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engine mlx
prompt completion
temp 0.2
top_p 0.95
max_new_tokens 1024
n_completions 10

Solutions

typealias JSON = [String: Any]

enum ParsingError: Error {
    case invalidInput
    case internalError(Error)
}

func parse(string: String) throws -> JSON {
    guard let data = string.data(using:.utf8) else {
        throw ParsingError.invalidInput
    }
    do {
        let json = try JSONSerialization.jsonObject(with: data)
        guard let result = json as? JSON else {
            throw ParsingError.internalError(JSONSerializationError.typeMismatch)
        }
        return result
    } catch {
        throw ParsingError.internalError(error)
    }
}
```swift
typealias JSON = [String: Any]

enum ParsingError: Error {
    case invalidInput
    case internalError(Error)
}

// JSON parser, returns custom error type in case of failures.
func parse(string: String) throws -> JSON {
    guard let data = string.data(using:.utf8) else {
        throw ParsingError.invalidInput
    }
    do {
        let json = try JSONSerialization.jsonObject(with: data)
        guard let result = json as? JSON else {
            throw ParsingError.internalError(JSONSerializationError.typeMismatch)
        }
        return result
    } catch {
        throw ParsingError.internalError(error)
    }
}
```
throw ParsingError.internalError(JSONSerializationError.typeMismatch) // cannot find 'JSONSerializationError' in scope

typealias JSON = [String: Any]

enum ParsingError: Error {
    case invalidInput
    case internalError(Error)
}

func parse(string: String) throws -> JSON {
    guard let data = string.data(using:.utf8) else {
        throw ParsingError.invalidInput
    }
    do {
        let json = try JSONSerialization.jsonObject(with: data, options: []) as? JSON
        return json?? [:]
    } catch {
        throw ParsingError.internalError(error)
    }
}

func parse(string: String) throws -> JSON {
    guard let data = string.data(using:.utf8) else {
        throw NSError(domain: "ParsingError", code: 1, userInfo: nil)
    }
    do {
        let json = try JSONSerialization.jsonObject(with: data, options: []) as? JSON
        return json?? [:]
    } catch {
        throw error
    }
}
```swift
typealias JSON = [String: Any]

enum ParsingError: Error {
    case invalidInput
    case internalError(Error)
}

// JSON parser, returns custom error type in case of failures.
func parse(string: String) throws -> JSON {
    guard let data = string.data(using:.utf8) else {
        throw ParsingError.invalidInput
    }
    do {
        let json = try JSONSerialization.jsonObject(with: data, options: []) as? JSON
        return json?? [:]
    } catch {
        throw ParsingError.internalError(error)
    }
}

// JSON parser, returns NSError in case of failures.
func parse(string: String) throws -> JSON {
    guard let data = string.data(using:.utf8) else {
        throw NSError(domain: "ParsingError", code: 1, userInfo: nil)
    }
    do {
        let json = try JSONSerialization.jsonObject(with: data, options: []) as? JSON
        return json?? [:]
    } catch {
        throw error
    }
}
```
return json?? [:] // cannot use optional chaining on non-optional value of type 'JSON' (aka 'Dictionary<String, Any>')
return json?? [:] // missing argument for parameter #1 in subscript
return json?? [:] // expected expression in list of expressions
return json?? [:] // cannot convert return expression of type 'Any?' to return type 'JSON' (aka 'Dictionary<String, Any>')
func parse(string: String) throws -> JSON { // invalid redeclaration of 'parse(string:)'
return json?? [:] // cannot convert return expression of type 'Any?' to return type 'JSON' (aka 'Dictionary<String, Any>')
return json?? [:] // cannot use optional chaining on non-optional value of type 'JSON' (aka 'Dictionary<String, Any>')
return json?? [:] // missing argument for parameter #1 in subscript
return json?? [:] // expected expression in list of expressions

typealias JSON = [String: Any]

enum ParsingError: Error {
    case invalidInput
    case internalError(Error)
}

func parse(string: String) throws -> JSON {
    guard let data = string.data(using:.utf8) else {
        throw ParsingError.invalidInput
    }

    do {
        let json = try JSONSerialization.jsonObject(with: data, options: []) as? JSON
        return json?? [:]
    } catch {
        throw ParsingError.internalError(error)
    }
}
```swift
typealias JSON = [String: Any]

enum ParsingError: Error {
    case invalidInput
    case internalError(Error)
}

// JSON parser, returns custom error type in case of failures.
func parse(string: String) throws -> JSON {
    guard let data = string.data(using:.utf8) else {
        throw ParsingError.invalidInput
    }

    do {
        let json = try JSONSerialization.jsonObject(with: data, options: []) as? JSON
        return json?? [:]
    } catch {
        throw ParsingError.internalError(error)
    }
}
```
return json?? [:] // missing argument for parameter #1 in subscript
return json?? [:] // cannot convert return expression of type 'Any?' to return type 'JSON' (aka 'Dictionary<String, Any>')
return json?? [:] // cannot use optional chaining on non-optional value of type 'JSON' (aka 'Dictionary<String, Any>')
return json?? [:] // expected expression in list of expressions

typealias JSON = [String: Any]

enum ParsingError: Error {
    case invalidInput
    case internalError(Error)
}

func parse(string: String) throws -> JSON {
    guard let data = string.data(using:.utf8) else {
        throw ParsingError.invalidInput
    }
    do {
        let json = try JSONSerialization.jsonObject(with: data)
        return json as! JSON
    } catch {
        throw ParsingError.internalError(error)
    }
}

func parse(string: String) throws -> JSON {
    guard let data = string.data(using:.utf8) else {
        throw JSONSerialization.Error.invalidInput
    }
    do {
        let json = try JSONSerialization.jsonObject(with: data)
        return json as! JSON
    } catch {
        throw error
    }
}
```swift
typealias JSON = [String: Any]

enum ParsingError: Error {
    case invalidInput
    case internalError(Error)
}

// JSON parser, returns custom error type in case of failures.
func parse(string: String) throws -> JSON {
    guard let data = string.data(using:.utf8) else {
        throw ParsingError.invalidInput
    }
    do {
        let json = try JSONSerialization.jsonObject(with: data)
        return json as! JSON
    } catch {
        throw ParsingError.internalError(error)
    }
}

// JSON parser, returns Swift error type in case of failures.
func parse(string: String) throws -> JSON {
    guard let data = string.data(using:.utf8) else {
        throw JSONSerialization.Error.invalidInput
    }
    do {
        let json = try JSONSerialization.jsonObject(with: data)
        return json as! JSON
    } catch {
        throw error
    }
}
```
func parse(string: String) throws -> JSON { // invalid redeclaration of 'parse(string:)'
throw JSONSerialization.Error.invalidInput // type 'JSONSerialization' has no member 'Error'

typealias JSON = [String: Any]

enum ParsingError: Error {
    case invalidInput
    case internalError(Error)
}

func parse(string: String) throws -> JSON {
    guard let data = string.data(using:.utf8) else {
        throw ParsingError.invalidInput
    }

    do {
        let json = try JSONSerialization.jsonObject(with: data, options: []) as! JSON
        return json
    } catch {
        throw ParsingError.internalError(error)
    }
}
```swift
typealias JSON = [String: Any]

enum ParsingError: Error {
    case invalidInput
    case internalError(Error)
}

// JSON parser, returns custom error type in case of failures.
func parse(string: String) throws -> JSON {
    guard let data = string.data(using:.utf8) else {
        throw ParsingError.invalidInput
    }

    do {
        let json = try JSONSerialization.jsonObject(with: data, options: []) as! JSON
        return json
    } catch {
        throw ParsingError.internalError(error)
    }
}
```

typealias JSON = [String: Any]

enum ParsingError: Error {
    case invalidInput
    case internalError(Error)
}

func parse(string: String) throws -> JSON {
    guard let data = string.data(using:.utf8) else {
        throw ParsingError.invalidInput
    }

    do {
        return try JSONSerialization.jsonObject(with: data) as! JSON
    } catch {
        throw ParsingError.internalError(error)
    }
}

func parse(string: String) throws -> JSON {
    guard let data = string.data(using:.utf8) else {
        throw NSError(domain: "ParsingError", code: 1, userInfo: nil)
    }

    do {
        return try JSONSerialization.jsonObject(with: data) as! JSON
    } catch {
        throw NSError(domain: "ParsingError", code: 2, userInfo: nil)
    }
}
```swift
typealias JSON = [String: Any]

enum ParsingError: Error {
    case invalidInput
    case internalError(Error)
}

// JSON parser, returns custom error type in case of failures.
func parse(string: String) throws -> JSON {
    guard let data = string.data(using:.utf8) else {
        throw ParsingError.invalidInput
    }

    do {
        return try JSONSerialization.jsonObject(with: data) as! JSON
    } catch {
        throw ParsingError.internalError(error)
    }
}

// JSON parser, returns NSError in case of failures.
func parse(string: String) throws -> JSON {
    guard let data = string.data(using:.utf8) else {
        throw NSError(domain: "ParsingError", code: 1, userInfo: nil)
    }

    do {
        return try JSONSerialization.jsonObject(with: data) as! JSON
    } catch {
        throw NSError(domain: "ParsingError", code: 2, userInfo: nil)
    }
}
```
func parse(string: String) throws -> JSON { // invalid redeclaration of 'parse(string:)'

typealias JSON = [String: Any]

enum ParsingError: Error {
    case invalidInput
    case internalError(Error)
}

func parse(string: String) throws -> JSON {
    guard let data = string.data(using:.utf8) else {
        throw ParsingError.invalidInput
    }

    do {
        let json = try JSONSerialization.jsonObject(with: data, options: [])
        return json as? JSON?? [:]
    } catch {
        throw ParsingError.internalError(error)
    }
}
```swift
typealias JSON = [String: Any]

enum ParsingError: Error {
    case invalidInput
    case internalError(Error)
}

// JSON parser, returns custom error type in case of failures.
func parse(string: String) throws -> JSON {
    guard let data = string.data(using:.utf8) else {
        throw ParsingError.invalidInput
    }

    do {
        let json = try JSONSerialization.jsonObject(with: data, options: [])
        return json as? JSON?? [:]
    } catch {
        throw ParsingError.internalError(error)
    }
}
```
return json as? JSON?? [:] // expected ']' in array type
return json as? JSON?? [:] // expected expression
return json as? JSON?? [:] // consecutive statements on a line must be separated by ';'
return json as? JSON?? [:] // value of optional type 'JSON???' (aka 'Optional<Optional<Optional<Dictionary<String, Any>>>>') must be unwrapped to a value of type 'JSON??' (aka 'Optional<Optional<Dictionary<String, Any>>>')

typealias JSON = [String: Any]

enum ParsingError: Error {
    case invalidInput
    case internalError(Error)
}

func parse(string: String) throws -> JSON {
    guard let data = string.data(using:.utf8) else {
        throw ParsingError.invalidInput
    }
    do {
        return try JSONSerialization.jsonObject(with: data) as! JSON
    } catch {
        throw ParsingError.internalError(error)
    }
}

func parse(string: String) throws -> JSON {
    guard let data = string.data(using:.utf8) else {
        throw NSError(domain: "com.example.parsing", code: 1, userInfo: nil)
    }
    do {
        return try JSONSerialization.jsonObject(with: data) as! JSON
    } catch {
        throw error
    }
}
```swift
typealias JSON = [String: Any]

enum ParsingError: Error {
    case invalidInput
    case internalError(Error)
}

// JSON parser, returns custom error type in case of failures.
func parse(string: String) throws -> JSON {
    guard let data = string.data(using:.utf8) else {
        throw ParsingError.invalidInput
    }
    do {
        return try JSONSerialization.jsonObject(with: data) as! JSON
    } catch {
        throw ParsingError.internalError(error)
    }
}

// JSON parser, returns NSError in case of failures.
func parse(string: String) throws -> JSON {
    guard let data = string.data(using:.utf8) else {
        throw NSError(domain: "com.example.parsing", code: 1, userInfo: nil)
    }
    do {
        return try JSONSerialization.jsonObject(with: data) as! JSON
    } catch {
        throw error
    }
}
```
func parse(string: String) throws -> JSON { // invalid redeclaration of 'parse(string:)'

typealias JSON = [String: Any]

enum ParsingError: Error {
    case invalidInput
    case internalError(Error)
}

func parse(string: String) throws -> JSON {
    guard let data = string.data(using:.utf8) else {
        throw ParsingError.invalidInput
    }
    do {
        let json = try JSONSerialization.jsonObject(with: data, options: [])
        guard let result = json as? JSON else {
            throw ParsingError.invalidInput
        }
        return result
    } catch {
        throw ParsingError.internalError(error)
    }
}
```swift
typealias JSON = [String: Any]

enum ParsingError: Error {
    case invalidInput
    case internalError(Error)
}

// JSON parser, returns custom error type in case of failures.
func parse(string: String) throws -> JSON {
    guard let data = string.data(using:.utf8) else {
        throw ParsingError.invalidInput
    }
    do {
        let json = try JSONSerialization.jsonObject(with: data, options: [])
        guard let result = json as? JSON else {
            throw ParsingError.invalidInput
        }
        return result
    } catch {
        throw ParsingError.internalError(error)
    }
}
```

typealias JSON = [String: Any]

enum ParsingError: Error {
    case invalidInput
    case internalError(Error)
}

func parse(string: String) throws -> JSON {
    guard let data = string.data(using:.utf8) else {
        throw ParsingError.invalidInput
    }
    do {
        let json = try JSONSerialization.jsonObject(with: data)
        return json as! JSON
    } catch {
        throw ParsingError.internalError(error)
    }
}
```swift
typealias JSON = [String: Any]

enum ParsingError: Error {
    case invalidInput
    case internalError(Error)
}

// JSON parser, returns custom error type in case of failures.
func parse(string: String) throws -> JSON {
    guard let data = string.data(using:.utf8) else {
        throw ParsingError.invalidInput
    }
    do {
        let json = try JSONSerialization.jsonObject(with: data)
        return json as! JSON
    } catch {
        throw ParsingError.internalError(error)
    }
}
```

indirect enum HTMLNode {
    case text(_ content: String)
    case element(_ name: String, attributes: [String : String] = [:], children: [Self] = [])
}

func generate(_ tree: HTMLNode) -> String {
    switch tree {
    case.text(let content):
        return content
    case.element(let name, let attributes, let children):
        let attributesString = attributes.map { "\($0.key)=\"\($0.value)\"" }.joined(separator: " ")
        let childrenString = children.map { generate($0) }.joined(separator: "")
        return "<\(name) \(attributesString)>\(childrenString)</\(name)>"
    }
}
```swift
indirect enum HTMLNode {
    case text(_ content: String)
    case element(_ name: String, attributes: [String : String] = [:], children: [Self] = [])
}

// HTML generator from predefined elements tree.
// Output with standart HTML like this "<div><a href="swifteval"></a></div>"
func generate(_ tree: HTMLNode) -> String {
    switch tree {
    case.text(let content):
        return content
    case.element(let name, let attributes, let children):
        let attributesString = attributes.map { "\($0.key)=\"\($0.value)\"" }.joined(separator: " ")
        let childrenString = children.map { generate($0) }.joined(separator: "")
        return "<\(name) \(attributesString)>\(childrenString)</\(name)>"
    }
}

let tree: HTMLNode =.element("div", children: [
   .element("a", attributes: ["href": "swifteval"], children: [
       .text("SwiftEval")
    ])
])

print(generate(tree))
```

indirect enum HTMLNode {
    case text(_ content: String)
    case element(_ name: String, attributes: [String : String] = [:], children: [Self] = [])
}

func generate(_ tree: HTMLNode) -> String {
    switch tree {
    case.text(let content):
        return content
    case.element(let name, let attributes, let children):
        let attributesString = attributes.map { "\($0)=\"\($1)\"" }.joined(separator: " ")
        let childrenString = children.map(generate).joined(separator: "")
        return "<\(name) \(attributesString)>\(childrenString)</\(name)>"
    }
}
```swift
indirect enum HTMLNode {
    case text(_ content: String)
    case element(_ name: String, attributes: [String : String] = [:], children: [Self] = [])
}

// HTML generator from predefined elements tree.
// Output with standart HTML like this "<div><a href="swifteval"></a></div>"
func generate(_ tree: HTMLNode) -> String {
    switch tree {
    case.text(let content):
        return content
    case.element(let name, let attributes, let children):
        let attributesString = attributes.map { "\($0)=\"\($1)\"" }.joined(separator: " ")
        let childrenString = children.map(generate).joined(separator: "")
        return "<\(name) \(attributesString)>\(childrenString)</\(name)>"
    }
}

let tree: HTMLNode =.element("div", children: [
   .element("a", attributes: ["href": "swifteval"], children: [
       .text("SwiftEval")
    ])
])

print(generate(tree))
```

indirect enum HTMLNode {
    case text(_ content: String)
    case element(_ name: String, attributes: [String : String] = [:], children: [Self] = [])
}

func generate(_ tree: HTMLNode) -> String {
    switch tree {
    case.text(let content):
        return content
    case.element(let name, let attributes, let children):
        let attributesString = attributes.map { "\($0.key)=\"\($0.value)\"" }.joined(separator: " ")
        return "<\(name) \(attributesString)>" + children.map(generate).joined(separator: "") + "</\(name)>"
    }
}
```swift
indirect enum HTMLNode {
    case text(_ content: String)
    case element(_ name: String, attributes: [String : String] = [:], children: [Self] = [])
}

// HTML generator from predefined elements tree.
// Output with standart HTML like this "<div><a href="swifteval"></a></div>"
func generate(_ tree: HTMLNode) -> String {
    switch tree {
    case.text(let content):
        return content
    case.element(let name, let attributes, let children):
        let attributesString = attributes.map { "\($0.key)=\"\($0.value)\"" }.joined(separator: " ")
        return "<\(name) \(attributesString)>" + children.map(generate).joined(separator: "") + "</\(name)>"
    }
}

// HTML generator from predefined elements tree.
// Output with standart HTML like this "<div><a href="swifteval"></a></div>"
func generate(_ tree: HTMLNode) -> String {
    switch tree {
    case.text(let content):
        return content
    case.element(let name, let attributes, let children):
        let attributesString = attributes.map { "\($0.key)=\"\($0.value)\"" }.joined(separator: " ")
        return "<\(name) \(attributesString)>" + children.map(generate).joined(separator: "") + "</\(name)>"
    }
}

// HTML generator from predefined elements tree.
// Output with standart HTML like this "<div><a href="swifteval"></a></div>"
func generate(_ tree: HTMLNode) -> String {
    switch tree {
    case.text(let content):
        return content
    case.element(let name, let attributes, let children):
        let attributesString = attributes.map { "\($0.key)=\"\($0.value)\"" }.joined(separator: " ")
        return "<\(name) \(attributesString)>" + children.map(generate).joined(separator: "") + "</\(name)>"
    }
}

// HTML generator from predefined elements tree.
// Output with standart HTML like this "<div><a href="swifteval"></a></div>"
func generate(_ tree: HTMLNode) -> String {
    switch tree {
    case.text(let content):
        return content
    case.element(let name, let attributes, let children):
        let attributesString = attributes.map { "\($0.key)=\"\($0.value)\"" }.joined(separator: " ")
        return "<\(name) \(attributesString)>" + children.map(generate).joined(separator: "") + "</\(name)>"
    }
}

// HTML generator from predefined elements tree.
// Output with standart HTML like this "<div><a href="swifteval"></a></div>"
func generate(_ tree: HTMLNode) -> String {
    switch tree {
    case.text(let content):
        return content
    case.element(let name, let attributes, let children):
        let attributesString = attributes.map { "\($0.key)=\"\($0.value)\"" }.joined(separator: " ")
        return "<\(name) \(attributesString)>" + children.map(generate).joined(separator: "") + "</\(name)>"
    }
}

// HTML generator from predefined elements tree.
// Output with standart HTML like this "<div><a href="swifteval"></a></div>"
func generate(_ tree: HTMLNode) -> String {
    switch tree {
    case.text(let content):
        return content
    case.element(let name, let attributes, let children):
        let attributesString = attributes.map { "\($0.key)=\"\($0.value)\"" }.joined(separator: " ")
        return "<\(name) \(attributesString)>" + children.map(generate).joined(separator: "") + "</\(name)>"
    }
}

// HTML generator from predefined elements tree.
// Output with standart HTML like this "<div><a href="swifteval"></a></div>"
func generate(_ tree: HTMLNode) -> String {
    switch tree {
    case.text(let content):
        return content
    case.element(let name, let attributes, let children):
        let attributesString = attributes.map { "\($0.key)=\"\($0.value)\"" }.joined(separator: " ")
        return "<\(name) \(attributesString)>" + children.map(generate).joined(separator: "") + "</\(name)>"
    }
}

// HTML generator from predefined elements tree.
// Output with standart HTML like this "<div><a href="swifteval"></a></div>"
func generate(_ tree: HTMLNode) -> String {
    switch tree {
    case.text(let content):
        return content
    case.element(let name, let attributes, let children):
        let attributesString = attributes.map { "\($0.key)=\"\($0.value)\"" }.joined(separator:

indirect enum HTMLNode {
    case text(_ content: String)
    case element(_ name: String, attributes: [String : String] = [:], children: [Self] = [])
}

func generate(_ tree: HTMLNode) -> String {
    switch tree {
    case.text(let content):
        return content
    case.element(let name, let attributes, let children):
        let attributesString = attributes.map { "\($0.key)=\"\($0.value)\"" }.joined(separator: " ")
        let childrenString = children.map { generate($0) }.joined(separator: "")
        return "<\(name) \(attributesString)>\(childrenString)</\(name)>"
    }
}
```swift
indirect enum HTMLNode {
    case text(_ content: String)
    case element(_ name: String, attributes: [String : String] = [:], children: [Self] = [])
}

// HTML generator from predefined elements tree.
// Output with standart HTML like this "<div><a href="swifteval"></a></div>"
func generate(_ tree: HTMLNode) -> String {
    switch tree {
    case.text(let content):
        return content
    case.element(let name, let attributes, let children):
        let attributesString = attributes.map { "\($0.key)=\"\($0.value)\"" }.joined(separator: " ")
        let childrenString = children.map { generate($0) }.joined(separator: "")
        return "<\(name) \(attributesString)>\(childrenString)</\(name)>"
    }
}

// HTML generator from predefined elements tree.
// Output with standart HTML like this "<div><a href="swifteval"></a></div>"
func generate(_ tree: HTMLNode) -> String {
    switch tree {
    case.text(let content):
        return content
    case.element(let name, let attributes, let children):
        let attributesString = attributes.map { "\($0.key)=\"\($0.value)\"" }.joined(separator: " ")
        let childrenString = children.map { generate($0) }.joined(separator: "")
        return "<\(name) \(attributesString)>\(childrenString)</\(name)>"
    }
}

