApplicationFeedback: Equatable {
    case success(city: String, forecast: String)
    case failure(city: String)
}

protocol WeatherApplicationDependencies {
    init(provider: WeatherProvider)
}

protocol WeatherApplicationInteractions {
    func handle(action: UserAction) -> ApplicationFeedback?
}

typealias WeatherApplicationProtocol = WeatherApplicationDependencies & WeatherApplicationInteractions

class WeatherApplication: WeatherApplicationProtocol {
    private let provider: WeatherProvider

    required init(provider: WeatherProvider) {
        self.provider = provider
    }

    func handle(action: UserAction) -> ApplicationFeedback? {
        switch action {
        case.keyboardCharacterSelect(let character):
            // TODO: Handle character selection.
            return nil
        case.keyboardDeleteBackwards:
            // TODO: Handle backspace.
            return nil
        case.searchButtonPress:
            // TODO: Handle search button press.
            return nil
        }
    }
}

```swift
protocol WeatherProvider {
    func forecast(for city: String) throws -> String
}

enum UserAction {
    case keyboardCharacterSelect(Character)
    case keyboardDeleteBackwards
    case searchButtonPress
}

enum ApplicationFeedback: Equatable {
    case success(city: String, forecast: String)
    case failure(city: String)
}

protocol WeatherApplicationDependencies {
    init(provider: WeatherProvider)
}

protocol WeatherApplicationInteractions {
    func handle(action: UserAction) -> ApplicationFeedback?
}

typealias WeatherApplicationProtocol = WeatherApplicationDependencies & WeatherApplicationInteractions

// Weather application provider.
// Handle user actions to fill search bar results and use WeatherProvider to check forecast.
class WeatherApplication: WeatherApplicationProtocol {
    private let provider: WeatherProvider

    required init(provider: WeatherProvider) {
        self.provider = provider
    }

    func handle(action: UserAction) -> ApplicationFeedback? {
        switch action {
        case.keyboardCharacterSelect(let character):
            // TODO: Handle character selection.
            return nil
        case.keyboardDeleteBackwards:
            // TODO: Handle backspace.
            return nil
        case.searchButtonPress:
            // TODO: Handle search button press.
            return nil
        }
    }
}
```

protocol WeatherProvider {
    func forecast(for city: String) throws -> String
}

enum UserAction {
    case keyboardCharacterSelect(Character)
    case keyboardDeleteBackwards
    case searchButtonPress
}

enum ApplicationFeedback: Equatable {
    case success(city: String, forecast: String)
    case failure(city: String)
}

protocol WeatherApplicationDependencies {
    init(provider: WeatherProvider)
}

protocol WeatherApplicationInteractions {
    func handle(action: UserAction) -> ApplicationFeedback?
}

typealias WeatherApplicationProtocol = WeatherApplicationDependencies & WeatherApplicationInteractions

class WeatherApplication: WeatherApplicationProtocol {
    private let provider: WeatherProvider

    required init(provider: WeatherProvider) {
        self.provider = provider
    }

    func handle(action: UserAction) -> ApplicationFeedback? {
        switch action {
        case.keyboardCharacterSelect(let character):
            // TODO: Handle character selection.
            return nil
        case.keyboardDeleteBackwards:
            // TODO: Handle backspace.
            return nil
        case.searchButtonPress:
            // TODO: Handle search button press.
            return nil
        }
    }
}

```swift
protocol WeatherProvider {
    func forecast(for city: String) throws -> String
}

enum UserAction {
    case keyboardCharacterSelect(Character)
    case keyboardDeleteBackwards
    case searchButtonPress
}

enum ApplicationFeedback: Equatable {
    case success(city: String, forecast: String)
    case failure(city: String)
}

protocol WeatherApplicationDependencies {
    init(provider: WeatherProvider)
}

protocol WeatherApplicationInteractions {
    func handle(action: UserAction) -> ApplicationFeedback?
}

typealias WeatherApplicationProtocol = WeatherApplicationDependencies & WeatherApplicationInteractions

// Weather application provider.
// Handle user actions to fill search bar results and use WeatherProvider to check forecast.
class WeatherApplication: WeatherApplicationProtocol {
    private let provider: WeatherProvider

    required init(provider: WeatherProvider) {
        self.provider = provider
    }

    func handle(action: UserAction) -> ApplicationFeedback? {
        switch action {
        case.keyboardCharacterSelect(let character):
            // TODO: Handle character selection.
            return nil
        case.keyboardDeleteBackwards:
            // TODO: Handle backspace.
            return nil
        case.searchButtonPress:
            // TODO: Handle search button press.
            return nil
        }
    }
}
```