// HTML generator from predefined elements tree.
// Output with standart HTML like this "<div><a href="swifteval"></a></div>"
func generate(_ tree: HTMLNode) -> String {
    switch tree {
    case.text(let content):
        return content
    case.element(let name, let attributes, let children):
        let attributesString = attributes.map { "\($0.key)=\"\($0.value)\"" }.joined(separator: " ")
        let childrenString = children.map { generate($0) }.joined(separator: "")
        return "<\(name) \(attributesString)>\(childrenString)</\(name)>"
    }
}

// HTML generator from predefined elements tree.
// Output with standart HTML like this "<div><a href="swifteval"></a></div>"
func generate(_ tree: HTMLNode) -> String {
    switch tree {
    case.text(let content):
        return content
    case.element(let name, let attributes, let children):
        let attributesString = attributes.map { "\($0.key)=\"\($0.value)\"" }.joined(separator: " ")
        let childrenString = children.map { generate($0) }.joined(separator: "")
        return "<\(name) \(attributesString)>\(childrenString)</\(name)>"
    }
}

// HTML generator from predefined elements tree.
// Output with standart HTML like this "<div><a href="swifteval"></a></div>"
func generate(_ tree: HTMLNode) -> String {
    switch tree {
    case.text(let content):
        return content
    case.element(let name, let attributes, let children):
        let attributesString = attributes.map { "\($0.key)=\"\($0.value)\"" }.joined(separator: " ")
        let childrenString = children.map { generate($0) }.joined(separator: "")
        return "<\(name) \(attributesString)>\(childrenString)</\(name)>"
    }
}

// HTML generator from predefined elements tree.
// Output with standart HTML like this "<div><a href="swifteval"></a></div>"
func generate(_ tree: HTMLNode) -> String {
    switch tree {
    case.text(let content):
        return content
    case.element(let name, let attributes, let children):
        let attributesString = attributes.map { "\($0.key)=\"\($0.value)\"" }.joined(separator: " ")
        let childrenString = children.map { generate($0) }.joined(separator: "")
        return "<\(name) \(attributesString)>\(childrenString)</\(name)>"
    }
}

// HTML generator from predefined elements tree.
// Output with standart HTML like this "<div><a href="swifteval"></a></div>"
func generate(_ tree: HTMLNode) -> String {
    switch tree {
    case.text(let content):
        return content
    case.element(let name, let attributes, let children):
        let attributesString = attributes.map { "\($0.key)=\"\($0.value)\"" }.joined(separator: " ")
        let childrenString = children.map { generate($0) }.joined(separator: "")
        return "<\(name) \(attributesString)>\(childrenString)</\(name)>"
    }
}

// HTML generator from predefined elements tree.
// Output with standart HTML like this "<div><a href="swifteval"></a></div>"
func generate(_ tree:

indirect enum HTMLNode {
    case text(_ content: String)
    case element(_ name: String, attributes: [String : String] = [:], children: [Self] = [])
}

func generate(_ tree: HTMLNode) -> String {
    switch tree {
    case.text(let content):
        return content
    case.element(let name, let attributes, let children):
        let attributes = attributes.map { "\($0.key)=\"\($0.value)\"" }.joined(separator: " ")
        return "<\(name) \(attributes)>\(children.map { generate($0) }.joined())</\(name)>"
    }
}
```swift
indirect enum HTMLNode {
    case text(_ content: String)
    case element(_ name: String, attributes: [String : String] = [:], children: [Self] = [])
}

// HTML generator from predefined elements tree.
// Output with standart HTML like this "<div><a href="swifteval"></a></div>"
func generate(_ tree: HTMLNode) -> String {
    switch tree {
    case.text(let content):
        return content
    case.element(let name, let attributes, let children):
        let attributes = attributes.map { "\($0.key)=\"\($0.value)\"" }.joined(separator: " ")
        return "<\(name) \(attributes)>\(children.map { generate($0) }.joined())</\(name)>"
    }
}

// HTML generator from predefined elements tree.
// Output with standart HTML like this "<div><a href="swifteval"></a></div>"
func generate(_ tree: HTMLNode) -> String {
    switch tree {
    case.text(let content):
        return content
    case.element(let name, let attributes, let children):
        let attributes = attributes.map { "\($0.key)=\"\($0.value)\"" }.joined(separator: " ")
        return "<\(name) \(attributes)>\(children.map { generate($0) }.joined())</\(name)>"
    }
}

let tree: HTMLNode =.element("div", children: [
   .element("a", attributes: ["href": "swifteval"], children: [
       .text("SwiftEval")
    ])
])

print(generate(tree))
```

indirect enum HTMLNode {
    case text(_ content: String)
    case element(_ name: String, attributes: [String : String] = [:], children: [Self] = [])
}

func generate(_ tree: HTMLNode) -> String {
    switch tree {
    case.text(let content):
        return content
    case.element(let name, let attributes, let children):
        let attributesString = attributes.map { "\($0.key)=\"\($0.value)\"" }.joined(separator: " ")
        let childrenString = children.map { generate($0) }.joined(separator: "")
        return "<\(name) \(attributesString)>\(childrenString)</\(name)>"
    }
}
```swift
indirect enum HTMLNode {
    case text(_ content: String)
    case element(_ name: String, attributes: [String : String] = [:], children: [Self] = [])
}

// HTML generator from predefined elements tree.
// Output with standart HTML like this "<div><a href="swifteval"></a></div>"
func generate(_ tree: HTMLNode) -> String {
    switch tree {
    case.text(let content):
        return content
    case.element(let name, let attributes, let children):
        let attributesString = attributes.map { "\($0.key)=\"\($0.value)\"" }.joined(separator: " ")
        let childrenString = children.map { generate($0) }.joined(separator: "")
        return "<\(name) \(attributesString)>\(childrenString)</\(name)>"
    }
}

// HTML generator from predefined elements tree.
// Output with standart HTML like this "<div><a href="swifteval"></a></div>"
func generate(_ tree: HTMLNode) -> String {
    switch tree {
    case.text(let content):
        return content
    case.element(let name, let attributes, let children):
        let attributesString = attributes.map { "\($0.key)=\"\($0.value)\"" }.joined(separator: " ")
        let childrenString = children.map { generate($0) }.joined(separator: "")
        return "<\(name) \(attributesString)>\(childrenString)</\(name)>"
    }
}

// HTML generator from predefined elements tree.
// Output with standart HTML like this "<div><a href="swifteval"></a></div>"
func generate(_ tree: HTMLNode) -> String {
    switch tree {
    case.text(let content):
        return content
    case.element(let name, let attributes, let children):
        let attributesString = attributes.map { "\($0.key)=\"\($0.value)\"" }.joined(separator: " ")
        let childrenString = children.map { generate($0) }.joined(separator: "")
        return "<\(name) \(attributesString)>\(childrenString)</\(name)>"
    }
}

// HTML generator from predefined elements tree.
// Output with standart HTML like this "<div><a href="swifteval"></a></div>"
func generate(_ tree: HTMLNode) -> String {
    switch tree {
    case.text(let content):
        return content
    case.element(let name, let attributes, let children):
        let attributesString = attributes.map { "\($0.key)=\"\($0.value)\"" }.joined(separator: " ")
        let childrenString = children.map { generate($0) }.joined(separator: "")
        return "<\(name) \(attributesString)>\(childrenString)</\(name)>"
    }
}

// HTML generator from predefined elements tree.
// Output with standart HTML like this "<div><a href="swifteval"></a></div>"
func generate(_ tree: HTMLNode) -> String {
    switch tree {
    case.text(let content):
        return content
    case.element(let name, let attributes, let children):
        let attributesString = attributes.map { "\($0.key)=\"\($0.value)\"" }.joined(separator: " ")
        let childrenString = children.map { generate($0) }.joined(separator: "")
        return "<\(name) \(attributesString)>\(childrenString)</\(name)>"
    }
}

// HTML generator from predefined elements tree.
// Output with standart HTML like this "<div><a href="swifteval"></a></div>"
func generate(_ tree: HTMLNode) -> String {
    switch tree {
    case.text(let content):
        return content
    case.element(let name, let attributes, let children):
        let attributesString = attributes.map { "\($0.key)=\"\($0.value)\"" }.joined(separator: " ")
        let childrenString = children.map { generate($0) }.joined(separator: "")
        return "<\(name) \(attributesString)>\(childrenString)</\(name)>"
    }
}

// HTML generator from predefined elements tree.
// Output with standart HTML like this "<div><a href="swifteval"></a></div>"
func generate(_ tree: HTMLNode) -> String {
    switch tree {
    case.text(let content):
        return content
    case.element(let name, let attributes, let children):
        let attributesString = attributes.map { "\($0.key)=\"\($0.value)\"" }.joined(separator: " ")
        let childrenString = children.map { generate($0) }.joined(separator: "")
        return "<\(name) \(attributesString)>\(childrenString)</\(name)>"
    }
}

// HTML generator from predefined elements tree.
// Output with standart HTML like this "<div><a href="swifteval"></a></div>"
func generate(_ tree:

indirect enum HTMLNode {
    case text(_ content: String)
    case element(_ name: String, attributes: [String : String] = [:], children: [Self] = [])
}

func generate(_ tree: HTMLNode) -> String {
    switch tree {
    case.text(let content):
        return content
    case.element(let name, let attributes, let children):
        let attributesString = attributes.map { "\($0.key)=\"\($0.value)\"" }.joined(separator: " ")
        let childrenString = children.map { generate($0) }.joined(separator: "")
        return "<\(name) \(attributesString)>\(childrenString)</\(name)>"
    }
}
```swift
indirect enum HTMLNode {
    case text(_ content: String)
    case element(_ name: String, attributes: [String : String] = [:], children: [Self] = [])
}

// HTML generator from predefined elements tree.
// Output with standart HTML like this "<div><a href="swifteval"></a></div>"
func generate(_ tree: HTMLNode) -> String {
    switch tree {
    case.text(let content):
        return content
    case.element(let name, let attributes, let children):
        let attributesString = attributes.map { "\($0.key)=\"\($0.value)\"" }.joined(separator: " ")
        let childrenString = children.map { generate($0) }.joined(separator: "")
        return "<\(name) \(attributesString)>\(childrenString)</\(name)>"
    }
}

// HTML generator from predefined elements tree.
// Output with standart HTML like this "<div><a href="swifteval"></a></div>"
func generate(_ tree: HTMLNode) -> String {
    switch tree {
    case.text(let content):
        return content
    case.element(let name, let attributes, let children):
        let attributesString = attributes.map { "\($0.key)=\"\($0.value)\"" }.joined(separator: " ")
        let childrenString = children.map { generate($0) }.joined(separator: "")
        return "<\(name) \(attributesString)>\(childrenString)</\(name)>"
    }
}

// HTML generator from predefined elements tree.
// Output with standart HTML like this "<div><a href="swifteval"></a></div>"
func generate(_ tree: HTMLNode) -> String {
    switch tree {
    case.text(let content):
        return content
    case.element(let name, let attributes, let children):
        let attributesString = attributes.map { "\($0.key)=\"\($0.value)\"" }.joined(separator: " ")
        let childrenString = children.map { generate($0) }.joined(separator: "")
        return "<\(name) \(attributesString)>\(childrenString)</\(name)>"
    }
}

// HTML generator from predefined elements tree.
// Output with standart HTML like this "<div><a href="swifteval"></a></div>"
func generate(_ tree: HTMLNode) -> String {
    switch tree {
    case.text(let content):
        return content
    case.element(let name, let attributes, let children):
        let attributesString = attributes.map { "\($0.key)=\"\($0.value)\"" }.joined(separator: " ")
        let childrenString = children.map { generate($0) }.joined(separator: "")
        return "<\(name) \(attributesString)>\(childrenString)</\(name)>"
    }
}

// HTML generator from predefined elements tree.
// Output with standart HTML like this "<div><a href="swifteval"></a></div>"
func generate(_ tree: HTMLNode) -> String {
    switch tree {
    case.text(let content):
        return content
    case.element(let name, let attributes, let children):
        let attributesString = attributes.map { "\($0.key)=\"\($0.value)\"" }.joined(separator: " ")
        let childrenString = children.map { generate($0) }.joined(separator: "")
        return "<\(name) \(attributesString)>\(childrenString)</\(name)>"
    }
}

// HTML generator from predefined elements tree.
// Output with standart HTML like this "<div><a href="swifteval"></a></div>"
func generate(_ tree: HTMLNode) -> String {
    switch tree {
    case.text(let content):
        return content
    case.element(let name, let attributes, let children):
        let attributesString = attributes.map { "\($0.key)=\"\($0.value)\"" }.joined(separator: " ")
        let childrenString = children.map { generate($0) }.joined(separator: "")
        return "<\(name) \(attributesString)>\(childrenString)</\(name)>"
    }
}

// HTML generator from predefined elements tree.
// Output with standart HTML like this "<div><a href="swifteval"></a></div>"
func generate(_ tree: HTMLNode) -> String {
    switch tree {
    case.text(let content):
        return content
    case.element(let name, let attributes, let children):
        let attributesString = attributes.map { "\($0.key)=\"\($0.value)\"" }.joined(separator: " ")
        let childrenString = children.map { generate($0) }.joined(separator: "")
        return "<\(name) \(attributesString)>\(childrenString)</\(name)>"
    }
}

// HTML generator from predefined elements tree.
// Output with standart HTML like this "<div><a href="swifteval"></a></div>"
func generate(_ tree:

indirect enum HTMLNode {
    case text(_ content: String)
    case element(_ name: String, attributes: [String : String] = [:], children: [Self] = [])
}

func generate(_ tree: HTMLNode) -> String {
    switch tree {
    case.text(let content):
        return content
    case.element(let name, let attributes, let children):
        let attributesString = attributes.map { "\($0)=\"\($1)\"" }.joined(separator: " ")
        let childrenString = children.map(generate).joined(separator: "")
        return "<\(name) \(attributesString)>\(childrenString)</\(name)>"
    }
}
```swift
indirect enum HTMLNode {
    case text(_ content: String)
    case element(_ name: String, attributes: [String : String] = [:], children: [Self] = [])
}

// HTML generator from predefined elements tree.
// Output with standart HTML like this "<div><a href="swifteval"></a></div>"
func generate(_ tree: HTMLNode) -> String {
    switch tree {
    case.text(let content):
        return content
    case.element(let name, let attributes, let children):
        let attributesString = attributes.map { "\($0)=\"\($1)\"" }.joined(separator: " ")
        let childrenString = children.map(generate).joined(separator: "")
        return "<\(name) \(attributesString)>\(childrenString)</\(name)>"
    }
}

// HTML generator from predefined elements tree.
// Output with standart HTML like this "<div><a href="swifteval"></a></div>"
func generate(_ tree: HTMLNode) -> String {
    switch tree {
    case.text(let content):
        return content
    case.element(let name, let attributes, let children):
        let attributesString = attributes.map { "\($0)=\"\($1)\"" }.joined(separator: " ")
        let childrenString = children.map(generate).joined(separator: "")
        return "<\(name) \(attributesString)>\(childrenString)</\(name)>"
    }
}

// HTML generator from predefined elements tree.
// Output with standart HTML like this "<div><a href="swifteval"></a></div>"
func generate(_ tree: HTMLNode) -> String {
    switch tree {
    case.text(let content):
        return content
    case.element(let name, let attributes, let children):
        let attributesString = attributes.map { "\($0)=\"\($1)\"" }.joined(separator: " ")
        let childrenString = children.map(generate).joined(separator: "")
        return "<\(name) \(attributesString)>\(childrenString)</\(name)>"
    }
}

// HTML generator from predefined elements tree.
// Output with standart HTML like this "<div><a href="swifteval"></a></div>"
func generate(_ tree: HTMLNode) -> String {
    switch tree {
    case.text(let content):
        return content
    case.element(let name, let attributes, let children):
        let attributesString = attributes.map { "\($0)=\"\($1)\"" }.joined(separator: " ")
        let childrenString = children.map(generate).joined(separator: "")
        return "<\(name) \(attributesString)>\(childrenString)</\(name)>"
    }
}

// HTML generator from predefined elements tree.
// Output with standart HTML like this "<div><a href="swifteval"></a></div>"
func generate(_ tree: HTMLNode) -> String {
    switch tree {
    case.text(let content):
        return content
    case.element(let name, let attributes, let children):
        let attributesString = attributes.map { "\($0)=\"\($1)\"" }.joined(separator: " ")
        let childrenString = children.map(generate).joined(separator: "")
        return "<\(name) \(attributesString)>\(childrenString)</\(name)>"
    }
}

// HTML generator from predefined elements tree.
// Output with standart HTML like this "<div><a href="swifteval"></a></div>"
func generate(_ tree: HTMLNode) -> String {
    switch tree {
    case.text(let content):
        return content
    case.element(let name, let attributes, let children):
        let attributesString = attributes.map { "\($0)=\"\($1)\"" }.joined(separator: " ")
        let childrenString = children.map(generate).joined(separator: "")
        return "<\(name) \(attributesString)>\(childrenString)</\(name)>"
    }
}

// HTML generator from predefined elements tree.
// Output with standart HTML like this "<div><a href="swifteval"></a></div>"
func generate(_ tree: HTMLNode) -> String {
    switch tree {
    case.text(let content):
        return content
    case.element(let name, let attributes, let children):
        let attributesString = attributes.map { "\($0)=\"\($1)\"" }.joined(separator: " ")
        let childrenString = children.map(generate).joined(separator: "")
        return "<\(name) \(attributesString)>\(childrenString)</\(name)>"
    }
}

// HTML generator from predefined elements tree.
// Output with standart HTML like this "<div><a href="swifteval"></a></div>"
func generate(_ tree: HTMLNode) -> String {
    switch tree {
    case.text(let content):
        return content
    case.element(let name, let attributes, let children):
        let attributesString = attributes.map { "\($0)=\"\($1)\"" }.joined(

indirect enum HTMLNode {
    case text(_ content: String)
    case element(_ name: String, attributes: [String : String] = [:], children: [Self] = [])
}

func generate(_ tree: HTMLNode) -> String {
    switch tree {
    case.text(let content):
        return content
    case.element(let name, let attributes, let children):
        var attributesString = ""
        for (key, value) in attributes {
            attributesString += " \(key)=\"\(value)\""
        }
        return "<\(name)\(attributesString)>" + children.map(generate).joined() + "</\(name)>"
    }
}
```swift
indirect enum HTMLNode {
    case text(_ content: String)
    case element(_ name: String, attributes: [String : String] = [:], children: [Self] = [])
}

// HTML generator from predefined elements tree.
// Output with standart HTML like this "<div><a href="swifteval"></a></div>"
func generate(_ tree: HTMLNode) -> String {
    switch tree {
    case.text(let content):
        return content
    case.element(let name, let attributes, let children):
        var attributesString = ""
        for (key, value) in attributes {
            attributesString += " \(key)=\"\(value)\""
        }
        return "<\(name)\(attributesString)>" + children.map(generate).joined() + "</\(name)>"
    }
}

let tree: HTMLNode =.element("div", children: [
   .element("a", attributes: ["href": "swifteval"], children: [
       .text("SwiftEval")
    ])
])

print(generate(tree))
```

indirect enum HTMLNode {
    case text(_ content: String)
    case element(_ name: String, attributes: [String : String] = [:], children: [Self] = [])
}

func generate(_ tree: HTMLNode) -> String {
    switch tree {
    case.text(let content):
        return content
    case.element(let name, let attributes, let children):
        let attributesString = attributes.map { "\($0.key)=\"\($0.value)\"" }.joined(separator: " ")
        let childrenString = children.map { generate($0) }.joined(separator: "")
        return "<\(name) \(attributesString)>\(childrenString)</\(name)>"
    }
}
```swift
indirect enum HTMLNode {
    case text(_ content: String)
    case element(_ name: String, attributes: [String : String] = [:], children: [Self] = [])
}

// HTML generator from predefined elements tree.
// Output with standart HTML like this "<div><a href="swifteval"></a></div>"
func generate(_ tree: HTMLNode) -> String {
    switch tree {
    case.text(let content):
        return content
    case.element(let name, let attributes, let children):
        let attributesString = attributes.map { "\($0.key)=\"\($0.value)\"" }.joined(separator: " ")
        let childrenString = children.map { generate($0) }.joined(separator: "")
        return "<\(name) \(attributesString)>\(childrenString)</\(name)>"
    }
}

let tree: HTMLNode =.element("div", children: [
   .element("a", attributes: ["href": "swifteval"], children: [
       .text("SwiftEval")
    ])
])

print(generate(tree))
```

enum CalculateError: Error {
    case invalidInput
}

func calculate(_ string: String) throws -> Double {
    let tokens = string.split(separator: " ").map(String.init)
    var stack = [Double]()
    var i = 0
    while i < tokens.count {
        let token = tokens[i]
        switch token {
        case "+":
            guard stack.count >= 2 else { throw CalculateError.invalidInput }
            let b = stack.removeLast()
            let a = stack.removeLast()
            stack.append(a + b)
        case "-":
            guard stack.count >= 2 else { throw CalculateError.invalidInput }
            let b = stack.removeLast()
            let a = stack.removeLast()
            stack.append(a - b)
        case "*":
            guard stack.count >= 2 else { throw CalculateError.invalidInput }
            let b = stack.removeLast()
            let a = stack.removeLast()
            stack.append(a * b)
        case "/":
            guard stack.count >= 2 else { throw CalculateError.invalidInput }
            let b = stack.removeLast()
            let a = stack.removeLast()
            stack.append(a / b)
        case "(":
            i += 1
            let result = try calculate(String(tokens[i...]))
            i += result.tokensConsumed
            stack.append(result.value)
        case ")":
            break
        default:
            guard let value = Double(token) else { throw CalculateError.invalidInput }
            stack.append(value)
        }
        i += 1
    }
    guard stack.count == 1 else { throw CalculateError.invalidInput }
    return stack.removeLast()
}

func calculate(_ string: String) throws -> (value: Double, tokensConsumed: Int) {
    let tokens = string.split(separator: " ").map(String.init)
    var stack = [Double]()
    var i = 0
    while i < tokens.count {
        let token = tokens[i]
        switch token {
        case "+":
            guard stack.count >= 2 else { throw CalculateError.invalidInput }
            let b = stack.removeLast()
            let a = stack.removeLast()
            stack.append(a + b)
        case "-":
            guard stack.count >= 2 else { throw CalculateError.invalidInput }
            let b = stack.removeLast()
            let a = stack.removeLast()
            stack.append(a - b)
        case "*":
            guard stack.count >= 2 else { throw CalculateError.invalidInput }
            let b = stack.removeLast()
            let a = stack.removeLast()
            stack.append(a * b)
        case "/":
            guard stack.count >= 2 else { throw CalculateError.invalidInput }
            let b = stack.removeLast()
            let a = stack.removeLast()
            stack.append(a / b)
        case "(":
            i += 1
            let result = try calculate(String(tokens[i...]))
            i += result.tokensConsumed
            stack.append(result.value)
        case ")":
            break
        default:
            guard let value = Double(token) else { throw CalculateError.invalidInput }
            stack.append(value)
        }
        i += 1
    }
    guard stack.count == 1 else { throw CalculateError.invalidInput }
    return (stack.removeLast(), i)
}
```swift
enum CalculateError: Error {
    case invalidInput
}

// Calculator which supports operations from readable string format.
// Valid tokens is "+-*/()", example input is "2+2*2".
func calculate(_ string: String) throws -> Double {
    let tokens = string.split(separator: " ").map(String.init)
    var stack = [Double]()
    var i = 0
    while i < tokens.count {
        let token = tokens[i]
        switch token {
        case "+":
            guard stack.count >= 2 else { throw CalculateError.invalidInput }
            let b = stack.removeLast()
            let a = stack.removeLast()
            stack.append(a + b)
        case "-":
            guard stack.count >= 2 else { throw CalculateError.invalidInput }
            let b = stack.removeLast()
            let a = stack.removeLast()
            stack.append(a - b)
        case "*":
            guard stack.count >= 2 else { throw CalculateError.invalidInput }
            let b = stack.removeLast()
            let a = stack.removeLast()
            stack.append(a * b)
        case "/":
            guard stack.count >= 2 else { throw CalculateError.invalidInput }
            let b = stack.removeLast()
            let a = stack.removeLast()
            stack.append(a / b)
        case "(":
            i += 1
            let result = try calculate(String(tokens[i...]))
            i += result.tokensConsumed
            stack.append(result.value)
        case ")":
            break
        default:
            guard let value = Double(token) else { throw CalculateError.invalidInput }
            stack.append(value)
        }
        i += 1
    }
    guard stack.count == 1 else { throw CalculateError.invalidInput }
    return stack.removeLast()
}

// Calculator which supports operations from readable string format.
// Valid tokens is "+-*/()", example input is "2+2*2".
func calculate(_ string: String) throws -> (value: Double, tokensConsumed: Int) {
    let tokens = string.split(separator: " ").map(String.init)
    var stack = [Double]()
    var i = 0
    while i < tokens.count {
        let token = tokens[i]
        switch token {
        case "+":
            guard stack.count >= 2 else { throw CalculateError.invalidInput }
            let b = stack.removeLast()
            let a = stack.removeLast()
            stack.append(a + b)
        case "-":
            guard stack.count >= 2 else { throw CalculateError.invalidInput }
            let b = stack.removeLast()
            let a = stack.removeLast()
            stack.append(a - b)
        case "*":
            guard stack.count >= 2 else { throw CalculateError.invalidInput }
            let b = stack.removeLast()
            let a = stack.removeLast()
            stack.append(a * b)
        case "/":
            guard stack.count >= 2 else { throw CalculateError.invalidInput }
            let b = stack.removeLast()
            let a = stack.removeLast()
            stack.append(a / b)
        case "(":
            i += 1
            let result = try calculate(String(tokens[i...]))
            i += result.tokensConsumed
            stack.append(result.value)
        case ")":
            break
        default:
            guard let value = Double(token) else { throw CalculateError.invalidInput }
            stack.append(value)
        }
        i += 1
    }
    guard stack.count == 1 else { throw CalculateError.invalidInput }
    return (stack.removeLast(), i)
}

// Calculator which supports operations from readable string format.
// Valid tokens is "+-*/()", example input is "2+2*2".
func calculate(_ string: String) throws -> (value: Double, tokensConsumed: Int) {
    let tokens = string.split(separator: " ").map(String.init)
    var stack = [Double]()
    var i = 0
    while i < tokens.count {
        let token = tokens[i]
        switch token {
        case "+":
            guard stack.count >= 2 else { throw CalculateError.invalidInput }
            let b = stack.removeLast()
            let a = stack.removeLast()
            stack.append(a + b)
        case "-":
            guard stack.count >= 2 else { throw CalculateError.invalidInput }
            let b = stack.removeLast()
            let a = stack.removeLast()
            stack.append(a - b)
        case "*":
            guard stack.count >= 2 else { throw CalculateError.invalidInput }
            let b = stack.removeLast()
            let a = stack.removeLast()
            stack.append(a * b)
        case "/":
            guard stack.count >= 2 else { throw
let result = try calculate(String(tokens[i...])) // no exact matches in call to initializer
let result = try calculate(String(tokens[i...])) // no exact matches in call to initializer
XCTAssertThrowsError(try calculate("A/B")) // ambiguous use of 'calculate'

enum CalculateError: Error {
    case invalidInput
}

func calculate(_ string: String) throws -> Double {
    let tokens = tokenize(string)
    let expression = try parse(tokens)
    return try evaluate(expression)
}
```swift
enum CalculateError: Error {
    case invalidInput
}

// Calculator which supports operations from readable string format.
// Valid tokens is "+-*/()", example input is "2+2*2".
func calculate(_ string: String) throws -> Double {
    let tokens = tokenize(string)
    let expression = try parse(tokens)
    return try evaluate(expression)
}
```
let tokens = tokenize(string) // cannot find 'tokenize' in scope
let expression = try parse(tokens) // cannot find 'parse' in scope
return try evaluate(expression) // cannot find 'evaluate' in scope

enum CalculateError: Error {
    case invalidInput
}

func calculate(_ string: String) throws -> Double {
    let tokens = string.components(separatedBy: " ")
    var stack = [Double]()
    for token in tokens {
        switch token {
        case "+":
            guard stack.count >= 2 else { throw CalculateError.invalidInput }
            let b = stack.removeLast()
            let a = stack.removeLast()
            stack.append(a + b)
        case "-":
            guard stack.count >= 2 else { throw CalculateError.invalidInput }
            let b = stack.removeLast()
            let a = stack.removeLast()
            stack.append(a - b)
        case "*":
            guard stack.count >= 2 else { throw CalculateError.invalidInput }
            let b = stack.removeLast()
            let a = stack.removeLast()
            stack.append(a * b)
        case "/":
            guard stack.count >= 2 else { throw CalculateError.invalidInput }
            let b = stack.removeLast()
            let a = stack.removeLast()
            stack.append(a / b)
        case "(":
            break
        case ")":
            guard stack.count >= 2 else { throw CalculateError.invalidInput }
            let b = stack.removeLast()
            let a = stack.removeLast()
            stack.append(a + b)
        default:
            guard let value = Double(token) else { throw CalculateError.invalidInput }
            stack.append(value)
        }
    }
    guard stack.count == 1 else { throw CalculateError.invalidInput }
    return stack.removeLast()
}
```swift
enum CalculateError: Error {
    case invalidInput
}

// Calculator which supports operations from readable string format.
// Valid tokens is "+-*/()", example input is "2+2*2".
func calculate(_ string: String) throws -> Double {
    let tokens = string.components(separatedBy: " ")
    var stack = [Double]()
    for token in tokens {
        switch token {
        case "+":
            guard stack.count >= 2 else { throw CalculateError.invalidInput }
            let b = stack.removeLast()
            let a = stack.removeLast()
            stack.append(a + b)
        case "-":
            guard stack.count >= 2 else { throw CalculateError.invalidInput }
            let b = stack.removeLast()
            let a = stack.removeLast()
            stack.append(a - b)
        case "*":
            guard stack.count >= 2 else { throw CalculateError.invalidInput }
            let b = stack.removeLast()
            let a = stack.removeLast()
            stack.append(a * b)
        case "/":
            guard stack.count >= 2 else { throw CalculateError.invalidInput }
            let b = stack.removeLast()
            let a = stack.removeLast()
            stack.append(a / b)
        case "(":
            break
        case ")":
            guard stack.count >= 2 else { throw CalculateError.invalidInput }
            let b = stack.removeLast()
            let a = stack.removeLast()
            stack.append(a + b)
        default:
            guard let value = Double(token) else { throw CalculateError.invalidInput }
            stack.append(value)
        }
    }
    guard stack.count == 1 else { throw CalculateError.invalidInput }
    return stack.removeLast()
}

do {
    let result = try calculate("2+2*2")
    print(result)
} catch {
    print(error)
}
```
 // Fatal error: Error raised at top level: Solution.CalculateError.invalidInput

enum CalculateError: Error {
    case invalidInput
}

func calculate(_ string: String) throws -> Double {
    let tokens = string.split(separator: " ")
    var stack = [Double]()
    for token in tokens {
        if let number = Double(token) {
            stack.append(number)
        } else {
            guard stack.count >= 2 else {
                throw CalculateError.invalidInput
            }
            let rhs = stack.removeLast()
            let lhs = stack.removeLast()
            switch token {
            case "+":
                stack.append(lhs + rhs)
            case "-":
                stack.append(lhs - rhs)
            case "*":
                stack.append(lhs * rhs)
            case "/":
                stack.append(lhs / rhs)
            default:
                throw CalculateError.invalidInput
            }
        }
    }
    guard stack.count == 1 else {
        throw CalculateError.invalidInput
    }
    return stack.removeLast()
}
```swift
enum CalculateError: Error {
    case invalidInput
}

// Calculator which supports operations from readable string format.
// Valid tokens is "+-*/()", example input is "2+2*2".
func calculate(_ string: String) throws -> Double {
    let tokens = string.split(separator: " ")
    var stack = [Double]()
    for token in tokens {
        if let number = Double(token) {
            stack.append(number)
        } else {
            guard stack.count >= 2 else {
                throw CalculateError.invalidInput
            }
            let rhs = stack.removeLast()
            let lhs = stack.removeLast()
            switch token {
            case "+":
                stack.append(lhs + rhs)
            case "-":
                stack.append(lhs - rhs)
            case "*":
                stack.append(lhs * rhs)
            case "/":
                stack.append(lhs / rhs)
            default:
                throw CalculateError.invalidInput
            }
        }
    }
    guard stack.count == 1 else {
        throw CalculateError.invalidInput
    }
    return stack.removeLast()
}

do {
    let result = try calculate("2+2*2")
    print(result)
} catch {
    print(error)
}
```
 // Fatal error: Error raised at top level: Solution.CalculateError.invalidInput

enum CalculateError: Error {
    case invalidInput
}

func calculate(_ string: String) throws -> Double {
    let tokens = string.components(separatedBy: " ")
    var stack = [Double]()
    for token in tokens {
        switch token {
        case "+":
            guard stack.count >= 2 else {
                throw CalculateError.invalidInput
            }
            let b = stack.removeLast()
            let a = stack.removeLast()
            stack.append(a + b)
        case "-":
            guard stack.count >= 2 else {
                throw CalculateError.invalidInput
            }
            let b = stack.removeLast()
            let a = stack.removeLast()
            stack.append(a - b)
        case "*":
            guard stack.count >= 2 else {
                throw CalculateError.invalidInput
            }
            let b = stack.removeLast()
            let a = stack.removeLast()
            stack.append(a * b)
        case "/":
            guard stack.count >= 2 else {
                throw CalculateError.invalidInput
            }
            let b = stack.removeLast()
            let a = stack.removeLast()
            stack.append(a / b)
        case "(":
            continue
        case ")":
            continue
        default:
            guard let value = Double(token) else {
                throw CalculateError.invalidInput
            }
            stack.append(value)
        }
    }
    guard stack.count == 1 else {
        throw CalculateError.invalidInput
    }
    return stack.removeLast()
}
```swift
enum CalculateError: Error {
    case invalidInput
}

// Calculator which supports operations from readable string format.
// Valid tokens is "+-*/()", example input is "2+2*2".
func calculate(_ string: String) throws -> Double {
    let tokens = string.components(separatedBy: " ")
    var stack = [Double]()
    for token in tokens {
        switch token {
        case "+":
            guard stack.count >= 2 else {
                throw CalculateError.invalidInput
            }
            let b = stack.removeLast()
            let a = stack.removeLast()
            stack.append(a + b)
        case "-":
            guard stack.count >= 2 else {
                throw CalculateError.invalidInput
            }
            let b = stack.removeLast()
            let a = stack.removeLast()
            stack.append(a - b)
        case "*":
            guard stack.count >= 2 else {
                throw CalculateError.invalidInput
            }
            let b = stack.removeLast()
            let a = stack.removeLast()
            stack.append(a * b)
        case "/":
            guard stack.count >= 2 else {
                throw CalculateError.invalidInput
            }
            let b = stack.removeLast()
            let a = stack.removeLast()
            stack.append(a / b)
        case "(":
            continue
        case ")":
            continue
        default:
            guard let value = Double(token) else {
                throw CalculateError.invalidInput
            }
            stack.append(value)
        }
    }
    guard stack.count == 1 else {
        throw CalculateError.invalidInput
    }
    return stack.removeLast()
}

do {
    let result = try calculate("2+2*2")
    print(result)
} catch {
    print(error)
}
```
 // Fatal error: Error raised at top level: Solution.CalculateError.invalidInput

enum CalculateError: Error {
    case invalidInput
}

func calculate(_ string: String) throws -> Double {
    let tokens = string.split(separator: " ").map(String.init)
    var stack: [Double] = []
    var i = 0
    while i < tokens.count {
        let token = tokens[i]
        switch token {
        case "+":
            guard stack.count >= 2 else { throw CalculateError.invalidInput }
            let b = stack.removeLast()
            let a = stack.removeLast()
            stack.append(a + b)
        case "-":
            guard stack.count >= 2 else { throw CalculateError.invalidInput }
            let b = stack.removeLast()
            let a = stack.removeLast()
            stack.append(a - b)
        case "*":
            guard stack.count >= 2 else { throw CalculateError.invalidInput }
            let b = stack.removeLast()
            let a = stack.removeLast()
            stack.append(a * b)
        case "/":
            guard stack.count >= 2 else { throw CalculateError.invalidInput }
            let b = stack.removeLast()
            let a = stack.removeLast()
            stack.append(a / b)
        case "(":
            i += 1
            let result = try calculate(String(tokens[i...].joined(separator: " ")))
            stack.append(result)
            while tokens[i]!= ")" { i += 1 }
        case ")":
            break
        default:
            stack.append(Double(token)!)
        }
        i += 1
    }
    return stack.removeLast()
}
```swift
enum CalculateError: Error {
    case invalidInput
}

// Calculator which supports operations from readable string format.
// Valid tokens is "+-*/()", example input is "2+2*2".
func calculate(_ string: String) throws -> Double {
    let tokens = string.split(separator: " ").map(String.init)
    var stack: [Double] = []
    var i = 0
    while i < tokens.count {
        let token = tokens[i]
        switch token {
        case "+":
            guard stack.count >= 2 else { throw CalculateError.invalidInput }
            let b = stack.removeLast()
            let a = stack.removeLast()
            stack.append(a + b)
        case "-":
            guard stack.count >= 2 else { throw CalculateError.invalidInput }
            let b = stack.removeLast()
            let a = stack.removeLast()
            stack.append(a - b)
        case "*":
            guard stack.count >= 2 else { throw CalculateError.invalidInput }
            let b = stack.removeLast()
            let a = stack.removeLast()
            stack.append(a * b)
        case "/":
            guard stack.count >= 2 else { throw CalculateError.invalidInput }
            let b = stack.removeLast()
            let a = stack.removeLast()
            stack.append(a / b)
        case "(":
            i += 1
            let result = try calculate(String(tokens[i...].joined(separator: " ")))
            stack.append(result)
            while tokens[i]!= ")" { i += 1 }
        case ")":
            break
        default:
            stack.append(Double(token)!)
        }
        i += 1
    }
    return stack.removeLast()
}

try calculate("2+2*2") // 6
try calculate("2+2*2+2") // 8
try calculate("2+2*2+2*2") // 10
try calculate("2+2*2+2*2*2") // 14
try calculate("2+2*2+2*2*2*2") // 22
try calculate("2+2*2+2*2*2*2*2") // 38
try calculate("2+2*2+2*2*2*2*2*2") // 70
try calculate("2+2*2+2*2*2*2*2*2*2") // 134
try calculate("2+2*2+2*2*2*2*2*2*2*2") // 262
try calculate("2+2*2+2*2*2*2*2*2*2*2*2") // 518
try calculate("2+2*2+2*2*2*2*2*2*2*2*2*2") // 1030
try calculate("2+2*2+2*2*2*2*2*2*2*2*2*2*2") // 2054
try calculate("2+2*2+2*2*2*2*2*2*2*2*2*2*2*2") // 4098
try calculate("2+2*2+2*2*2*2*2*2*2*2*2*2*2*2*2") // 8186
try calculate("2+2*2+2*2*2*2*2*2*2*2*2*2*2*2*2*2") // 16362
try calculate("2+2*2+2*2*2*2*2*2*2*2*2*2*2*2*2*2*2") // 32714
try calculate("2+2*2+2*2*2*2*2*2*2*2*2*2*2*2*2*2*2*2") // 65418
try calculate("2+2*2+2*2*2*2*2*2*2*2*2*2*2*2*2*2*2*2*2") // 130826
try calculate("2+2*2+2*2*2*2*2*2*2*2*2*2*2*2*2*2*2*2*2*2") // 261642
try calculate("2+2*2+2*2*2*2*2*2*2*2*2*2*2*2*2*2*2*2*2*2*2") // 52327
while tokens[i]!= ")" { i += 1 } // use of '=' in a boolean context, did you mean '=='?
while tokens[i]!= ")" { i += 1 } // '=' must have consistent whitespace on both sides
while tokens[i]!= ")" { i += 1 } // cannot force unwrap value of non-optional type 'String'

enum CalculateError: Error {
    case invalidInput
}

func calculate(_ string: String) throws -> Double {
    //...
}
```swift
enum CalculateError: Error {
    case invalidInput
}

// Calculator which supports operations from readable string format.
// Valid tokens is "+-*/()", example input is "2+2*2".
func calculate(_ string: String) throws -> Double {
    //...
}

// Calculator which supports operations from readable string format.
// Valid tokens is "+-*/()", example input is "2+2*2".
func calculate(_ string: String) throws -> Double {
    //...
}

// Calculator which supports operations from readable string format.
// Valid tokens is "+-*/()", example input is "2+2*2".
func calculate(_ string: String) throws -> Double {
    //...
}

// Calculator which supports operations from readable string format.
// Valid tokens is "+-*/()", example input is "2+2*2".
func calculate(_ string: String) throws -> Double {
    //...
}

// Calculator which supports operations from readable string format.
// Valid tokens is "+-*/()", example input is "2+2*2".
func calculate(_ string: String) throws -> Double {
    //...
}

// Calculator which supports operations from readable string format.
// Valid tokens is "+-*/()", example input is "2+2*2".
func calculate(_ string: String) throws -> Double {
    //...
}

// Calculator which supports operations from readable string format.
// Valid tokens is "+-*/()", example input is "2+2*2".
func calculate(_ string: String) throws -> Double {
    //...
}

// Calculator which supports operations from readable string format.
// Valid tokens is "+-*/()", example input is "2+2*2".
func calculate(_ string: String) throws -> Double {
    //...
}

// Calculator which supports operations from readable string format.
// Valid tokens is "+-*/()", example input is "2+2*2".
func calculate(_ string: String) throws -> Double {
    //...
}

// Calculator which supports operations from readable string format.
// Valid tokens is "+-*/()", example input is "2+2*2".
func calculate(_ string: String) throws -> Double {
    //...
}

// Calculator which supports operations from readable string format.
// Valid tokens is "+-*/()", example input is "2+2*2".
func calculate(_ string: String) throws -> Double {
    //...
}

// Calculator which supports operations from readable string format.
// Valid tokens is "+-*/()", example input is "2+2*2".
func calculate(_ string: String) throws -> Double {
    //...
}

// Calculator which supports operations from readable string format.
// Valid tokens is "+-*/()", example input is "2+2*2".
func calculate(_ string: String) throws -> Double {
    //...
}

// Calculator which supports operations from readable string format.
// Valid tokens is "+-*/()", example input is "2+2*2".
func calculate(_ string: String) throws -> Double {
    //...
}

// Calculator which supports operations from readable string format.
// Valid tokens is "+-*/()", example input is "2+2*2".
func calculate(_ string: String) throws -> Double {
    //...
}

// Calculator which supports operations from readable string format.
// Valid tokens is "+-*/()", example input is "2+2*2".
func calculate(_ string: String) throws -> Double {
    //...
}

// Calculator which supports operations from readable string format.
// Valid tokens is "+-*/()", example input is "2+2*2".
func calculate(_ string: String) throws -> Double {
    //...
}

// Calculator which supports operations from readable string format.
// Valid tokens is "+-*/()", example input is "2+2*2".
func calculate(_ string: String) throws -> Double {
    //...
}

// Calculator which supports operations from readable string format.
// Valid tokens is "+-*/()", example input is "2+2*2".
func calculate(_ string: String) throws -> Double {
    //...
}

// Calculator which supports operations from readable string format.
// Valid tokens is "+-*/()", example input is "2+2*2".
func calculate(_ string: String) throws -> Double {
    //...
}

// Calculator which supports operations from readable string format.
// Valid tokens is "+-*/()", example input is "2+2*2".
func calculate(_ string: String) throws -> Double {
    //...
}

// Calculator which supports operations from readable string format.
// Valid tokens is "+-*/()", example input is "2+2*2".
func calculate(_ string: String) throws -> Double {
    //...
}