protocol WeatherProvider {
    func forecast(for city: String) throws -> String
}

enum UserAction {
    case keyboardCharacterSelect(Character)
    case keyboardDeleteBackwards
    case searchButtonPress
}

enum ApplicationFeedback: Equatable {
    case success(city: String, forecast: String)
    case failure(city: String)
}

protocol WeatherApplicationDependencies {
    init(provider: WeatherProvider)
}

protocol WeatherApplicationInteractions {
    func handle(action: UserAction) -> ApplicationFeedback?
}

typealias WeatherApplicationProtocol = WeatherApplicationDependencies & WeatherApplicationInteractions

class WeatherApplication: WeatherApplicationProtocol {
    private let provider: WeatherProvider

    required init(provider: WeatherProvider) {
        self.provider = provider
    }

    func handle(action: UserAction) -> ApplicationFeedback? {
        switch action {
        case.keyboardCharacterSelect(let character):
            // TODO: Handle character selection.
            return nil
        case.keyboardDeleteBackwards:
            // TODO: Handle delete backwards.
            return nil
        case.searchButtonPress:
            // TODO: Handle search button press.
            return nil
        }
    }
}

```swift
protocol WeatherProvider {
    func forecast(for city: String) throws -> String
}

enum UserAction {
    case keyboardCharacterSelect(Character)
    case keyboardDeleteBackwards
    case searchButtonPress
}

enum ApplicationFeedback: Equatable {
    case success(city: String, forecast: String)
    case failure(city: String)
}

protocol WeatherApplicationDependencies {
    init(provider: WeatherProvider)
}

protocol WeatherApplicationInteractions {
    func handle(action: UserAction) -> ApplicationFeedback?
}

typealias WeatherApplicationProtocol = WeatherApplicationDependencies & WeatherApplicationInteractions

// Weather application provider.
// Handle user actions to fill search bar results and use WeatherProvider to check forecast.
class WeatherApplication: WeatherApplicationProtocol {
    private let provider: WeatherProvider

    required init(provider: WeatherProvider) {
        self.provider = provider
    }

    func handle(action: UserAction) -> ApplicationFeedback? {
        switch action {
        case.keyboardCharacterSelect(let character):
            // TODO: Handle character selection.
            return nil
        case.keyboardDeleteBackwards:
            // TODO: Handle delete backwards.
            return nil
        case.searchButtonPress:
            // TODO: Handle search button press.
            return nil
        }
    }
}
```

protocol WeatherProvider {
    func forecast(for city: String) throws -> String
}

enum UserAction {
    case keyboardCharacterSelect(Character)
    case keyboardDeleteBackwards
    case searchButtonPress
}

enum ApplicationFeedback: Equatable {
    case success(city: String, forecast: String)
    case failure(city: String)
}

protocol WeatherApplicationDependencies {
    init(provider: WeatherProvider)
}

protocol WeatherApplicationInteractions {
    func handle(action: UserAction) -> ApplicationFeedback?
}

typealias WeatherApplicationProtocol = WeatherApplicationDependencies & WeatherApplicationInteractions

class WeatherApplication: WeatherApplicationProtocol {
    private let provider: WeatherProvider

    required init(provider: WeatherProvider) {
        self.provider = provider
    }