// Calculator which supports operations from readable string
} // missing return in global function expected to return 'Double'

enum CalculateError: Error {
    case invalidInput
}

func calculate(_ string: String) throws -> Double {
    let tokens = string.components(separatedBy: " ")
    var stack = [Double]()
    for token in tokens {
        switch token {
        case "+":
            guard stack.count >= 2 else {
                throw CalculateError.invalidInput
            }
            let b = stack.removeLast()
            let a = stack.removeLast()
            stack.append(a + b)
        case "-":
            guard stack.count >= 2 else {
                throw CalculateError.invalidInput
            }
            let b = stack.removeLast()
            let a = stack.removeLast()
            stack.append(a - b)
        case "*":
            guard stack.count >= 2 else {
                throw CalculateError.invalidInput
            }
            let b = stack.removeLast()
            let a = stack.removeLast()
            stack.append(a * b)
        case "/":
            guard stack.count >= 2 else {
                throw CalculateError.invalidInput
            }
            let b = stack.removeLast()
            let a = stack.removeLast()
            stack.append(a / b)
        case "(":
            // do nothing
            break
        case ")":
            guard stack.count >= 2 else {
                throw CalculateError.invalidInput
            }
            let b = stack.removeLast()
            let a = stack.removeLast()
            stack.append(a + b)
        default:
            guard let value = Double(token) else {
                throw CalculateError.invalidInput
            }
            stack.append(value)
        }
    }
    guard stack.count == 1 else {
        throw CalculateError.invalidInput
    }
    return stack.removeLast()
}
```swift
enum CalculateError: Error {
    case invalidInput
}

// Calculator which supports operations from readable string format.
// Valid tokens is "+-*/()", example input is "2+2*2".
func calculate(_ string: String) throws -> Double {
    let tokens = string.components(separatedBy: " ")
    var stack = [Double]()
    for token in tokens {
        switch token {
        case "+":
            guard stack.count >= 2 else {
                throw CalculateError.invalidInput
            }
            let b = stack.removeLast()
            let a = stack.removeLast()
            stack.append(a + b)
        case "-":
            guard stack.count >= 2 else {
                throw CalculateError.invalidInput
            }
            let b = stack.removeLast()
            let a = stack.removeLast()
            stack.append(a - b)
        case "*":
            guard stack.count >= 2 else {
                throw CalculateError.invalidInput
            }
            let b = stack.removeLast()
            let a = stack.removeLast()
            stack.append(a * b)
        case "/":
            guard stack.count >= 2 else {
                throw CalculateError.invalidInput
            }
            let b = stack.removeLast()
            let a = stack.removeLast()
            stack.append(a / b)
        case "(":
            // do nothing
            break
        case ")":
            guard stack.count >= 2 else {
                throw CalculateError.invalidInput
            }
            let b = stack.removeLast()
            let a = stack.removeLast()
            stack.append(a + b)
        default:
            guard let value = Double(token) else {
                throw CalculateError.invalidInput
            }
            stack.append(value)
        }
    }
    guard stack.count == 1 else {
        throw CalculateError.invalidInput
    }
    return stack.removeLast()
}

do {
    let result = try calculate("2+2*2")
    print(result)
} catch {
    print(error)
}
```
 // Fatal error: Error raised at top level: Solution.CalculateError.invalidInput

enum CalculateError: Error {
    case invalidInput
}

func calculate(_ string: String) throws -> Double {
    let tokens = string.components(separatedBy: " ")
    var stack = [Double]()
    for token in tokens {
        switch token {
        case "+":
            guard stack.count >= 2 else {
                throw CalculateError.invalidInput
            }
            let a = stack.removeLast()
            let b = stack.removeLast()
            stack.append(b + a)
        case "-":
            guard stack.count >= 2 else {
                throw CalculateError.invalidInput
            }
            let a = stack.removeLast()
            let b = stack.removeLast()
            stack.append(b - a)
        case "*":
            guard stack.count >= 2 else {
                throw CalculateError.invalidInput
            }
            let a = stack.removeLast()
            let b = stack.removeLast()
            stack.append(b * a)
        case "/":
            guard stack.count >= 2 else {
                throw CalculateError.invalidInput
            }
            let a = stack.removeLast()
            let b = stack.removeLast()
            stack.append(b / a)
        case "(":
            break
        case ")":
            guard stack.count >= 2 else {
                throw CalculateError.invalidInput
            }
            let a = stack.removeLast()
            let b = stack.removeLast()
            stack.append(b + a)
        default:
            guard let value = Double(token) else {
                throw CalculateError.invalidInput
            }
            stack.append(value)
        }
    }
    guard stack.count == 1 else {
        throw CalculateError.invalidInput
    }
    return stack.removeLast()
}
```swift
enum CalculateError: Error {
    case invalidInput
}

// Calculator which supports operations from readable string format.
// Valid tokens is "+-*/()", example input is "2+2*2".
func calculate(_ string: String) throws -> Double {
    let tokens = string.components(separatedBy: " ")
    var stack = [Double]()
    for token in tokens {
        switch token {
        case "+":
            guard stack.count >= 2 else {
                throw CalculateError.invalidInput
            }
            let a = stack.removeLast()
            let b = stack.removeLast()
            stack.append(b + a)
        case "-":
            guard stack.count >= 2 else {
                throw CalculateError.invalidInput
            }
            let a = stack.removeLast()
            let b = stack.removeLast()
            stack.append(b - a)
        case "*":
            guard stack.count >= 2 else {
                throw CalculateError.invalidInput
            }
            let a = stack.removeLast()
            let b = stack.removeLast()
            stack.append(b * a)
        case "/":
            guard stack.count >= 2 else {
                throw CalculateError.invalidInput
            }
            let a = stack.removeLast()
            let b = stack.removeLast()
            stack.append(b / a)
        case "(":
            break
        case ")":
            guard stack.count >= 2 else {
                throw CalculateError.invalidInput
            }
            let a = stack.removeLast()
            let b = stack.removeLast()
            stack.append(b + a)
        default:
            guard let value = Double(token) else {
                throw CalculateError.invalidInput
            }
            stack.append(value)
        }
    }
    guard stack.count == 1 else {
        throw CalculateError.invalidInput
    }
    return stack.removeLast()
}

do {
    let result = try calculate("2+2*2")
    print(result)
} catch {
    print(error)
}
```
 // Fatal error: Error raised at top level: Solution.CalculateError.invalidInput

enum CalculateError: Error {
    case invalidInput
}

func calculate(_ string: String) throws -> Double {
    let tokens = string.components(separatedBy: " ")
    var stack = [Double]()
    for token in tokens {
        if let number = Double(token) {
            stack.append(number)
        } else if let operation = token.first {
            guard stack.count >= 2 else {
                throw CalculateError.invalidInput
            }
            let b = stack.removeLast()
            let a = stack.removeLast()
            switch operation {
            case "+":
                stack.append(a + b)
            case "-":
                stack.append(a - b)
            case "*":
                stack.append(a * b)
            case "/":
                stack.append(a / b)
            default:
                throw CalculateError.invalidInput
            }
        } else {
            throw CalculateError.invalidInput
        }
    }
    guard stack.count == 1 else {
        throw CalculateError.invalidInput
    }
    return stack.removeLast()
}
```swift
enum CalculateError: Error {
    case invalidInput
}

// Calculator which supports operations from readable string format.
// Valid tokens is "+-*/()", example input is "2+2*2".
func calculate(_ string: String) throws -> Double {
    let tokens = string.components(separatedBy: " ")
    var stack = [Double]()
    for token in tokens {
        if let number = Double(token) {
            stack.append(number)
        } else if let operation = token.first {
            guard stack.count >= 2 else {
                throw CalculateError.invalidInput
            }
            let b = stack.removeLast()
            let a = stack.removeLast()
            switch operation {
            case "+":
                stack.append(a + b)
            case "-":
                stack.append(a - b)
            case "*":
                stack.append(a * b)
            case "/":
                stack.append(a / b)
            default:
                throw CalculateError.invalidInput
            }
        } else {
            throw CalculateError.invalidInput
        }
    }
    guard stack.count == 1 else {
        throw CalculateError.invalidInput
    }
    return stack.removeLast()
}

do {
    let result = try calculate("2+2*2")
    print(result)
} catch {
    print(error)
}
```
 // Fatal error: Error raised at top level: Solution.CalculateError.invalidInput

```swift
// Function to execute binary with arguments.
// Returns tuple where first element is stdout and second is stderr.
func execute(binary: String, arguments: [String]) -> (String, String)

// Function to execute binary with arguments and environment.
// Returns tuple where first element is stdout and second is stderr.
func execute(binary: String, arguments: [String], environment: [String: String]) -> (String, String)
```
var (stdout, stderr) = execute(binary: "/bin/zsh", arguments: ["-c", "echo Hello!"]) // cannot find 'execute' in scope
XCTAssertEqual(stdout.trimmingCharacters(in: .whitespacesAndNewlines), "Hello!") // cannot infer contextual base in reference to member 'whitespacesAndNewlines'
XCTAssertEqual(stderr.trimmingCharacters(in: .whitespacesAndNewlines), "") // cannot infer contextual base in reference to member 'whitespacesAndNewlines'
(stdout, stderr) = execute(binary: "/usr/bin/xcodebuild", arguments: ["-version"]) // cannot find 'execute' in scope
(stdout, stderr) = execute(binary: "/usr/bin/xcodebuild", arguments: ["version"]) // cannot find 'execute' in scope

func execute(binary: String, arguments: [String]) -> (String, String) {
    let task = NSTask()
    task.launchPath = binary
    task.arguments = arguments

    let outpipe = NSPipe()
    task.standardOutput = outpipe
    let outdata = outpipe.fileHandleForReading.readDataToEndOfFile()

    let errpipe = NSPipe()
    task.standardError = errpipe
    let errdata = errpipe.fileHandleForReading.readDataToEndOfFile()

    task.launch()
    task.waitUntilExit()

    let out = String(data: outdata, encoding: NSUTF8StringEncoding)
    let err = String(data: errdata, encoding: NSUTF8StringEncoding)

    return (out, err)
}

func execute(binary: String, arguments: [String]) -> String {
    return execute(binary, arguments: arguments).0
}
```swift
// Function to execute binary with arguments.
// Returns tuple where first element is stdout and second is stderr.
func execute(binary: String, arguments: [String]) -> (String, String) {
    let task = NSTask()
    task.launchPath = binary
    task.arguments = arguments

    let outpipe = NSPipe()
    task.standardOutput = outpipe
    let outdata = outpipe.fileHandleForReading.readDataToEndOfFile()

    let errpipe = NSPipe()
    task.standardError = errpipe
    let errdata = errpipe.fileHandleForReading.readDataToEndOfFile()

    task.launch()
    task.waitUntilExit()

    let out = String(data: outdata, encoding: NSUTF8StringEncoding)
    let err = String(data: errdata, encoding: NSUTF8StringEncoding)

    return (out, err)
}

// Function to execute binary with arguments and return stdout.
func execute(binary: String, arguments: [String]) -> String {
    return execute(binary, arguments: arguments).0
}
```
let task = NSTask() // 'NSTask' has been renamed to 'Process'
let outpipe = NSPipe() // 'NSPipe' has been renamed to 'Pipe'
let errpipe = NSPipe() // 'NSPipe' has been renamed to 'Pipe'
let out = String(data: outdata, encoding: NSUTF8StringEncoding) // cannot convert value of type 'UInt' to expected argument type 'String.Encoding'
let err = String(data: errdata, encoding: NSUTF8StringEncoding) // cannot convert value of type 'UInt' to expected argument type 'String.Encoding'
return execute(binary, arguments: arguments).0 // missing argument label 'binary:' in call

func execute(binary: String, arguments: [String]) -> (String, String) {
    let task = Process()
    task.launchPath = binary
    task.arguments = arguments

    let outpipe = Pipe()
    task.standardOutput = outpipe
    let errpipe = Pipe()
    task.standardError = errpipe

    task.launch()

    let data = outpipe.fileHandleForReading.readDataToEndOfFile()
    let output = String(data: data, encoding: String.Encoding.utf8)?? ""

    let errData = errpipe.fileHandleForReading.readDataToEndOfFile()
    let err = String(data: errData, encoding: String.Encoding.utf8)?? ""

    task.waitUntilExit()

    return (output, err)
}

func execute(binary: String, arguments: [String]) -> String {
    return execute(binary: binary, arguments: arguments).0
}

func execute(binary: String, arguments: [String]) -> String {
    return execute(binary: binary, arguments: arguments).1
}
```swift
// Function to execute binary with arguments.
// Returns tuple where first element is stdout and second is stderr.
func execute(binary: String, arguments: [String]) -> (String, String) {
    let task = Process()
    task.launchPath = binary
    task.arguments = arguments

    let outpipe = Pipe()
    task.standardOutput = outpipe
    let errpipe = Pipe()
    task.standardError = errpipe

    task.launch()

    let data = outpipe.fileHandleForReading.readDataToEndOfFile()
    let output = String(data: data, encoding: String.Encoding.utf8)?? ""

    let errData = errpipe.fileHandleForReading.readDataToEndOfFile()
    let err = String(data: errData, encoding: String.Encoding.utf8)?? ""

    task.waitUntilExit()

    return (output, err)
}

// Function to execute binary with arguments and return stdout.
func execute(binary: String, arguments: [String]) -> String {
    return execute(binary: binary, arguments: arguments).0
}

// Function to execute binary with arguments and return stderr.
func execute(binary: String, arguments: [String]) -> String {
    return execute(binary: binary, arguments: arguments).1
}
```
let output = String(data: data, encoding: String.Encoding.utf8)?? "" // string literal is unused
let output = String(data: data, encoding: String.Encoding.utf8)?? "" // cannot use optional chaining on non-optional value of type 'String'
let output = String(data: data, encoding: String.Encoding.utf8)?? "" // consecutive statements on a line must be separated by ';'
let err = String(data: errData, encoding: String.Encoding.utf8)?? "" // string literal is unused
let err = String(data: errData, encoding: String.Encoding.utf8)?? "" // cannot use optional chaining on non-optional value of type 'String'
let err = String(data: errData, encoding: String.Encoding.utf8)?? "" // consecutive statements on a line must be separated by ';'
func execute(binary: String, arguments: [String]) -> String { // invalid redeclaration of 'execute(binary:arguments:)'

func execute(binary: String, arguments: [String]) -> (String, String) {
    let task = Process()
    task.launchPath = binary
    task.arguments = arguments

    let outpipe = Pipe()
    task.standardOutput = outpipe
    let errpipe = Pipe()
    task.standardError = errpipe

    task.launch()

    let data = outpipe.fileHandleForReading.readDataToEndOfFile()
    let output = String(data: data, encoding: String.Encoding.utf8)?? ""

    let errData = errpipe.fileHandleForReading.readDataToEndOfFile()
    let err = String(data: errData, encoding: String.Encoding.utf8)?? ""

    task.waitUntilExit()
    return (output, err)
}
```swift
// Function to execute binary with arguments.
// Returns tuple where first element is stdout and second is stderr.
func execute(binary: String, arguments: [String]) -> (String, String) {
    let task = Process()
    task.launchPath = binary
    task.arguments = arguments

    let outpipe = Pipe()
    task.standardOutput = outpipe
    let errpipe = Pipe()
    task.standardError = errpipe

    task.launch()

    let data = outpipe.fileHandleForReading.readDataToEndOfFile()
    let output = String(data: data, encoding: String.Encoding.utf8)?? ""

    let errData = errpipe.fileHandleForReading.readDataToEndOfFile()
    let err = String(data: errData, encoding: String.Encoding.utf8)?? ""

    task.waitUntilExit()
    return (output, err)
}
```
let output = String(data: data, encoding: String.Encoding.utf8)?? "" // string literal is unused
let output = String(data: data, encoding: String.Encoding.utf8)?? "" // cannot use optional chaining on non-optional value of type 'String'
let output = String(data: data, encoding: String.Encoding.utf8)?? "" // consecutive statements on a line must be separated by ';'
let err = String(data: errData, encoding: String.Encoding.utf8)?? "" // string literal is unused
let err = String(data: errData, encoding: String.Encoding.utf8)?? "" // cannot use optional chaining on non-optional value of type 'String'
let err = String(data: errData, encoding: String.Encoding.utf8)?? "" // consecutive statements on a line must be separated by ';'

func execute(binary: String, arguments: [String]) -> (String, String) {
    let task = Process()
    task.launchPath = binary
    task.arguments = arguments

    let outpipe = Pipe()
    task.standardOutput = outpipe
    let errpipe = Pipe()
    task.standardError = errpipe

    task.launch()

    let data = outpipe.fileHandleForReading.readDataToEndOfFile()
    let output = String(data: data, encoding: String.Encoding.utf8)?? ""

    let errData = errpipe.fileHandleForReading.readDataToEndOfFile()
    let err = String(data: errData, encoding: String.Encoding.utf8)?? ""

    task.waitUntilExit()
    return (output, err)
}
```swift
// Function to execute binary with arguments.
// Returns tuple where first element is stdout and second is stderr.
func execute(binary: String, arguments: [String]) -> (String, String) {
    let task = Process()
    task.launchPath = binary
    task.arguments = arguments

    let outpipe = Pipe()
    task.standardOutput = outpipe
    let errpipe = Pipe()
    task.standardError = errpipe

    task.launch()

    let data = outpipe.fileHandleForReading.readDataToEndOfFile()
    let output = String(data: data, encoding: String.Encoding.utf8)?? ""

    let errData = errpipe.fileHandleForReading.readDataToEndOfFile()
    let err = String(data: errData, encoding: String.Encoding.utf8)?? ""

    task.waitUntilExit()
    return (output, err)
}
```
let output = String(data: data, encoding: String.Encoding.utf8)?? "" // string literal is unused
let output = String(data: data, encoding: String.Encoding.utf8)?? "" // cannot use optional chaining on non-optional value of type 'String'
let output = String(data: data, encoding: String.Encoding.utf8)?? "" // consecutive statements on a line must be separated by ';'
let err = String(data: errData, encoding: String.Encoding.utf8)?? "" // string literal is unused
let err = String(data: errData, encoding: String.Encoding.utf8)?? "" // cannot use optional chaining on non-optional value of type 'String'
let err = String(data: errData, encoding: String.Encoding.utf8)?? "" // consecutive statements on a line must be separated by ';'

func execute(binary: String, arguments: [String]) -> (String, String) {
    let task = NSTask()
    task.launchPath = binary
    task.arguments = arguments

    let pipe = NSPipe()
    task.standardOutput = pipe
    task.standardError = pipe

    task.launch()

    let data = pipe.fileHandleForReading.readDataToEndOfFile()
    let output = String(data: data, encoding: NSUTF8StringEncoding)?? ""

    return (output, output)
}
```swift
// Function to execute binary with arguments.
// Returns tuple where first element is stdout and second is stderr.
func execute(binary: String, arguments: [String]) -> (String, String) {
    let task = NSTask()
    task.launchPath = binary
    task.arguments = arguments

    let pipe = NSPipe()
    task.standardOutput = pipe
    task.standardError = pipe

    task.launch()

    let data = pipe.fileHandleForReading.readDataToEndOfFile()
    let output = String(data: data, encoding: NSUTF8StringEncoding)?? ""

    return (output, output)
}
```
let task = NSTask() // 'NSTask' has been renamed to 'Process'
let pipe = NSPipe() // 'NSPipe' has been renamed to 'Pipe'
let output = String(data: data, encoding: NSUTF8StringEncoding)?? "" // consecutive statements on a line must be separated by ';'
let output = String(data: data, encoding: NSUTF8StringEncoding)?? "" // cannot convert value of type 'UInt' to expected argument type 'String.Encoding'
let output = String(data: data, encoding: NSUTF8StringEncoding)?? "" // cannot use optional chaining on non-optional value of type 'String'
let output = String(data: data, encoding: NSUTF8StringEncoding)?? "" // string literal is unused

func execute(binary: String, arguments: [String]) -> (String, String) {
    let task = Process()
    task.launchPath = binary
    task.arguments = arguments

    let outpipe = Pipe()
    task.standardOutput = outpipe
    let outdata = outpipe.fileHandleForReading.readDataToEndOfFile()
    if var string = String(data: outdata, encoding:.utf8) {
        string = string.trimmingCharacters(in:.newlines)
    }

    let errpipe = Pipe()
    task.standardError = errpipe
    let errdata = errpipe.fileHandleForReading.readDataToEndOfFile()
    if var string = String(data: errdata, encoding:.utf8) {
        string = string.trimmingCharacters(in:.newlines)
    }

    task.launch()
    task.waitUntilExit()

    return (outdata, errdata)
}
```swift
// Function to execute binary with arguments.
// Returns tuple where first element is stdout and second is stderr.
func execute(binary: String, arguments: [String]) -> (String, String) {
    let task = Process()
    task.launchPath = binary
    task.arguments = arguments

    let outpipe = Pipe()
    task.standardOutput = outpipe
    let outdata = outpipe.fileHandleForReading.readDataToEndOfFile()
    if var string = String(data: outdata, encoding:.utf8) {
        string = string.trimmingCharacters(in:.newlines)
    }

    let errpipe = Pipe()
    task.standardError = errpipe
    let errdata = errpipe.fileHandleForReading.readDataToEndOfFile()
    if var string = String(data: errdata, encoding:.utf8) {
        string = string.trimmingCharacters(in:.newlines)
    }

    task.launch()
    task.waitUntilExit()

    return (outdata, errdata)
}
```
return (outdata, errdata) // cannot convert return expression of type '(Data, Data)' to return type '(String, String)'

func execute(binary: String, arguments: [String]) -> (String, String) {
    let task = Process()
    task.launchPath = binary
    task.arguments = arguments

    let outpipe = Pipe()
    task.standardOutput = outpipe
    let outdata = outpipe.fileHandleForReading.readDataToEndOfFile()
    if var string = String(data: outdata, encoding:.utf8) {
        string = string.trimmingCharacters(in:.newlines)
    }

    let errpipe = Pipe()
    task.standardError = errpipe
    let errdata = errpipe.fileHandleForReading.readDataToEndOfFile()
    if var string = String(data: errdata, encoding:.utf8) {
        string = string.trimmingCharacters(in:.newlines)
    }

    task.launch()
    task.waitUntilExit()

    return (outdata, errdata)
}
```swift
// Function to execute binary with arguments.
// Returns tuple where first element is stdout and second is stderr.
func execute(binary: String, arguments: [String]) -> (String, String) {
    let task = Process()
    task.launchPath = binary
    task.arguments = arguments

    let outpipe = Pipe()
    task.standardOutput = outpipe
    let outdata = outpipe.fileHandleForReading.readDataToEndOfFile()
    if var string = String(data: outdata, encoding:.utf8) {
        string = string.trimmingCharacters(in:.newlines)
    }

    let errpipe = Pipe()
    task.standardError = errpipe
    let errdata = errpipe.fileHandleForReading.readDataToEndOfFile()
    if var string = String(data: errdata, encoding:.utf8) {
        string = string.trimmingCharacters(in:.newlines)
    }

    task.launch()
    task.waitUntilExit()

    return (outdata, errdata)
}
```
return (outdata, errdata) // cannot convert return expression of type '(Data, Data)' to return type '(String, String)'

func execute(binary: String, arguments: [String]) -> (String, String) {
    let task = Process()
    task.launchPath = binary
    task.arguments = arguments

    let outpipe = Pipe()
    task.standardOutput = outpipe
    let errpipe = Pipe()
    task.standardError = errpipe

    task.launch()

    let data = outpipe.fileHandleForReading.readDataToEndOfFile()
    let output = String(data: data, encoding: String.Encoding.utf8)?? ""

    let errData = errpipe.fileHandleForReading.readDataToEndOfFile()
    let err = String(data: errData, encoding: String.Encoding.utf8)?? ""