    func handle(action: UserAction) -> ApplicationFeedback? {
        switch action {
        case.keyboardCharacterSelect(let character):
            // TODO: Handle character selection.
            return nil
        case.keyboardDeleteBackwards:
            // TODO: Handle backspace.
            return nil
        case.searchButtonPress:
            // TODO: Handle search button press.
            return nil
        }
    }
}

```swift
protocol WeatherProvider {
    func forecast(for city: String) throws -> String
}

enum UserAction {
    case keyboardCharacterSelect(Character)
    case keyboardDeleteBackwards
    case searchButtonPress
}

enum ApplicationFeedback: Equatable {
    case success(city: String, forecast: String)
    case failure(city: String)
}

protocol WeatherApplicationDependencies {
    init(provider: WeatherProvider)
}

protocol WeatherApplicationInteractions {
    func handle(action: UserAction) -> ApplicationFeedback?
}

typealias WeatherApplicationProtocol = WeatherApplicationDependencies & WeatherApplicationInteractions

// Weather application provider.
// Handle user actions to fill search bar results and use WeatherProvider to check forecast.
class WeatherApplication: WeatherApplicationProtocol {
    private let provider: WeatherProvider

    required init(provider: WeatherProvider) {
        self.provider = provider
    }

    func handle(action: UserAction) -> ApplicationFeedback? {
        switch action {
        case.keyboardCharacterSelect(let character):
            // TODO: Handle character selection.
            return nil
        case.keyboardDeleteBackwards:
            // TODO: Handle backspace.
            return nil
        case.searchButtonPress:
            // TODO: Handle search button press.
            return nil
        }
    }
}
```

protocol WeatherProvider {
    func forecast(for city: String) throws -> String
}

enum UserAction {
    case keyboardCharacterSelect(Character)
    case keyboardDeleteBackwards
    case searchButtonPress
}

enum ApplicationFeedback: Equatable {
    case success(city: String, forecast: String)
    case failure(city: String)
}

protocol WeatherApplicationDependencies {
    init(provider: WeatherProvider)
}

protocol WeatherApplicationInteractions {
    func handle(action: UserAction) -> ApplicationFeedback?
}

typealias WeatherApplicationProtocol = WeatherApplicationDependencies & WeatherApplicationInteractions

class WeatherApplication: WeatherApplicationProtocol {
    private let provider: WeatherProvider

    required init(provider: WeatherProvider) {
        self.provider = provider
    }

    func handle(action: UserAction) -> ApplicationFeedback? {
        switch action {
        case.keyboardCharacterSelect(let character):
            // TODO: Handle character selection.
            return nil
        case.keyboardDeleteBackwards:
            // TODO: Handle delete backwards.
            return nil
        case.searchButtonPress:
            // TODO: Handle search button press.
            return nil
        }
    }
}

```swift
protocol WeatherProvider {
    func forecast(for city: String) throws -> String
}

enum UserAction {
    case keyboardCharacterSelect(Character)
    case keyboardDeleteBackwards
    case searchButtonPress
}

enum ApplicationFeedback: Equatable {
    case success(city: String, forecast: String)
    case failure(city: String)
}

protocol WeatherApplicationDependencies {
    init(provider: WeatherProvider)
}

protocol WeatherApplicationInteractions {
    func handle(action: UserAction) -> ApplicationFeedback?
}

typealias WeatherApplicationProtocol = WeatherApplicationDependencies & WeatherApplicationInteractions

// Weather application provider.
// Handle user actions to fill search bar results and use WeatherProvider to check forecast.
class WeatherApplication: WeatherApplicationProtocol {
    private let provider: WeatherProvider

    required init(provider: WeatherProvider) {
        self.provider = provider
    }

    func handle(action: UserAction) -> ApplicationFeedback? {
        switch action {
        case.keyboardCharacterSelect(let character):
            // TODO: Handle character selection.
            return nil
        case.keyboardDeleteBackwards:
            // TODO: Handle delete backwards.
            return nil
        case.searchButtonPress:
            // TODO: Handle search button press.
            return nil
        }
    }
}
```