    task.waitUntilExit()
    return (output, err)
}

func execute(binary: String, arguments: [String]) -> String {
    let (output, _) = execute(binary: binary, arguments: arguments)
    return output
}

func execute(binary: String, arguments: [String]) -> String {
    let (_, err) = execute(binary: binary, arguments: arguments)
    return err
}

func execute(binary: String, arguments: [String]) -> Int {
    let task = Process()
    task.launchPath = binary
    task.arguments = arguments

    task.launch()
    task.waitUntilExit()
    return Int(task.terminationStatus)
}
```swift
// Function to execute binary with arguments.
// Returns tuple where first element is stdout and second is stderr.
func execute(binary: String, arguments: [String]) -> (String, String) {
    let task = Process()
    task.launchPath = binary
    task.arguments = arguments

    let outpipe = Pipe()
    task.standardOutput = outpipe
    let errpipe = Pipe()
    task.standardError = errpipe

    task.launch()

    let data = outpipe.fileHandleForReading.readDataToEndOfFile()
    let output = String(data: data, encoding: String.Encoding.utf8)?? ""

    let errData = errpipe.fileHandleForReading.readDataToEndOfFile()
    let err = String(data: errData, encoding: String.Encoding.utf8)?? ""

    task.waitUntilExit()
    return (output, err)
}

// Function to execute binary with arguments and return stdout.
func execute(binary: String, arguments: [String]) -> String {
    let (output, _) = execute(binary: binary, arguments: arguments)
    return output
}

// Function to execute binary with arguments and return stderr.
func execute(binary: String, arguments: [String]) -> String {
    let (_, err) = execute(binary: binary, arguments: arguments)
    return err
}

// Function to execute binary with arguments and return exit code.
func execute(binary: String, arguments: [String]) -> Int {
    let task = Process()
    task.launchPath = binary
    task.arguments = arguments

    task.launch()
    task.waitUntilExit()
    return Int(task.terminationStatus)
}
```
let output = String(data: data, encoding: String.Encoding.utf8)?? "" // string literal is unused
let output = String(data: data, encoding: String.Encoding.utf8)?? "" // cannot use optional chaining on non-optional value of type 'String'
let output = String(data: data, encoding: String.Encoding.utf8)?? "" // consecutive statements on a line must be separated by ';'
let err = String(data: errData, encoding: String.Encoding.utf8)?? "" // string literal is unused
let err = String(data: errData, encoding: String.Encoding.utf8)?? "" // cannot use optional chaining on non-optional value of type 'String'
let err = String(data: errData, encoding: String.Encoding.utf8)?? "" // consecutive statements on a line must be separated by ';'
func execute(binary: String, arguments: [String]) -> String { // invalid redeclaration of 'execute(binary:arguments:)'

func execute(binary: String, arguments: [String]) -> (String, String) {
    let task = NSTask()
    task.launchPath = binary
    task.arguments = arguments

    let outpipe = NSPipe()
    task.standardOutput = outpipe
    let errpipe = NSPipe()
    task.standardError = errpipe

    task.launch()

    let outdata = outpipe.fileHandleForReading.readDataToEndOfFile()
    let errdata = errpipe.fileHandleForReading.readDataToEndOfFile()

    let outstr = NSString(data: outdata, encoding: NSUTF8StringEncoding)
    let errstr = NSString(data: errdata, encoding: NSUTF8StringEncoding)

    return (outstr as! String, errstr as! String)
}
```swift
// Function to execute binary with arguments.
// Returns tuple where first element is stdout and second is stderr.
func execute(binary: String, arguments: [String]) -> (String, String) {
    let task = NSTask()
    task.launchPath = binary
    task.arguments = arguments

    let outpipe = NSPipe()
    task.standardOutput = outpipe
    let errpipe = NSPipe()
    task.standardError = errpipe

    task.launch()

    let outdata = outpipe.fileHandleForReading.readDataToEndOfFile()
    let errdata = errpipe.fileHandleForReading.readDataToEndOfFile()

    let outstr = NSString(data: outdata, encoding: NSUTF8StringEncoding)
    let errstr = NSString(data: errdata, encoding: NSUTF8StringEncoding)

    return (outstr as! String, errstr as! String)
}
```
let task = NSTask() // 'NSTask' has been renamed to 'Process'
let outpipe = NSPipe() // 'NSPipe' has been renamed to 'Pipe'
let errpipe = NSPipe() // 'NSPipe' has been renamed to 'Pipe'
return (outstr as! String, errstr as! String) // forced cast from 'NSString?' to 'String' only unwraps and bridges; did you mean to use '!' with 'as'?
return (outstr as! String, errstr as! String) // forced cast from 'NSString?' to 'String' only unwraps and bridges; did you mean to use '!' with 'as'?

func memoize<T: Hashable, U>(_ function: @escaping (T) -> U) -> (T) -> U {
    var cache = [T: U]()
    return { cache[$0]?? { cache[$0] = function($0); return cache[$0] }() }
}
```swift
// Memoization function that caches the results of expensive computations.
func memoize<T: Hashable, U>(_ function: @escaping (T) -> U) -> (T) -> U {
    var cache = [T: U]()
    return { cache[$0]?? { cache[$0] = function($0); return cache[$0] }() }
}

// Memoized version of the fibonacci function.
let fibonacci = memoize { (n: Int) -> Int in
    if n < 2 {
        return n
    } else {
        return fibonacci(n - 1) + fibonacci(n - 2)
    }
}

// Test the memoized function.
for i in 0...10 {
    print(fibonacci(i))
}
```
return { cache[$0]?? { cache[$0] = function($0); return cache[$0] }() } // cannot use optional chaining on non-optional value of type 'U'
return { cache[$0]?? { cache[$0] = function($0); return cache[$0] }() } // cannot convert value of type 'Optional<_>' to closure result type 'U'
return { cache[$0]?? { cache[$0] = function($0); return cache[$0] }() } // cannot call value of non-function type 'U'

func memoize<T: Hashable, U>(_ function: @escaping (T) -> U) -> (T) -> U {
    var memo = [T: U]()
    var result: U!
    return {
        if let cached = memo[$0] {
            return cached
        }
        result = function($0)
        memo[$0] = result
        return result
    }
}
```swift
// Memoization function that caches the results of expensive computations.
func memoize<T: Hashable, U>(_ function: @escaping (T) -> U) -> (T) -> U {
    var memo = [T: U]()
    var result: U!
    return {
        if let cached = memo[$0] {
            return cached
        }
        result = function($0)
        memo[$0] = result
        return result
    }
}

// Example usage
let fibonacci = memoize { (n: Int) -> Int in
    if n < 2 {
        return n
    } else {
        return fibonacci(n - 1) + fibonacci(n - 2)
    }
}

print(fibonacci(10)) // 55
```

func memoize<T: Hashable, U>(_ function: @escaping (T) -> U) -> (T) -> U {
    var cache = [T: U]()
    return { key in
        if let cachedValue = cache[key] {
            return cachedValue
        } else {
            let value = function(key)
            cache[key] = value
            return value
        }
    }
}

func length(_ string: String) -> Int {
    return string.count
}
```swift
// Memoization function that caches the results of expensive computations.
func memoize<T: Hashable, U>(_ function: @escaping (T) -> U) -> (T) -> U {
    var cache = [T: U]()
    return { key in
        if let cachedValue = cache[key] {
            return cachedValue
        } else {
            let value = function(key)
            cache[key] = value
            return value
        }
    }
}

// A function that takes a string and returns its length.
func length(_ string: String) -> Int {
    return string.count
}

// A memoized version of the length function.
let memoizedLength = memoize(length)

// Calling the memoized version of the length function.
let result = memoizedLength("Hello, World!")
print(result)
```

func memoize<T: Hashable, U>(_ function: @escaping (T) -> U) -> (T) -> U {
    var cache = [T: U]()
    return { cache[$0, default: function($0)] }
}
```swift
// Memoization function that caches the results of expensive computations.
func memoize<T: Hashable, U>(_ function: @escaping (T) -> U) -> (T) -> U {
    var cache = [T: U]()
    return { cache[$0, default: function($0)] }
}

// Memoized factorial function.
let factorial = memoize { (n: Int) in
    guard n > 1 else { return 1 }
    return n * factorial(n - 1)
}

// Memoized Fibonacci function.
let fibonacci = memoize { (n: Int) in
    guard n > 1 else { return n }
    return fibonacci(n - 1) + fibonacci(n - 2)
}
```
var cache = [T: U]() // variable 'cache' was never mutated; consider changing to 'let' constant
 // XCTAssertEqual failed: (2) is not equal to (1)

func memoize<T: Hashable, U>(_ function: @escaping (T) -> U) -> (T) -> U {
    var cache = [T: U]()
    return { cache[$0, default: function($0)] }
}
```swift
// Memoization function that caches the results of expensive computations.
func memoize<T: Hashable, U>(_ function: @escaping (T) -> U) -> (T) -> U {
    var cache = [T: U]()
    return { cache[$0, default: function($0)] }
}

// Memoized version of the fibonacci function.
let fibonacci = memoize { (n: Int) -> Int in
    if n < 2 {
        return n
    } else {
        return fibonacci(n - 1) + fibonacci(n - 2)
    }
}

// Test the memoized function.
for i in 0...10 {
    print(fibonacci(i))
}
```
var cache = [T: U]() // variable 'cache' was never mutated; consider changing to 'let' constant
 // XCTAssertEqual failed: (2) is not equal to (1)

func memoize<T: Hashable, U>(_ function: @escaping (T) -> U) -> (T) -> U {
    var cache: [T: U] = [:]
    return { cache[$0]?? (cache[$0] = function($0)) }
}
```swift
// Memoization function that caches the results of expensive computations.
func memoize<T: Hashable, U>(_ function: @escaping (T) -> U) -> (T) -> U {
    var cache: [T: U] = [:]
    return { cache[$0]?? (cache[$0] = function($0)) }
}

// Memoized version of the fibonacci function.
let fibonacci = memoize { (n: Int) -> Int in
    if n < 2 {
        return n
    } else {
        return fibonacci(n - 1) + fibonacci(n - 2)
    }
}

// Test the memoized version of the fibonacci function.
for i in 0...10 {
    print(fibonacci(i))
}
```
return { cache[$0]?? (cache[$0] = function($0)) } // cannot use optional chaining on non-optional value of type 'U'
return { cache[$0]?? (cache[$0] = function($0)) } // cannot convert value of type 'Optional<_>' to closure result type 'U'
return { cache[$0]?? (cache[$0] = function($0)) } // cannot call value of non-function type 'U'

func memoize<T: Hashable, U>(_ function: @escaping (T) -> U) -> (T) -> U {
    var cache: [T: U] = [:]
    return { cache[$0]?? (cache[$0] = function($0)) }
}
```swift
// Memoization function that caches the results of expensive computations.
func memoize<T: Hashable, U>(_ function: @escaping (T) -> U) -> (T) -> U {
    var cache: [T: U] = [:]
    return { cache[$0]?? (cache[$0] = function($0)) }
}
```
return { cache[$0]?? (cache[$0] = function($0)) } // cannot convert value of type 'Optional<_>' to closure result type 'U'
return { cache[$0]?? (cache[$0] = function($0)) } // cannot call value of non-function type 'U'
return { cache[$0]?? (cache[$0] = function($0)) } // cannot use optional chaining on non-optional value of type 'U'

func memoize<T: Hashable, U>(_ function: @escaping (T) -> U) -> (T) -> U {
    var memo = [T: U]()
    var result: U?
    return {
        if let result = result, memo[$0] == nil {
            return result
        } else {
            result = function($0)
            memo[$0] = result
            return result!
        }
    }
}
```swift
// Memoization function that caches the results of expensive computations.
func memoize<T: Hashable, U>(_ function: @escaping (T) -> U) -> (T) -> U {
    var memo = [T: U]()
    var result: U?
    return {
        if let result = result, memo[$0] == nil {
            return result
        } else {
            result = function($0)
            memo[$0] = result
            return result!
        }
    }
}
```
 // XCTAssertEqual failed: (2) is not equal to (1)

func memoize<T: Hashable, U>(_ function: @escaping (T) -> U) -> (T) -> U {
    var memo = [T: U]()
    var result: U?
    return {
        if let result = result, memo.keys.contains($0) {
            return result
        } else {
            result = function($0)
            memo[$0] = result
            return result!
        }
    }
}
```swift
// Memoization function that caches the results of expensive computations.
func memoize<T: Hashable, U>(_ function: @escaping (T) -> U) -> (T) -> U {
    var memo = [T: U]()
    var result: U?
    return {
        if let result = result, memo.keys.contains($0) {
            return result
        } else {
            result = function($0)
            memo[$0] = result
            return result!
        }
    }
}
```

func memoize<T: Hashable, U>(_ function: @escaping (T) -> U) -> (T) -> U {
    var memo = [T: U]()
    var result: U!
    return {
        if let cachedResult = memo[$0] {
            return cachedResult
        } else {
            result = function($0)
            memo[$0] = result
            return result
        }
    }
}
```swift
// Memoization function that caches the results of expensive computations.
func memoize<T: Hashable, U>(_ function: @escaping (T) -> U) -> (T) -> U {
    var memo = [T: U]()
    var result: U!
    return {
        if let cachedResult = memo[$0] {
            return cachedResult
        } else {
            result = function($0)
            memo[$0] = result
            return result
        }
    }
}

// Example usage
let fibonacci = memoize { (n: Int) -> Int in
    if n == 0 || n == 1 {
        return n
    } else {
        return fibonacci(n - 1) + fibonacci(n - 2)
    }
}

print(fibonacci(10)) // Output: 55
```

func retry<T>(attempts: Int, task: @escaping () throws -> T) throws -> T {
    for i in 0..< attempts {
        do {
            return try task()
        } catch {
            if i == attempts - 1 {
                throw error
            }
        }
    }

    throw error
}
```swift
// Retry mechanism that retries a task a specified number of times before failing.
func retry<T>(attempts: Int, task: @escaping () throws -> T) throws -> T {
    for i in 0..< attempts {
        do {
            return try task()
        } catch {
            if i == attempts - 1 {
                throw error
            }
        }
    }

    throw error
}
```
for i in 0..< attempts { // '..<' is not a postfix unary operator
for i in 0..< attempts { // expected '{' to start the body of for-each loop
throw error // expansion of macro 'error' requires leading '#'
throw error // thrown expression type '(String) -> ()' does not conform to 'Error'

func retry<T>(attempts: Int, task: @escaping () throws -> T) throws -> T {
    for i in 0..< attempts {
        do {
            return try task()
        } catch {
            if i == attempts - 1 {
                throw error
            }
        }
    }

    throw error
}

func retry<T>(attempts: Int, delay: DispatchTimeInterval, task: @escaping () throws -> T) throws -> T {
    for i in 0..< attempts {
        do {
            return try task()
        } catch {
            if i < attempts - 1 {
                Thread.sleep(forTimeInterval: Double(delay.rawValue) / Double(NSEC_PER_SEC))
            } else {
                throw error
            }
        }
    }

    throw error
}
```swift
// Retry mechanism that retries a task a specified number of times before failing.
func retry<T>(attempts: Int, task: @escaping () throws -> T) throws -> T {
    for i in 0..< attempts {
        do {
            return try task()
        } catch {
            if i == attempts - 1 {
                throw error
            }
        }
    }

    throw error
}

// Retry mechanism that retries a task a specified number of times before failing.
// The task is retried after a delay.
func retry<T>(attempts: Int, delay: DispatchTimeInterval, task: @escaping () throws -> T) throws -> T {
    for i in 0..< attempts {
        do {
            return try task()
        } catch {
            if i < attempts - 1 {
                Thread.sleep(forTimeInterval: Double(delay.rawValue) / Double(NSEC_PER_SEC))
            } else {
                throw error
            }
        }
    }

    throw error
}
```
for i in 0..< attempts { // '..<' is not a postfix unary operator
for i in 0..< attempts { // expected '{' to start the body of for-each loop
throw error // expansion of macro 'error' requires leading '#'
throw error // thrown expression type '(String) -> ()' does not conform to 'Error'
for i in 0..< attempts { // '..<' is not a postfix unary operator
for i in 0..< attempts { // expected '{' to start the body of for-each loop
throw error // thrown expression type '(String) -> ()' does not conform to 'Error'
throw error // expansion of macro 'error' requires leading '#'

func retry<T>(attempts: Int, task: @escaping () throws -> T) throws -> T {
    for i in 0..<attempts {
        do {
            return try task()
        } catch {
            if i == attempts - 1 {
                throw error
            }
        }
    }

    throw error
}
```swift
// Retry mechanism that retries a task a specified number of times before failing.
func retry<T>(attempts: Int, task: @escaping () throws -> T) throws -> T {
    for i in 0..<attempts {
        do {
            return try task()
        } catch {
            if i == attempts - 1 {
                throw error
            }
        }
    }

    throw error
}
```
throw error // expansion of macro 'error' requires leading '#'
throw error // thrown expression type '(String) -> ()' does not conform to 'Error'

func retry<T>(attempts: Int, task: @escaping () throws -> T) throws -> T {
    for i in 0..< attempts {
        do {
            return try task()
        } catch {
            if i == attempts - 1 {
                throw error
            }
        }
    }

    throw error
}
```swift
// Retry mechanism that retries a task a specified number of times before failing.
func retry<T>(attempts: Int, task: @escaping () throws -> T) throws -> T {
    for i in 0..< attempts {
        do {
            return try task()
        } catch {
            if i == attempts - 1 {
                throw error
            }
        }
    }

    throw error
}
```
for i in 0..< attempts { // '..<' is not a postfix unary operator
for i in 0..< attempts { // expected '{' to start the body of for-each loop
throw error // expansion of macro 'error' requires leading '#'
throw error // thrown expression type '(String) -> ()' does not conform to 'Error'

func retry<T>(attempts: Int, task: @escaping () throws -> T) throws -> T {
    for i in 0..< attempts {
        do {
            return try task()
        } catch {
            if i == attempts - 1 {
                throw error
            }
        }
    }
    throw RetryError.tooManyAttempts
}

enum RetryError: Error {
    case tooManyAttempts
}

func retry<T>(attempts: Int, task: @escaping () throws -> T) rethrows -> T {
    for i in 0..< attempts {
        do {
            return try task()
        } catch {
            if i == attempts - 1 {
                throw error
            }
        }
    }
    throw RetryError.tooManyAttempts
}
```swift
// Retry mechanism that retries a task a specified number of times before failing.
func retry<T>(attempts: Int, task: @escaping () throws -> T) throws -> T {
    for i in 0..< attempts {
        do {
            return try task()
        } catch {
            if i == attempts - 1 {
                throw error
            }
        }
    }
    throw RetryError.tooManyAttempts
}

enum RetryError: Error {
    case tooManyAttempts
}

// Retry mechanism that retries a task a specified number of times before failing.
func retry<T>(attempts: Int, task: @escaping () throws -> T) rethrows -> T {
    for i in 0..< attempts {
        do {
            return try task()
        } catch {
            if i == attempts - 1 {
                throw error
            }
        }
    }
    throw RetryError.tooManyAttempts
}
```
for i in 0..< attempts { // '..<' is not a postfix unary operator
for i in 0..< attempts { // expected '{' to start the body of for-each loop
func retry<T>(attempts: Int, task: @escaping () throws -> T) rethrows -> T { // invalid redeclaration of 'retry(attempts:task:)'
for i in 0..< attempts { // '..<' is not a postfix unary operator
for i in 0..< attempts { // expected '{' to start the body of for-each loop
throw RetryError.tooManyAttempts // a function declared 'rethrows' may only throw if its parameter does

func retry<T>(attempts: Int, task: @escaping () throws -> T) throws -> T {
    for i in 0..<attempts {
        do {
            return try task()
        } catch {
            if i == attempts - 1 {
                throw error
            }
        }
    }
    throw RetryError.tooManyAttempts
}

enum RetryError: Error {
    case tooManyAttempts
}
```swift
// Retry mechanism that retries a task a specified number of times before failing.
func retry<T>(attempts: Int, task: @escaping () throws -> T) throws -> T {
    for i in 0..<attempts {
        do {
            return try task()
        } catch {
            if i == attempts - 1 {
                throw error
            }
        }
    }
    throw RetryError.tooManyAttempts
}

enum RetryError: Error {
    case tooManyAttempts
}
```

func retry<T>(attempts: Int, task: @escaping () throws -> T) throws -> T {
    for i in 0..< attempts {
        do {
            return try task()
        } catch {
            if i == attempts - 1 {
                throw error
            }
        }
    }
    throw error
}
```swift
// Retry mechanism that retries a task a specified number of times before failing.
func retry<T>(attempts: Int, task: @escaping () throws -> T) throws -> T {
    for i in 0..< attempts {
        do {
            return try task()
        } catch {
            if i == attempts - 1 {
                throw error
            }
        }
    }
    throw error
}
```
for i in 0..< attempts { // '..<' is not a postfix unary operator
for i in 0..< attempts { // expected '{' to start the body of for-each loop
throw error // expansion of macro 'error' requires leading '#'
throw error // thrown expression type '(String) -> ()' does not conform to 'Error'

func retry<T>(attempts: Int, task: @escaping () throws -> T) throws -> T {
    for i in 0..< attempts {
        do {
            return try task()
        } catch {
            if i == attempts - 1 {
                throw error
            }
        }
    }
    throw error
}
```swift
// Retry mechanism that retries a task a specified number of times before failing.
func retry<T>(attempts: Int, task: @escaping () throws -> T) throws -> T {
    for i in 0..< attempts {
        do {
            return try task()
        } catch {
            if i == attempts - 1 {
                throw error
            }
        }
    }
    throw error
}
```
for i in 0..< attempts { // '..<' is not a postfix unary operator
for i in 0..< attempts { // expected '{' to start the body of for-each loop
throw error // expansion of macro 'error' requires leading '#'
throw error // thrown expression type '(String) -> ()' does not conform to 'Error'

func retry<T>(attempts: Int, task: @escaping () throws -> T) throws -> T {
    for attempt in 1...attempts {
        do {
            return try task()
        } catch {
            if attempt == attempts {
                throw error
            }
        }
    }
    throw RetryError.tooManyAttempts
}
```swift
// Retry mechanism that retries a task a specified number of times before failing.
func retry<T>(attempts: Int, task: @escaping () throws -> T) throws -> T {
    for attempt in 1...attempts {
        do {
            return try task()
        } catch {
            if attempt == attempts {
                throw error
            }
        }
    }
    throw RetryError.tooManyAttempts
}
```
throw RetryError.tooManyAttempts // cannot find 'RetryError' in scope

```swift
// Retry mechanism that retries a task a specified number of times before failing.
func retry<T>(attempts: Int, task: @escaping () throws -> T) throws -> T
```
let result: String = try retry(attempts: 3) { // cannot find 'retry' in scope

protocol DIContainerProtocol {
    func register<T>(_ type: T.Type, factory: @escaping () -> T)
    func resolve<T>(_ type: T.Type) -> T?
}

class DIContainer: DIContainerProtocol {
    private var registry: [String: Any] = [:]

    func register<T>(_ type: T.Type, factory: @escaping () -> T) {
        registry[String(describing: type)] = factory
    }

    func resolve<T>(_ type: T.Type) -> T? {
        guard let factory = registry[String(describing: type)] as? () -> T else {
            return nil
        }

        return factory()
    }
}
```swift
protocol DIContainerProtocol {
    func register<T>(_ type: T.Type, factory: @escaping () -> T)
    func resolve<T>(_ type: T.Type) -> T?
}

// Simple dependency injection (DI) container.
class DIContainer: DIContainerProtocol {
    private var registry: [String: Any] = [:]

    func register<T>(_ type: T.Type, factory: @escaping () -> T) {
        registry[String(describing: type)] = factory
    }

    func resolve<T>(_ type: T.Type) -> T? {
        guard let factory = registry[String(describing: type)] as? () -> T else {
            return nil
        }

        return factory()
    }
}
```

protocol DIContainerProtocol {
    func register<T>(_ type: T.Type, factory: @escaping () -> T)
    func resolve<T>(_ type: T.Type) -> T?
}

class DIContainer: DIContainerProtocol {
    private var factories: [String: () -> Any] = [:]

    func register<T>(_ type: T.Type, factory: @escaping () -> T) {
        factories[String(describing: type)] = factory
    }

    func resolve<T>(_ type: T.Type) -> T? {
        guard let factory = factories[String(describing: type)] else {
            return nil
        }
        return factory() as? T
    }
}
```swift
protocol DIContainerProtocol {
    func register<T>(_ type: T.Type, factory: @escaping () -> T)
    func resolve<T>(_ type: T.Type) -> T?
}

// Simple dependency injection (DI) container.
class DIContainer: DIContainerProtocol {
    private var factories: [String: () -> Any] = [:]

    func register<T>(_ type: T.Type, factory: @escaping () -> T) {
        factories[String(describing: type)] = factory
    }

    func resolve<T>(_ type: T.Type) -> T? {
        guard let factory = factories[String(describing: type)] else {
            return nil
        }
        return factory() as? T
    }
}
```

protocol DIContainerProtocol {
    func register<T>(_ type: T.Type, factory: @escaping () -> T)
    func resolve<T>(_ type: T.Type) -> T?
}

class DIContainer: DIContainerProtocol {
    private var registry = [String: Any]()

    func register<T>(_ type: T.Type, factory: @escaping () -> T) {
        registry[String(describing: type)] = factory
    }

    func resolve<T>(_ type: T.Type) -> T? {
        guard let factory = registry[String(describing: type)] as? () -> T else {
            return nil
        }
        return factory()
    }
}
```swift
protocol DIContainerProtocol {
    func register<T>(_ type: T.Type, factory: @escaping () -> T)
    func resolve<T>(_ type: T.Type) -> T?
}

// Simple dependency injection (DI) container.
class DIContainer: DIContainerProtocol {
    private var registry = [String: Any]()

    func register<T>(_ type: T.Type, factory: @escaping () -> T) {
        registry[String(describing: type)] = factory
    }

    func resolve<T>(_ type: T.Type) -> T? {
        guard let factory = registry[String(describing: type)] as? () -> T else {
            return nil
        }
        return factory()
    }
}
```

protocol DIContainerProtocol {
    func register<T>(_ type: T.Type, factory: @escaping () -> T)
    func resolve<T>(_ type: T.Type) -> T?
}

class DIContainer: DIContainerProtocol {
    private var factories: [String: () -> Any] = [:]

    func register<T>(_ type: T.Type, factory: @escaping () -> T) {
        factories[String(describing: type)] = factory
    }

    func resolve<T>(_ type: T.Type) -> T? {
        guard let factory = factories[String(describing: type)] as? () -> T else {
            return nil
        }
        return factory()
    }
}
```swift
protocol DIContainerProtocol {
    func register<T>(_ type: T.Type, factory: @escaping () -> T)
    func resolve<T>(_ type: T.Type) -> T?
}

// Simple dependency injection (DI) container.
class DIContainer: DIContainerProtocol {
    private var factories: [String: () -> Any] = [:]

    func register<T>(_ type: T.Type, factory: @escaping () -> T) {
        factories[String(describing: type)] = factory
    }

    func resolve<T>(_ type: T.Type) -> T? {
        guard let factory = factories[String(describing: type)] as? () -> T else {
            return nil
        }
        return factory()
    }
}
```
 // XCTAssertEqual failed: (nil) is not equal to (Optional("Hello, World!"))

protocol DIContainerProtocol {
    func register<T>(_ type: T.Type, factory: @escaping () -> T)
    func resolve<T>(_ type: T.Type) -> T?
}

class DIContainer: DIContainerProtocol {
    private var registry = [String: () -> Any]()

    func register<T>(_ type: T.Type, factory: @escaping () -> T) {
        registry[String(describing: type)] = factory
    }

    func resolve<T>(_ type: T.Type) -> T? {
        guard let factory = registry[String(describing: type)] else {
            return nil
        }
        return factory() as? T
    }
}
```swift
protocol DIContainerProtocol {
    func register<T>(_ type: T.Type, factory: @escaping () -> T)
    func resolve<T>(_ type: T.Type) -> T?
}

// Simple dependency injection (DI) container.
class DIContainer: DIContainerProtocol {
    private var registry = [String: () -> Any]()

    func register<T>(_ type: T.Type, factory: @escaping () -> T) {
        registry[String(describing: type)] = factory
    }

    func resolve<T>(_ type: T.Type) -> T? {
        guard let factory = registry[String(describing: type)] else {
            return nil
        }
        return factory() as? T
    }
}
```

protocol DIContainerProtocol {
    func register<T>(_ type: T.Type, factory: @escaping () -> T)
    func resolve<T>(_ type: T.Type) -> T?
}

class DIContainer: DIContainerProtocol {
    private var registry: [String: Any] = [:]

    func register<T>(_ type: T.Type, factory: @escaping () -> T) {
        registry[String(describing: type)] = factory
    }

    func resolve<T>(_ type: T.Type) -> T? {
        guard let factory = registry[String(describing: type)] as? () -> T else {
            return nil
        }
        return factory()
    }
}
```swift
protocol DIContainerProtocol {
    func register<T>(_ type: T.Type, factory: @escaping () -> T)
    func resolve<T>(_ type: T.Type) -> T?
}

// Simple dependency injection (DI) container.
class DIContainer: DIContainerProtocol {
    private var registry: [String: Any] = [:]

    func register<T>(_ type: T.Type, factory: @escaping () -> T) {
        registry[String(describing: type)] = factory
    }

    func resolve<T>(_ type: T.Type) -> T? {
        guard let factory = registry[String(describing: type)] as? () -> T else {
            return nil
        }
        return factory()
    }
}
```

protocol DIContainerProtocol {
    func register<T>(_ type: T.Type, factory: @escaping () -> T)
    func resolve<T>(_ type: T.Type) -> T?
}

class DIContainer: DIContainerProtocol {
    private var registry = [String: Any]()

    func register<T>(_ type: T.Type, factory: @escaping () -> T) {
        registry[String(describing: type)] = factory
    }

    func resolve<T>(_ type: T.Type) -> T? {
        guard let factory = registry[String(describing: type)] as? () -> T else {
            return nil
        }
        return factory()
    }
}
```swift
protocol DIContainerProtocol {
    func register<T>(_ type: T.Type, factory: @escaping () -> T)
    func resolve<T>(_ type: T.Type) -> T?
}

// Simple dependency injection (DI) container.
class DIContainer: DIContainerProtocol {
    private var registry = [String: Any]()

    func register<T>(_ type: T.Type, factory: @escaping () -> T) {
        registry[String(describing: type)] = factory
    }

    func resolve<T>(_ type: T.Type) -> T? {
        guard let factory = registry[String(describing: type)] as? () -> T else {
            return nil
        }
        return factory()
    }
}
```

protocol DIContainerProtocol {
    func register<T>(_ type: T.Type, factory: @escaping () -> T)
    func resolve<T>(_ type: T.Type) -> T?
}

class DIContainer: DIContainerProtocol {
    private var registry = [String: Any]()

    func register<T>(_ type: T.Type, factory: @escaping () -> T) {
        registry[String(describing: type)] = factory
    }

    func resolve<T>(_ type: T.Type) -> T? {
        guard let factory = registry[String(describing: type)] as? () -> T else {
            return nil
        }
        return factory()
    }
}
```swift
protocol DIContainerProtocol {
    func register<T>(_ type: T.Type, factory: @escaping () -> T)
    func resolve<T>(_ type: T.Type) -> T?
}

// Simple dependency injection (DI) container.
class DIContainer: DIContainerProtocol {
    private var registry = [String: Any]()

    func register<T>(_ type: T.Type, factory: @escaping () -> T) {
        registry[String(describing: type)] = factory
    }

    func resolve<T>(_ type: T.Type) -> T? {
        guard let factory = registry[String(describing: type)] as? () -> T else {
            return nil
        }
        return factory()
    }
}

// Usage
let container = DIContainer()
container.register(Database.self) {
    return Database()
}

container.register(UserManager.self) {
    return UserManager(database: container.resolve(Database.self)!)
}

let userManager = container.resolve(UserManager.self)
```

protocol DIContainerProtocol {
    func register<T>(_ type: T.Type, factory: @escaping () -> T)
    func resolve<T>(_ type: T.Type) -> T?
}

class DIContainer: DIContainerProtocol {
    private var registry = [String: Any]()

    func register<T>(_ type: T.Type, factory: @escaping () -> T) {
        registry[String(describing: type)] = factory
    }

    func resolve<T>(_ type: T.Type) -> T? {
        guard let factory = registry[String(describing: type)] as? () -> T else {
            return nil
        }
        return factory()
    }
}
```swift
protocol DIContainerProtocol {
    func register<T>(_ type: T.Type, factory: @escaping () -> T)
    func resolve<T>(_ type: T.Type) -> T?
}

// Simple dependency injection (DI) container.
class DIContainer: DIContainerProtocol {
    private var registry = [String: Any]()

    func register<T>(_ type: T.Type, factory: @escaping () -> T) {
        registry[String(describing: type)] = factory
    }

    func resolve<T>(_ type: T.Type) -> T? {
        guard let factory = registry[String(describing: type)] as? () -> T else {
            return nil
        }
        return factory()
    }
}
```

protocol DIContainerProtocol {
    func register<T>(_ type: T.Type, factory: @escaping () -> T)
    func resolve<T>(_ type: T.Type) -> T?
}

class DIContainer: DIContainerProtocol {
    private var registry = [String: () -> Any]()

    func register<T>(_ type: T.Type, factory: @escaping () -> T) {
        registry["\(type)"] = factory
    }

    func resolve<T>(_ type: T.Type) -> T? {
        return registry["\(type)"] as? T
    }
}
```swift
protocol DIContainerProtocol {
    func register<T>(_ type: T.Type, factory: @escaping () -> T)
    func resolve<T>(_ type: T.Type) -> T?
}

// Simple dependency injection (DI) container.
class DIContainer: DIContainerProtocol {
    private var registry = [String: () -> Any]()

    func register<T>(_ type: T.Type, factory: @escaping () -> T) {
        registry["\(type)"] = factory
    }

    func resolve<T>(_ type: T.Type) -> T? {
        return registry["\(type)"] as? T
    }
}
```
 // XCTAssertEqual failed: (nil) is not equal to (Optional("Hello, World!"))

protocol StateMachineProtocol {
    associatedtype State: Hashable
    associatedtype Event: Hashable
    init(state: State)
    var state: State { get }
    func trigger(event: Event)
    func registerTransition(from: State, to: State, event: Event)
}

class StateMachine<State: Hashable, Event: Hashable>: StateMachineProtocol {
    private var state: State
    private var transitions: [State: [Event: State]] = [:]

    required init(state: State) {
        self.state = state
    }

    func trigger(event: Event) {
        guard let transition = transitions[state] else { return }
        guard let nextState = transition[event] else { return }
        state = nextState
    }

    func registerTransition(from: State, to: State, event: Event) {
        transitions[from, default: [:]][event] = to
    }
}
```swift
protocol StateMachineProtocol {
    associatedtype State: Hashable
    associatedtype Event: Hashable
    init(state: State)
    var state: State { get }
    func trigger(event: Event)
    func registerTransition(from: State, to: State, event: Event)
}

// Finite state machine with possibility to register custom transitions between states.
class StateMachine<State: Hashable, Event: Hashable>: StateMachineProtocol {
    private var state: State
    private var transitions: [State: [Event: State]] = [:]

    required init(state: State) {
        self.state = state
    }

    func trigger(event: Event) {
        guard let transition = transitions[state] else { return }
        guard let nextState = transition[event] else { return }
        state = nextState
    }

    func registerTransition(from: State, to: State, event: Event) {
        transitions[from, default: [:]][event] = to
    }
}
```
private var state: State // property 'state' must be declared internal because it matches a requirement in internal protocol 'StateMachineProtocol'

protocol StateMachineProtocol {
    associatedtype State: Hashable
    associatedtype Event: Hashable
    init(state: State)
    var state: State { get }
    func trigger(event: Event)
    func registerTransition(from: State, to: State, event: Event)
}

class StateMachine<State: Hashable, Event: Hashable>: StateMachineProtocol {
    private var transitions: [State: [Event: State]] = [:]
    private(set) var state: State

    required init(state: State) {
        self.state = state
    }

    func trigger(event: Event) {
        guard let nextState = transitions[state]?[event] else {
            return
        }

        state = nextState
    }

    func registerTransition(from: State, to: State, event: Event) {
        transitions[from, default: [:]][event] = to
    }
}
```swift
protocol StateMachineProtocol {
    associatedtype State: Hashable
    associatedtype Event: Hashable
    init(state: State)
    var state: State { get }
    func trigger(event: Event)
    func registerTransition(from: State, to: State, event: Event)
}

// Finite state machine with possibility to register custom transitions between states.
class StateMachine<State: Hashable, Event: Hashable>: StateMachineProtocol {
    private var transitions: [State: [Event: State]] = [:]
    private(set) var state: State

    required init(state: State) {
        self.state = state
    }

    func trigger(event: Event) {
        guard let nextState = transitions[state]?[event] else {
            return
        }

        state = nextState
    }

    func registerTransition(from: State, to: State, event: Event) {
        transitions[from, default: [:]][event] = to
    }
}
```

protocol StateMachineProtocol {
    associatedtype State: Hashable
    associatedtype Event: Hashable
    init(state: State)
    var state: State { get }
    func trigger(event: Event)
    func registerTransition(from: State, to: State, event: Event)
}

class StateMachine<State: Hashable, Event: Hashable>: StateMachineProtocol {
    private var transitions: [State: [Event: State]] = [:]
    private(set) var state: State

    required init(state: State) {
        self.state = state
    }

    func trigger(event: Event) {
        guard let nextState = transitions[state]?[event] else {
            fatalError("No transition found for event \(event) in state \(state)")
        }
        state = nextState
    }

    func registerTransition(from: State, to: State, event: Event) {
        transitions[from, default: [:]][event] = to
    }
}

extension StateMachine: StateMachineProtocol {
    func registerTransition(from: State, to: State, event: Event) {
        transitions[from, default: [:]][event] = to
    }
}
```swift
protocol StateMachineProtocol {
    associatedtype State: Hashable
    associatedtype Event: Hashable
    init(state: State)
    var state: State { get }
    func trigger(event: Event)
    func registerTransition(from: State, to: State, event: Event)
}

// Finite state machine with possibility to register custom transitions between states.
class StateMachine<State: Hashable, Event: Hashable>: StateMachineProtocol {
    private var transitions: [State: [Event: State]] = [:]
    private(set) var state: State

    required init(state: State) {
        self.state = state
    }

    func trigger(event: Event) {
        guard let nextState = transitions[state]?[event] else {
            fatalError("No transition found for event \(event) in state \(state)")
        }
        state = nextState
    }

    func registerTransition(from: State, to: State, event: Event) {
        transitions[from, default: [:]][event] = to
    }
}

// MARK: - StateMachineProtocol conformance
extension StateMachine: StateMachineProtocol {
    func registerTransition(from: State, to: State, event: Event) {
        transitions[from, default: [:]][event] = to
    }
}
```
class StateMachine<State: Hashable, Event: Hashable>: StateMachineProtocol { // type 'StateMachine<State, Event>' does not conform to protocol 'StateMachineProtocol'
extension StateMachine: StateMachineProtocol { // redundant conformance of 'StateMachine<State, Event>' to protocol 'StateMachineProtocol'
func registerTransition(from: State, to: State, event: Event) { // invalid redeclaration of 'registerTransition(from:to:event:)'

protocol StateMachineProtocol {
    associatedtype State: Hashable
    associatedtype Event: Hashable
    init(state: State)
    var state: State { get }
    func trigger(event: Event)
    func registerTransition(from: State, to: State, event: Event)
}

class StateMachine<State: Hashable, Event: Hashable>: StateMachineProtocol {
    private var state: State
    private var transitions: [State: [Event: State]] = [:]

    required init(state: State) {
        self.state = state
    }

    func trigger(event: Event) {
        guard let transition = transitions[state] else {
            fatalError("No transition for state \(state) and event \(event)")
        }
        guard let nextState = transition[event] else {
            fatalError("No transition for state \(state) and event \(event)")
        }
        state = nextState
    }

    func registerTransition(from: State, to: State, event: Event) {
        transitions[from, default: [:]][event] = to
    }
}
```swift
protocol StateMachineProtocol {
    associatedtype State: Hashable
    associatedtype Event: Hashable
    init(state: State)
    var state: State { get }
    func trigger(event: Event)
    func registerTransition(from: State, to: State, event: Event)
}

// Finite state machine with possibility to register custom transitions between states.
class StateMachine<State: Hashable, Event: Hashable>: StateMachineProtocol {
    private var state: State
    private var transitions: [State: [Event: State]] = [:]

    required init(state: State) {
        self.state = state
    }

    func trigger(event: Event) {
        guard let transition = transitions[state] else {
            fatalError("No transition for state \(state) and event \(event)")
        }
        guard let nextState = transition[event] else {
            fatalError("No transition for state \(state) and event \(event)")
        }
        state = nextState
    }

    func registerTransition(from: State, to: State, event: Event) {
        transitions[from, default: [:]][event] = to
    }
}
```
private var state: State // property 'state' must be declared internal because it matches a requirement in internal protocol 'StateMachineProtocol'

protocol StateMachineProtocol {
    associatedtype State: Hashable
    associatedtype Event: Hashable
    init(state: State)
    var state: State { get }
    func trigger(event: Event)
    func registerTransition(from: State, to: State, event: Event)
}

class StateMachine<State: Hashable, Event: Hashable>: StateMachineProtocol {
    private var transitions: [State: [Event: State]] = [:]
    private(set) var state: State

    required init(state: State) {
        self.state = state
    }

    func trigger(event: Event) {
        guard let nextState = transitions[state]?[event] else {
            return
        }
        state = nextState
    }

    func registerTransition(from: State, to: State, event: Event) {
        transitions[from, default: [:]][event] = to
    }
}

class PredefinedStateMachine<State: Hashable, Event: Hashable>: StateMachine<State, Event> {
    override init(state: State) {
        super.init(state: state)
        registerTransitions()
    }

    func registerTransitions() {
        fatalError("registerTransitions() must be implemented in subclasses")
    }
}
```swift
protocol StateMachineProtocol {
    associatedtype State: Hashable
    associatedtype Event: Hashable
    init(state: State)
    var state: State { get }
    func trigger(event: Event)
    func registerTransition(from: State, to: State, event: Event)
}

// Finite state machine with possibility to register custom transitions between states.
class StateMachine<State: Hashable, Event: Hashable>: StateMachineProtocol {
    private var transitions: [State: [Event: State]] = [:]
    private(set) var state: State

    required init(state: State) {
        self.state = state
    }

    func trigger(event: Event) {
        guard let nextState = transitions[state]?[event] else {
            return
        }
        state = nextState
    }

    func registerTransition(from: State, to: State, event: Event) {
        transitions[from, default: [:]][event] = to
    }
}

// State machine with predefined transitions between states.
class PredefinedStateMachine<State: Hashable, Event: Hashable>: StateMachine<State, Event> {
    override init(state: State) {
        super.init(state: state)
        registerTransitions()
    }

    func registerTransitions() {
        fatalError("registerTransitions() must be implemented in subclasses")
    }
}
```
override init(state: State) { // use the 'required' modifier to override a required initializer

protocol StateMachineProtocol {
    associatedtype State: Hashable
    associatedtype Event: Hashable
    init(state: State)
    var state: State { get }
    func trigger(event: Event)
    func registerTransition(from: State, to: State, event: Event)
}

class StateMachine<State: Hashable, Event: Hashable>: StateMachineProtocol {
    private var state: State
    private var transitions: [State: [Event: State]] = [:]

    required init(state: State) {
        self.state = state
    }

    func trigger(event: Event) {
        guard let transition = transitions[state]?[event] else {
            fatalError("No transition for event \(event) in state \(state)")
        }
        state = transition
    }

    func registerTransition(from: State, to: State, event: Event) {
        transitions[from, default: [:]][event] = to
    }
}
```swift
protocol StateMachineProtocol {
    associatedtype State: Hashable
    associatedtype Event: Hashable
    init(state: State)
    var state: State { get }
    func trigger(event: Event)
    func registerTransition(from: State, to: State, event: Event)
}

// Finite state machine with possibility to register custom transitions between states.
class StateMachine<State: Hashable, Event: Hashable>: StateMachineProtocol {
    private var state: State
    private var transitions: [State: [Event: State]] = [:]

    required init(state: State) {
        self.state = state
    }

    func trigger(event: Event) {
        guard let transition = transitions[state]?[event] else {
            fatalError("No transition for event \(event) in state \(state)")
        }
        state = transition
    }

    func registerTransition(from: State, to: State, event: Event) {
        transitions[from, default: [:]][event] = to
    }
}
```
private var state: State // property 'state' must be declared internal because it matches a requirement in internal protocol 'StateMachineProtocol'

protocol StateMachineProtocol {
    associatedtype State: Hashable
    associatedtype Event: Hashable
    init(state: State)
    var state: State { get }
    func trigger(event: Event)
    func registerTransition(from: State, to: State, event: Event)
}

class StateMachine<State: Hashable, Event: Hashable>: StateMachineProtocol {
    private var state: State
    private var transitions: [State: [Event: State]] = [:]

    required init(state: State) {
        self.state = state
    }

    func trigger(event: Event) {
        guard let transition = transitions[state]?[event] else {
            fatalError("No transition for event \(event) from state \(state)")
        }
        state = transition
    }

    func registerTransition(from: State, to: State, event: Event) {
        transitions[from, default: [:]][event] = to
    }
}
```swift
protocol StateMachineProtocol {
    associatedtype State: Hashable
    associatedtype Event: Hashable
    init(state: State)
    var state: State { get }
    func trigger(event: Event)
    func registerTransition(from: State, to: State, event: Event)
}

// Finite state machine with possibility to register custom transitions between states.
class StateMachine<State: Hashable, Event: Hashable>: StateMachineProtocol {
    private var state: State
    private var transitions: [State: [Event: State]] = [:]

    required init(state: State) {
        self.state = state
    }

    func trigger(event: Event) {
        guard let transition = transitions[state]?[event] else {
            fatalError("No transition for event \(event) from state \(state)")
        }
        state = transition
    }

    func registerTransition(from: State, to: State, event: Event) {
        transitions[from, default: [:]][event] = to
    }
}
```
private var state: State // property 'state' must be declared internal because it matches a requirement in internal protocol 'StateMachineProtocol'

protocol StateMachineProtocol {
    associatedtype State: Hashable
    associatedtype Event: Hashable
    init(state: State)
    var state: State { get }
    func trigger(event: Event)
    func registerTransition(from: State, to: State, event: Event)
}

class StateMachine<State: Hashable, Event: Hashable>: StateMachineProtocol {
    private var state: State
    private var transitions: [State: [Event: State]] = [:]

    required init(state: State) {
        self.state = state
    }

    func trigger(event: Event) {
        guard let transition = transitions[state]?[event] else {
            fatalError("No transition found for event \(event) in state \(state)")
        }
        state = transition
    }

    func registerTransition(from: State, to: State, event: Event) {
        transitions[from, default: [:]][event] = to
    }
}
```swift
protocol StateMachineProtocol {
    associatedtype State: Hashable
    associatedtype Event: Hashable
    init(state: State)
    var state: State { get }
    func trigger(event: Event)
    func registerTransition(from: State, to: State, event: Event)
}

// Finite state machine with possibility to register custom transitions between states.
class StateMachine<State: Hashable, Event: Hashable>: StateMachineProtocol {
    private var state: State
    private var transitions: [State: [Event: State]] = [:]

    required init(state: State) {
        self.state = state
    }

    func trigger(event: Event) {
        guard let transition = transitions[state]?[event] else {
            fatalError("No transition found for event \(event) in state \(state)")
        }
        state = transition
    }

    func registerTransition(from: State, to: State, event: Event) {
        transitions[from, default: [:]][event] = to
    }
}
```
private var state: State // property 'state' must be declared internal because it matches a requirement in internal protocol 'StateMachineProtocol'

protocol StateMachineProtocol {
    associatedtype State: Hashable
    associatedtype Event: Hashable
    init(state: State)
    var state: State { get }
    func trigger(event: Event)
    func registerTransition(from: State, to: State, event: Event)
}

class StateMachine<State: Hashable, Event: Hashable>: StateMachineProtocol {
    private var state: State
    private var transitions: [State: [Event: State]] = [:]

    required init(state: State) {
        self.state = state
    }

    func trigger(event: Event) {
        guard let transition = transitions[state]?[event] else {
            fatalError("No transition found for state \(state) and event \(event)")
        }
        state = transition
    }

    func registerTransition(from: State, to: State, event: Event) {
        transitions[from, default: [:]][event] = to
    }
}
```swift
protocol StateMachineProtocol {
    associatedtype State: Hashable
    associatedtype Event: Hashable
    init(state: State)
    var state: State { get }
    func trigger(event: Event)
    func registerTransition(from: State, to: State, event: Event)
}

// Finite state machine with possibility to register custom transitions between states.
class StateMachine<State: Hashable, Event: Hashable>: StateMachineProtocol {
    private var state: State
    private var transitions: [State: [Event: State]] = [:]

    required init(state: State) {
        self.state = state
    }

    func trigger(event: Event) {
        guard let transition = transitions[state]?[event] else {
            fatalError("No transition found for state \(state) and event \(event)")
        }
        state = transition
    }

    func registerTransition(from: State, to: State, event: Event) {
        transitions[from, default: [:]][event] = to
    }
}
```
private var state: State // property 'state' must be declared internal because it matches a requirement in internal protocol 'StateMachineProtocol'

protocol StateMachineProtocol {
    associatedtype State: Hashable
    associatedtype Event: Hashable
    init(state: State)
    var state: State { get }
    func trigger(event: Event)
    func registerTransition(from: State, to: State, event: Event)
}

class StateMachine<State: Hashable, Event: Hashable>: StateMachineProtocol {
    private var state: State
    private var transitions: [State: [Event: State]] = [:]

    required init(state: State) {
        self.state = state
    }

    func trigger(event: Event) {
        guard let nextState = transitions[state]?[event] else {
            fatalError("No transition for state \(state) and event \(event)")
        }
        state = nextState
    }

    func registerTransition(from: State, to: State, event: Event) {
        transitions[from, default: [:]][event] = to
    }
}
```swift
protocol StateMachineProtocol {
    associatedtype State: Hashable
    associatedtype Event: Hashable
    init(state: State)
    var state: State { get }
    func trigger(event: Event)
    func registerTransition(from: State, to: State, event: Event)
}

// Finite state machine with possibility to register custom transitions between states.
class StateMachine<State: Hashable, Event: Hashable>: StateMachineProtocol {
    private var state: State
    private var transitions: [State: [Event: State]] = [:]

    required init(state: State) {
        self.state = state
    }

    func trigger(event: Event) {
        guard let nextState = transitions[state]?[event] else {
            fatalError("No transition for state \(state) and event \(event)")
        }
        state = nextState
    }

    func registerTransition(from: State, to: State, event: Event) {
        transitions[from, default: [:]][event] = to
    }
}
```
private var state: State // property 'state' must be declared internal because it matches a requirement in internal protocol 'StateMachineProtocol'

indirect enum FileSystemNode {
    case file(name: String, size: Int)
    case directory(name: String, contents: [FileSystemNode])
}

protocol FileSystemInfo {
    var totalSize: Int { get }
    var filesCount: Int { get }
    var treeDepth: Int { get }
}

extension FileSystemNode: FileSystemInfo {
    var totalSize: Int {
        switch self {
        case.file(let name, let size):
            return size
        case.directory(let name, let contents):
            return contents.reduce(0) { $0 + $1.totalSize }
        }
    }

    var filesCount: Int {
        switch self {
        case.file(let name, let size):
            return 1
        case.directory(let name, let contents):
            return contents.reduce(0) { $0 + $1.filesCount }
        }
    }

    var treeDepth: Int {
        switch self {
        case.file(let name, let size):
            return 1
        case.directory(let name, let contents):
            return 1 + contents.reduce(0) { max($0, $1.treeDepth) }
        }
    }
}

extension FileSystemNode: CustomStringConvertible {
    var description: String {
        switch self {
        case.file(let name, let size):
            return "\(name) (\(size) bytes)"
        case.directory(let name, let contents):
            return "\(name) (\(contents.count) files)"
        }
    }
}

extension FileSystemNode: CustomDebugStringConvertible {
    var debugDescription: String {
        switch self {
        case.file(let name, let size):
            return "\(name) (\(size) bytes)"
        case.directory(let name, let contents):
            return "\(name) (\(contents.count) files)\n" + contents.map { "  \($0)" }.joined(separator: "\n")
        }
    }
}

extension FileSystemNode: CustomPlaygroundQuickLookable {
    var customPlaygroundQuickLook: PlaygroundQuickLook {
        return PlaygroundQuickLook.text(debugDescription)
    }
}

extension FileSystemNode: CustomReflectable {
    var customMirror: Mirror {
        switch self {
        case.file(let name, let size):
            return Mirror(self, children: ["name": name, "size": size], displayStyle:.struct)
        case.directory(let name, let contents):
            return Mirror(self, children: ["name": name, "contents": contents], displayStyle:.struct)
        }
    }
}

extension FileSystemNode: CustomPlaygroundDisplayConvertible {
    var playgroundDescription: Any {
        return debugDescription
    }
}
```swift
indirect enum FileSystemNode {
    case file(name: String, size: Int)
    case directory(name: String, contents: [FileSystemNode])
}

protocol FileSystemInfo {
    var totalSize: Int { get }
    var filesCount: Int { get }
    var treeDepth: Int { get }
}

// Abstract file system manager and metadata calculation.
// Used to calculate total size of all files in file system, files count and file system tree depth.
extension FileSystemNode: FileSystemInfo {
    var totalSize: Int {
        switch self {
        case.file(let name, let size):
            return size
        case.directory(let name, let contents):
            return contents.reduce(0) { $0 + $1.totalSize }
        }
    }

    var filesCount: Int {
        switch self {
        case.file(let name, let size):
            return 1
        case.directory(let name, let contents):
            return contents.reduce(0) { $0 + $1.filesCount }
        }
    }

    var treeDepth: Int {
        switch self {
        case.file(let name, let size):
            return 1
        case.directory(let name, let contents):
            return 1 + contents.reduce(0) { max($0, $1.treeDepth) }
        }
    }
}

// Concrete file system manager.
// Used to print file system contents.
extension FileSystemNode: CustomStringConvertible {
    var description: String {
        switch self {
        case.file(let name, let size):
            return "\(name) (\(size) bytes)"
        case.directory(let name, let contents):
            return "\(name) (\(contents.count) files)"
        }
    }
}

// Concrete file system manager.
// Used to print file system contents.
extension FileSystemNode: CustomDebugStringConvertible {
    var debugDescription: String {
        switch self {
        case.file(let name, let size):
            return "\(name) (\(size) bytes)"
        case.directory(let name, let contents):
            return "\(name) (\(contents.count) files)\n" + contents.map { "  \($0)" }.joined(separator: "\n")
        }
    }
}

// Concrete file system manager.
// Used to print file system contents.
extension FileSystemNode: CustomPlaygroundQuickLookable {
    var customPlaygroundQuickLook: PlaygroundQuickLook {
        return PlaygroundQuickLook.text(debugDescription)
    }
}

// Concrete file system manager.
// Used to print file system contents.
extension FileSystemNode: CustomReflectable {
    var customMirror: Mirror {
        switch self {
        case.file(let name, let size):
            return Mirror(self, children: ["name": name, "size": size], displayStyle:.struct)
        case.directory(let name, let contents):
            return Mirror(self, children: ["name": name, "contents": contents], displayStyle:.struct)
        }
    }
}

// Concrete file system manager.
// Used to print file system contents.
extension FileSystemNode: CustomPlaygroundDisplayConvertible {
    var playgroundDescription: Any {
        return debugDescription
    }
}

// Concrete file system manager.
// Used to print file system contents.
extension FileSystemNode: CustomDebugStringConvertible {
    var debugDescription: String {
        switch self {
        case.file(let name, let size):
            return "\(name) (\(size) bytes)"
        case.directory(let name, let contents):
            return "\(name) (\(contents.count) files)\n" + contents.map { "  \($0)" }.joined(separator: "\n")
        }
    }
}

// Concrete file system manager.
// Used to print file system contents.
extension FileSystemNode: CustomPlaygroundQuickLookable {
    var customPlaygroundQuickLook: PlaygroundQuickLook {
        return PlaygroundQuickLook.text(debugDescription)
    }
}

// Concrete file system manager.
// Used to print file system contents.
extension FileSystemNode: CustomReflectable {
    var customMirror: Mirror {
        switch self {
        case.file(let name, let size):
            return Mirror(self, children: ["name": name, "size": size], displayStyle:.struct)
        case.directory(let name, let contents):
            return Mirror(self, children: ["name": name, "contents": contents], displayStyle:.struct)
        }
    }
}

// Concrete file system manager.
// Used to print file system contents.
extension FileSystemNode: CustomPlaygroundDisplayConvertible {
    var playgroundDescription: Any {
        return debugDescription
    }
}

// Concrete file system manager.
// Used to print file system contents.
extension FileSystemNode: CustomDebugStringConvertible {
    var debugDescription: String {
        switch self {
        case.file(let name, let size):
            return "\(name) (\(size) bytes)"
        case.directory(let name, let contents):
            return "\(name) (\(contents.count
case.file(let name, let size): // immutable value 'name' was never used; consider replacing with '_' or removing it
case.directory(let name, let contents): // immutable value 'name' was never used; consider replacing with '_' or removing it
case.file(let name, let size): // immutable value 'name' was never used; consider replacing with '_' or removing it
case.file(let name, let size): // immutable value 'size' was never used; consider replacing with '_' or removing it
case.directory(let name, let contents): // immutable value 'name' was never used; consider replacing with '_' or removing it
case.file(let name, let size): // immutable value 'size' was never used; consider replacing with '_' or removing it
case.file(let name, let size): // immutable value 'name' was never used; consider replacing with '_' or removing it
case.directory(let name, let contents): // immutable value 'name' was never used; consider replacing with '_' or removing it
extension FileSystemNode: CustomPlaygroundQuickLookable { // 'CustomPlaygroundQuickLookable' is unavailable: CustomPlaygroundQuickLookable will be removed in a future Swift version. For customizing how types are presented in playgrounds, use CustomPlaygroundDisplayConvertible instead.
var customPlaygroundQuickLook: PlaygroundQuickLook { // 'PlaygroundQuickLook' is deprecated: PlaygroundQuickLook will be removed in a future Swift version. For customizing how types are presented in playgrounds, use CustomPlaygroundDisplayConvertible instead.
return PlaygroundQuickLook.text(debugDescription) // 'PlaygroundQuickLook' is deprecated: PlaygroundQuickLook will be removed in a future Swift version. For customizing how types are presented in playgrounds, use CustomPlaygroundDisplayConvertible instead.

indirect enum FileSystemNode {
    case file(name: String, size: Int)
    case directory(name: String, contents: [FileSystemNode])
}

protocol FileSystemInfo {
    var totalSize: Int { get }
    var filesCount: Int { get }
    var treeDepth: Int { get }
}

extension FileSystemNode: FileSystemInfo {
    var totalSize: Int {
        switch self {
        case.file(let name, let size):
            return size
        case.directory(let name, let contents):
            return contents.reduce(0) { $0 + $1.totalSize }
        }
    }

    var filesCount: Int {
        switch self {
        case.file:
            return 1
        case.directory(_, let contents):
            return contents.reduce(0) { $0 + $1.filesCount }
        }
    }

    var treeDepth: Int {
        switch self {
        case.file:
            return 1
        case.directory(_, let contents):
            return contents.map { $0.treeDepth }.max()?? 0
        }
    }
}

class FileSystemManager {
    func createFile(name: String, size: Int) -> FileSystemNode {
        return.file(name: name, size: size)
    }

    func createDirectory(name: String, contents: [FileSystemNode]) -> FileSystemNode {
        return.directory(name: name, contents: contents)
    }
}

class FileSystemManager2 {
    func createFile(name: String, size: Int) -> FileSystemNode {
        return.file(name: name, size: size)
    }

    func createDirectory(name: String, contents: [FileSystemNode]) -> FileSystemNode {
        return.directory(name: name, contents: contents)
    }
}

class FileSystemManager3 {
    func createFile(name: String, size: Int) -> FileSystemNode {
        return.file(name: name, size: size)
    }

    func createDirectory(name: String, contents: [FileSystemNode]) -> FileSystemNode {
        return.directory(name: name, contents: contents)
    }
}

class FileSystemManager4 {
    func createFile(name: String, size: Int) -> FileSystemNode {
        return.file(name: name, size: size)
    }

    func createDirectory(name: String, contents: [FileSystemNode]) -> FileSystemNode {
        return.directory(name: name, contents: contents)
    }
}

class FileSystemManager5 {
    func createFile(name: String, size: Int) -> FileSystemNode {
        return.file(name: name, size: size)
    }

    func createDirectory(name: String, contents: [FileSystemNode]) -> FileSystemNode {
        return.directory(name: name, contents: contents)
    }
}

class FileSystemManager6 {
    func createFile(name: String, size: Int) -> FileSystemNode {
        return.file(name: name, size: size)
    }

    func createDirectory(name: String, contents: [FileSystemNode]) -> FileSystemNode {
        return.directory(name: name, contents: contents)
    }
}

class FileSystemManager7 {
    func createFile(name: String, size: Int) -> FileSystemNode {
        return.file(name: name, size: size)
    }

    func createDirectory(name: String, contents: [FileSystemNode]) -> FileSystemNode {
        return.directory(name: name, contents: contents)
    }
}

class FileSystemManager8 {
    func createFile(name: String, size: Int) -> FileSystemNode {
        return.file(name: name, size: size)
    }

    func createDirectory(name: String, contents: [FileSystemNode]) -> FileSystemNode {
        return.directory(name: name, contents: contents)
    }
}

class FileSystemManager9 {
    func createFile(name: String, size: Int) -> FileSystemNode {
        return.file(name: name, size: size)
    }

    func createDirectory(name: String, contents: [FileSystemNode]) -> FileSystemNode {
        return.directory(name: name, contents: contents)
    }
}
```swift
indirect enum FileSystemNode {
    case file(name: String, size: Int)
    case directory(name: String, contents: [FileSystemNode])
}

protocol FileSystemInfo {
    var totalSize: Int { get }
    var filesCount: Int { get }
    var treeDepth: Int { get }
}

// Abstract file system manager and metadata calculation.
// Used to calculate total size of all files in file system, files count and file system tree depth.
extension FileSystemNode: FileSystemInfo {
    var totalSize: Int {
        switch self {
        case.file(let name, let size):
            return size
        case.directory(let name, let contents):
            return contents.reduce(0) { $0 + $1.totalSize }
        }
    }

    var filesCount: Int {
        switch self {
        case.file:
            return 1
        case.directory(_, let contents):
            return contents.reduce(0) { $0 + $1.filesCount }
        }
    }

    var treeDepth: Int {
        switch self {
        case.file:
            return 1
        case.directory(_, let contents):
            return contents.map { $0.treeDepth }.max()?? 0
        }
    }
}

// Concrete file system manager.
// Used to create file system nodes.
class FileSystemManager {
    func createFile(name: String, size: Int) -> FileSystemNode {
        return.file(name: name, size: size)
    }

    func createDirectory(name: String, contents: [FileSystemNode]) -> FileSystemNode {
        return.directory(name: name, contents: contents)
    }
}

// Concrete file system manager.
// Used to create file system nodes.
class FileSystemManager2 {
    func createFile(name: String, size: Int) -> FileSystemNode {
        return.file(name: name, size: size)
    }

    func createDirectory(name: String, contents: [FileSystemNode]) -> FileSystemNode {
        return.directory(name: name, contents: contents)
    }
}

// Concrete file system manager.
// Used to create file system nodes.
class FileSystemManager3 {
    func createFile(name: String, size: Int) -> FileSystemNode {
        return.file(name: name, size: size)
    }

    func createDirectory(name: String, contents: [FileSystemNode]) -> FileSystemNode {
        return.directory(name: name, contents: contents)
    }
}

// Concrete file system manager.
// Used to create file system nodes.
class FileSystemManager4 {
    func createFile(name: String, size: Int) -> FileSystemNode {
        return.file(name: name, size: size)
    }

    func createDirectory(name: String, contents: [FileSystemNode]) -> FileSystemNode {
        return.directory(name: name, contents: contents)
    }
}

// Concrete file system manager.
// Used to create file system nodes.
class FileSystemManager5 {
    func createFile(name: String, size: Int) -> FileSystemNode {
        return.file(name: name, size: size)
    }

    func createDirectory(name: String, contents: [FileSystemNode]) -> FileSystemNode {
        return.directory(name: name, contents: contents)
    }
}

// Concrete file system manager.
// Used to create file system nodes.
class FileSystemManager6 {
    func createFile(name: String, size: Int) -> FileSystemNode {
        return.file(name: name, size: size)
    }

    func createDirectory(name: String, contents: [FileSystemNode]) -> FileSystemNode {
        return.directory(name: name, contents: contents)
    }
}

// Concrete file system manager.
// Used to create file system nodes.
class FileSystemManager7 {
    func createFile(name: String, size: Int) -> FileSystemNode {
        return.file(name: name, size: size)
    }

    func createDirectory(name: String, contents: [FileSystemNode]) -> FileSystemNode {
        return.directory(name: name, contents: contents)
    }
}

// Concrete file system manager.
// Used to create file system nodes.
class FileSystemManager8 {
    func createFile(name: String, size: Int) -> FileSystemNode {
        return.file(name: name, size: size)
    }

    func createDirectory(name: String, contents: [FileSystemNode]) -> FileSystemNode {
        return.directory(name: name, contents: contents)
    }
}

// Concrete file system manager.
// Used to create file system nodes.
class FileSystemManager9 {
    func createFile(name: String, size: Int) -> FileSystemNode {
        return.file(name: name, size: size)
    }

    func createDirectory(name: String, contents: [FileSystemNode]) -> FileSystemNode {
        return.directory(name: name, contents: contents)
    }
}

// Concrete file system manager.
// Used to create file system nodes.
class FileSystemManager10 {
    func createFile(name: String, size: Int) -> FileSystemNode {
        return.file(name
case.file(let name, let size): // immutable value 'name' was never used; consider replacing with '_' or removing it
case.directory(let name, let contents): // immutable value 'name' was never used; consider replacing with '_' or removing it
return contents.map { $0.treeDepth }.max()?? 0 // cannot use optional chaining on non-optional value of type 'Int'
return contents.map { $0.treeDepth }.max()?? 0 // value of optional type 'Int?' must be unwrapped to a value of type 'Int'
return contents.map { $0.treeDepth }.max()?? 0 // integer literal is unused
return contents.map { $0.treeDepth }.max()?? 0 // consecutive statements on a line must be separated by ';'

indirect enum FileSystemNode {
    case file(name: String, size: Int)
    case directory(name: String, contents: [FileSystemNode])
}

protocol FileSystemInfo {
    var totalSize: Int { get }
    var filesCount: Int { get }
    var treeDepth: Int { get }
}

extension FileSystemNode: FileSystemInfo {
    var totalSize: Int {
        switch self {
        case.file(let name, let size):
            return size
        case.directory(let name, let contents):
            return contents.reduce(0) { $0 + $1.totalSize }
        }
    }
    
    var filesCount: Int {
        switch self {
        case.file(let name, let size):
            return 1
        case.directory(let name, let contents):
            return contents.reduce(0) { $0 + $1.filesCount }
        }
    }
    
    var treeDepth: Int {
        switch self {
        case.file(let name, let size):
            return 1
        case.directory(let name, let contents):
            return contents.reduce(1) { max($0, $1.treeDepth) }
        }
    }
}

class FileSystemManager {
    func createFileSystemTree(from data: [String]) -> FileSystemNode {
        var stack = [FileSystemNode]()
        var currentDirectory = FileSystemNode.directory(name: "/", contents: [])
        stack.append(currentDirectory)
        
        for line in data {
            let components = line.components(separatedBy: " ")
            let command = components[0]
            let name = components[1]
            
            switch command {
            case "mkdir":
                let newDirectory = FileSystemNode.directory(name: name, contents: [])
                currentDirectory.contents.append(newDirectory)
            case "touch":
                let newFile = FileSystemNode.file(name: name, size: Int(components[2])!)
                currentDirectory.contents.append(newFile)
            case "cd":
                if name == ".." {
                    currentDirectory = stack.removeLast()
                } else {
                    let directory = currentDirectory.contents.filter { $0.name == name }.first!
                    stack.append(currentDirectory)
                    currentDirectory = directory
                }
            default:
                break
            }
        }
        
        return currentDirectory
    }
}

class FileSystemManagerWithMetadata: FileSystemManager {
    func calculateMetadata(from data: [String]) -> FileSystemInfo {
        return createFileSystemTree(from: data)
    }
}

class FileSystemManagerWithMetadata2: FileSystemManager {
    func calculateMetadata(from data: [String]) -> FileSystemInfo {
        return createFileSystemTree(from: data)
    }
}

class FileSystemManagerWithMetadata3: FileSystemManager {
    func calculateMetadata(from data: [String]) -> FileSystemInfo {
        return createFileSystemTree(from: data)
    }
}

class FileSystemManagerWithMetadata4: FileSystemManager {
    func calculateMetadata(from data: [String]) -> FileSystemInfo {
        return createFileSystemTree(from: data)
    }
}

class FileSystemManagerWithMetadata5: FileSystemManager {
    func calculateMetadata(from data: [String]) -> FileSystemInfo {
        return createFileSystemTree(from: data)
    }
}

class FileSystemManagerWithMetadata6: FileSystemManager {
    func calculateMetadata(from data: [String]) -> FileSystemInfo {
        return createFileSystemTree(from: data)
    }
}

class FileSystemManagerWithMetadata7: FileSystemManager {
    func calculateMetadata(from data: [String]) -> FileSystemInfo {
        return createFileSystemTree(from: data)
    }
}
```swift
indirect enum FileSystemNode {
    case file(name: String, size: Int)
    case directory(name: String, contents: [FileSystemNode])
}

protocol FileSystemInfo {
    var totalSize: Int { get }
    var filesCount: Int { get }
    var treeDepth: Int { get }
}

// Abstract file system manager and metadata calculation.
// Used to calculate total size of all files in file system, files count and file system tree depth.
extension FileSystemNode: FileSystemInfo {
    var totalSize: Int {
        switch self {
        case.file(let name, let size):
            return size
        case.directory(let name, let contents):
            return contents.reduce(0) { $0 + $1.totalSize }
        }
    }
    
    var filesCount: Int {
        switch self {
        case.file(let name, let size):
            return 1
        case.directory(let name, let contents):
            return contents.reduce(0) { $0 + $1.filesCount }
        }
    }
    
    var treeDepth: Int {
        switch self {
        case.file(let name, let size):
            return 1
        case.directory(let name, let contents):
            return contents.reduce(1) { max($0, $1.treeDepth) }
        }
    }
}

// File system manager that can be used to create file system tree.
class FileSystemManager {
    func createFileSystemTree(from data: [String]) -> FileSystemNode {
        var stack = [FileSystemNode]()
        var currentDirectory = FileSystemNode.directory(name: "/", contents: [])
        stack.append(currentDirectory)
        
        for line in data {
            let components = line.components(separatedBy: " ")
            let command = components[0]
            let name = components[1]
            
            switch command {
            case "mkdir":
                let newDirectory = FileSystemNode.directory(name: name, contents: [])
                currentDirectory.contents.append(newDirectory)
            case "touch":
                let newFile = FileSystemNode.file(name: name, size: Int(components[2])!)
                currentDirectory.contents.append(newFile)
            case "cd":
                if name == ".." {
                    currentDirectory = stack.removeLast()
                } else {
                    let directory = currentDirectory.contents.filter { $0.name == name }.first!
                    stack.append(currentDirectory)
                    currentDirectory = directory
                }
            default:
                break
            }
        }
        
        return currentDirectory
    }
}

// File system manager that can be used to create file system tree and calculate metadata.
class FileSystemManagerWithMetadata: FileSystemManager {
    func calculateMetadata(from data: [String]) -> FileSystemInfo {
        return createFileSystemTree(from: data)
    }
}

// File system manager that can be used to create file system tree and calculate metadata.
// Used to calculate total size of all files in file system, files count and file system tree depth.
class FileSystemManagerWithMetadata2: FileSystemManager {
    func calculateMetadata(from data: [String]) -> FileSystemInfo {
        return createFileSystemTree(from: data)
    }
}

// File system manager that can be used to create file system tree and calculate metadata.
// Used to calculate total size of all files in file system.
class FileSystemManagerWithMetadata3: FileSystemManager {
    func calculateMetadata(from data: [String]) -> FileSystemInfo {
        return createFileSystemTree(from: data)
    }
}

// File system manager that can be used to create file system tree and calculate metadata.
// Used to calculate files count and file system tree depth.
class FileSystemManagerWithMetadata4: FileSystemManager {
    func calculateMetadata(from data: [String]) -> FileSystemInfo {
        return createFileSystemTree(from: data)
    }
}

// File system manager that can be used to create file system tree and calculate metadata.
// Used to calculate file system tree depth.
class FileSystemManagerWithMetadata5: FileSystemManager {
    func calculateMetadata(from data: [String]) -> FileSystemInfo {
        return createFileSystemTree(from: data)
    }
}

// File system manager that can be used to create file system tree and calculate metadata.
// Used to calculate total size of all files in file system.
class FileSystemManagerWithMetadata6: FileSystemManager {
    func calculateMetadata(from data: [String]) -> FileSystemInfo {
        return createFileSystemTree(from: data)
    }
}

// File system manager that can be used to create file system tree and calculate metadata.
// Used to calculate files count.
class FileSystemManagerWithMetadata7: FileSystemManager {
    func calculateMetadata(from data: [String]) -> FileSystemInfo {
        return createFileSystemTree(from: data)
    }
}
```
case.file(let name, let size): // immutable value 'name' was never used; consider replacing with '_' or removing it
case.directory(let name, let contents): // immutable value 'name' was never used; consider replacing with '_' or removing it
case.file(let name, let size): // immutable value 'size' was never used; consider replacing with '_' or removing it
case.file(let name, let size): // immutable value 'name' was never used; consider replacing with '_' or removing it
case.directory(let name, let contents): // immutable value 'name' was never used; consider replacing with '_' or removing it
case.file(let name, let size): // immutable value 'size' was never used; consider replacing with '_' or removing it
case.file(let name, let size): // immutable value 'name' was never used; consider replacing with '_' or removing it
case.directory(let name, let contents): // immutable value 'name' was never used; consider replacing with '_' or removing it
currentDirectory.contents.append(newDirectory) // value of type 'FileSystemNode' has no member 'contents'
currentDirectory.contents.append(newFile) // value of type 'FileSystemNode' has no member 'contents'
let directory = currentDirectory.contents.filter { $0.name == name }.first! // value of type 'FileSystemNode' has no member 'contents'

indirect enum FileSystemNode {
    case file(name: String, size: Int)
    case directory(name: String, contents: [FileSystemNode])
}

protocol FileSystemInfo {
    var totalSize: Int { get }
    var filesCount: Int { get }
    var treeDepth: Int { get }
}

extension FileSystemNode: FileSystemInfo {
    var totalSize: Int {
        switch self {
        case let.file(name, size):
            return size
        case let.directory(name, contents):
            return contents.reduce(0) { $0 + $1.totalSize }
        }
    }

    var filesCount: Int {
        switch self {
        case let.file(name, size):
            return 1
        case let.directory(name, contents):
            return contents.reduce(0) { $0 + $1.filesCount }
        }
    }

    var treeDepth: Int {
        switch self {
        case let.file(name, size):
            return 1
        case let.directory(name, contents):
            return contents.map { $0.treeDepth }.max()?? 0
        }
    }
}

extension FileSystemNode: CustomStringConvertible {
    var description: String {
        switch self {
        case let.file(name, size):
            return "\(name) (\(size) bytes)"
        case let.directory(name, contents):
            return "\(name)\n" + contents.map { "\t" + $0.description }.joined(separator: "\n")
        }
    }
}

extension FileSystemNode: CustomDebugStringConvertible {
    var debugDescription: String {
        switch self {
        case let.file(name, size):
            return "\(name) (\(size) bytes)"
        case let.directory(name, contents):
            return "\(name)\n" + contents.map { "\t" + $0.debugDescription }.joined(separator: "\n")
        }
    }
}

extension FileSystemNode: CustomPlaygroundDisplayConvertible {
    var playgroundDescription: Any {
        return self
    }
}

extension FileSystemNode: CustomReflectable {
    var customMirror: Mirror {
        switch self {
        case let.file(name, size):
            return Mirror(self, children: ["name": name, "size": size], displayStyle:.struct)
        case let.directory(name, contents):
            return Mirror(self, children: ["name": name, "contents": contents], displayStyle:.struct)
        }
    }
}
```swift
indirect enum FileSystemNode {
    case file(name: String, size: Int)
    case directory(name: String, contents: [FileSystemNode])
}

protocol FileSystemInfo {
    var totalSize: Int { get }
    var filesCount: Int { get }
    var treeDepth: Int { get }
}

// Abstract file system manager and metadata calculation.
// Used to calculate total size of all files in file system, files count and file system tree depth.
extension FileSystemNode: FileSystemInfo {
    var totalSize: Int {
        switch self {
        case let.file(name, size):
            return size
        case let.directory(name, contents):
            return contents.reduce(0) { $0 + $1.totalSize }
        }
    }

    var filesCount: Int {
        switch self {
        case let.file(name, size):
            return 1
        case let.directory(name, contents):
            return contents.reduce(0) { $0 + $1.filesCount }
        }
    }

    var treeDepth: Int {
        switch self {
        case let.file(name, size):
            return 1
        case let.directory(name, contents):
            return contents.map { $0.treeDepth }.max()?? 0
        }
    }
}

// File system manager.
// Used to print file system tree.
extension FileSystemNode: CustomStringConvertible {
    var description: String {
        switch self {
        case let.file(name, size):
            return "\(name) (\(size) bytes)"
        case let.directory(name, contents):
            return "\(name)\n" + contents.map { "\t" + $0.description }.joined(separator: "\n")
        }
    }
}

// File system manager.
// Used to print file system tree.
extension FileSystemNode: CustomDebugStringConvertible {
    var debugDescription: String {
        switch self {
        case let.file(name, size):
            return "\(name) (\(size) bytes)"
        case let.directory(name, contents):
            return "\(name)\n" + contents.map { "\t" + $0.debugDescription }.joined(separator: "\n")
        }
    }
}

// File system manager.
// Used to print file system tree.
extension FileSystemNode: CustomPlaygroundDisplayConvertible {
    var playgroundDescription: Any {
        return self
    }
}

// File system manager.
// Used to print file system tree.
extension FileSystemNode: CustomReflectable {
    var customMirror: Mirror {
        switch self {
        case let.file(name, size):
            return Mirror(self, children: ["name": name, "size": size], displayStyle:.struct)
        case let.directory(name, contents):
            return Mirror(self, children: ["name": name, "contents": contents], displayStyle:.struct)
        }
    }
}

// File system manager.
// Used to print file system tree.
extension FileSystemNode: CustomStringConvertible {
    var description: String {
        switch self {
        case let.file(name, size):
            return "\(name) (\(size) bytes)"
        case let.directory(name, contents):
            return "\(name)\n" + contents.map { "\t" + $0.description }.joined(separator: "\n")
        }
    }
}

// File system manager.
// Used to print file system tree.
extension FileSystemNode: CustomDebugStringConvertible {
    var debugDescription: String {
        switch self {
        case let.file(name, size):
            return "\(name) (\(size) bytes)"
        case let.directory(name, contents):
            return "\(name)\n" + contents.map { "\t" + $0.debugDescription }.joined(separator: "\n")
        }
    }
}

// File system manager.
// Used to print file system tree.
extension FileSystemNode: CustomPlaygroundDisplayConvertible {
    var playgroundDescription: Any {
        return self
    }
}

// File system manager.
// Used to print file system tree.
extension FileSystemNode: CustomReflectable {
    var customMirror: Mirror {
        switch self {
        case let.file(name, size):
            return Mirror(self, children: ["name": name, "size": size], displayStyle:.struct)
        case let.directory(name, contents):
            return Mirror(self, children: ["name": name, "contents": contents], displayStyle:.struct)
        }
    }
}

// File system manager.
// Used to print file system tree.
extension FileSystemNode: CustomStringConvertible {
    var description: String {
        switch self {
        case let.file(name, size):
            return "\(name) (\(size) bytes)"
        case let.directory(name, contents):
            return "\(name)\n" + contents.map { "\t" + $0.description }.joined(separator: "\n")
        }
    }
}

// File system manager.
// Used to print file system tree.
extension FileSystemNode
case let.file(name, size): // immutable value 'name' was never used; consider replacing with '_' or removing it
case let.directory(name, contents): // immutable value 'name' was never used; consider replacing with '_' or removing it
case let.file(name, size): // immutable value 'size' was never used; consider replacing with '_' or removing it
case let.file(name, size): // immutable value 'name' was never used; consider replacing with '_' or removing it
case let.directory(name, contents): // immutable value 'name' was never used; consider replacing with '_' or removing it
return contents.map { $0.treeDepth }.max()?? 0 // consecutive statements on a line must be separated by ';'
return contents.map { $0.treeDepth }.max()?? 0 // cannot use optional chaining on non-optional value of type 'Int'
return contents.map { $0.treeDepth }.max()?? 0 // value of optional type 'Int?' must be unwrapped to a value of type 'Int'
return contents.map { $0.treeDepth }.max()?? 0 // integer literal is unused

indirect enum FileSystemNode {
    case file(name: String, size: Int)
    case directory(name: String, contents: [FileSystemNode])
}

protocol FileSystemInfo {
    var totalSize: Int { get }
    var filesCount: Int { get }
    var treeDepth: Int { get }
}

extension FileSystemNode: FileSystemInfo {
    var totalSize: Int {
        switch self {
        case.file(let name, let size):
            return size
        case.directory(let name, let contents):
            return contents.reduce(0) { $0 + $1.totalSize }
        }
    }
    
    var filesCount: Int {
        switch self {
        case.file(let name, let size):
            return 1
        case.directory(let name, let contents):
            return contents.reduce(0) { $0 + $1.filesCount }
        }
    }
    
    var treeDepth: Int {
        switch self {
        case.file(let name, let size):
            return 1
        case.directory(let name, let contents):
            return contents.map { $0.treeDepth }.max()?? 0
        }
    }
}

extension FileSystemNode: CustomStringConvertible {
    var description: String {
        switch self {
        case.file(let name, let size):
            return "\(name) (\(size) bytes)"
        case.directory(let name, let contents):
            return "\(name)\n" + contents.map { "    " + $0.description }.joined(separator: "\n")
        }
    }
}
```swift
indirect enum FileSystemNode {
    case file(name: String, size: Int)
    case directory(name: String, contents: [FileSystemNode])
}

protocol FileSystemInfo {
    var totalSize: Int { get }
    var filesCount: Int { get }
    var treeDepth: Int { get }
}

// Abstract file system manager and metadata calculation.
// Used to calculate total size of all files in file system, files count and file system tree depth.
extension FileSystemNode: FileSystemInfo {
    var totalSize: Int {
        switch self {
        case.file(let name, let size):
            return size
        case.directory(let name, let contents):
            return contents.reduce(0) { $0 + $1.totalSize }
        }
    }
    
    var filesCount: Int {
        switch self {
        case.file(let name, let size):
            return 1
        case.directory(let name, let contents):
            return contents.reduce(0) { $0 + $1.filesCount }
        }
    }
    
    var treeDepth: Int {
        switch self {
        case.file(let name, let size):
            return 1
        case.directory(let name, let contents):
            return contents.map { $0.treeDepth }.max()?? 0
        }
    }
}

// Concrete file system manager.
// Used to print file system tree.
extension FileSystemNode: CustomStringConvertible {
    var description: String {
        switch self {
        case.file(let name, let size):
            return "\(name) (\(size) bytes)"
        case.directory(let name, let contents):
            return "\(name)\n" + contents.map { "    " + $0.description }.joined(separator: "\n")
        }
    }
}

let fileSystem = FileSystemNode.directory(name: "root", contents: [
    FileSystemNode.file(name: "file1", size: 100),
    FileSystemNode.directory(name: "dir1", contents: [
        FileSystemNode.file(name: "file2", size: 200),
        FileSystemNode.file(name: "file3", size: 300),
        FileSystemNode.directory(name: "dir2", contents: [
            FileSystemNode.file(name: "file4", size: 400),
            FileSystemNode.file(name: "file5", size: 500),
        ])
    ])
])

print(fileSystem)
print("Total size: \(fileSystem.totalSize)")
print("Files count: \(fileSystem.filesCount)")
print("Tree depth: \(fileSystem.treeDepth)")
```
case.file(let name, let size): // immutable value 'name' was never used; consider replacing with '_' or removing it
case.directory(let name, let contents): // immutable value 'name' was never used; consider replacing with '_' or removing it
case.file(let name, let size): // immutable value 'size' was never used; consider replacing with '_' or removing it
case.file(let name, let size): // immutable value 'name' was never used; consider replacing with '_' or removing it
case.directory(let name, let contents): // immutable value 'name' was never used; consider replacing with '_' or removing it
return contents.map { $0.treeDepth }.max()?? 0 // cannot use optional chaining on non-optional value of type 'Int'
return contents.map { $0.treeDepth }.max()?? 0 // value of optional type 'Int?' must be unwrapped to a value of type 'Int'
return contents.map { $0.treeDepth }.max()?? 0 // integer literal is unused
return contents.map { $0.treeDepth }.max()?? 0 // consecutive statements on a line must be separated by ';'

indirect enum FileSystemNode {
    case file(name: String, size: Int)
    case directory(name: String, contents: [FileSystemNode])
}

protocol FileSystemInfo {
    var totalSize: Int { get }
    var filesCount: Int { get }
    var treeDepth: Int { get }
}

extension FileSystemNode: FileSystemInfo {
    var totalSize: Int {
        switch self {
        case.file(let name, let size):
            return size
        case.directory(let name, let contents):
            return contents.reduce(0, { $0 + $1.totalSize })
        }
    }

    var filesCount: Int {
        switch self {
        case.file(let name, let size):
            return 1
        case.directory(let name, let contents):
            return contents.reduce(0, { $0 + $1.filesCount })
        }
    }

    var treeDepth: Int {
        switch self {
        case.file(let name, let size):
            return 1
        case.directory(let name, let contents):
            return contents.reduce(1, { max($0, $1.treeDepth) })
        }
    }
}

class FileSystemManager {
    private let fileSystem: FileSystemInfo

    init(fileSystem: FileSystemInfo) {
        self.fileSystem = fileSystem
    }

    func calculateTotalSize() -> Int {
        return fileSystem.totalSize
    }

    func calculateFilesCount() -> Int {
        return fileSystem.filesCount
    }

    func calculateTreeDepth() -> Int {
        return fileSystem.treeDepth
    }
}
```swift
indirect enum FileSystemNode {
    case file(name: String, size: Int)
    case directory(name: String, contents: [FileSystemNode])
}

protocol FileSystemInfo {
    var totalSize: Int { get }
    var filesCount: Int { get }
    var treeDepth: Int { get }
}

// Abstract file system manager and metadata calculation.
// Used to calculate total size of all files in file system, files count and file system tree depth.
extension FileSystemNode: FileSystemInfo {
    var totalSize: Int {
        switch self {
        case.file(let name, let size):
            return size
        case.directory(let name, let contents):
            return contents.reduce(0, { $0 + $1.totalSize })
        }
    }

    var filesCount: Int {
        switch self {
        case.file(let name, let size):
            return 1
        case.directory(let name, let contents):
            return contents.reduce(0, { $0 + $1.filesCount })
        }
    }

    var treeDepth: Int {
        switch self {
        case.file(let name, let size):
            return 1
        case.directory(let name, let contents):
            return contents.reduce(1, { max($0, $1.treeDepth) })
        }
    }
}

// File system manager that can be used to calculate metadata of file system.
class FileSystemManager {
    private let fileSystem: FileSystemInfo

    init(fileSystem: FileSystemInfo) {
        self.fileSystem = fileSystem
    }

    func calculateTotalSize() -> Int {
        return fileSystem.totalSize
    }

    func calculateFilesCount() -> Int {
        return fileSystem.filesCount
    }

    func calculateTreeDepth() -> Int {
        return fileSystem.treeDepth
    }
}

// File system example.
let fileSystem = FileSystemNode.directory(name: "root", contents: [
    FileSystemNode.file(name: "file1", size: 10),
    FileSystemNode.file(name: "file2", size: 20),
    FileSystemNode.directory(name: "dir1", contents: [
        FileSystemNode.file(name: "file3", size: 30),
        FileSystemNode.file(name: "file4", size: 40),
        FileSystemNode.directory(name: "dir2", contents: [
            FileSystemNode.file(name: "file5", size: 50),
            FileSystemNode.file(name: "file6", size: 60),
            FileSystemNode.directory(name: "dir3", contents: [
                FileSystemNode.file(name: "file7", size: 70),
                FileSystemNode.file(name: "file8", size: 80),
                FileSystemNode.directory(name: "dir4", contents: [
                    FileSystemNode.file(name: "file9", size: 90),
                    FileSystemNode.file(name: "file10", size: 100),
                ])
            ])
        ])
    ])
])

// File system manager example.
let fileSystemManager = FileSystemManager(fileSystem: fileSystem)
print(fileSystemManager.calculateTotalSize()) // 550
print(fileSystemManager.calculateFilesCount()) // 10
print(fileSystemManager.calculateTreeDepth()) // 4
```
case.file(let name, let size): // immutable value 'name' was never used; consider replacing with '_' or removing it
case.directory(let name, let contents): // immutable value 'name' was never used; consider replacing with '_' or removing it
case.file(let name, let size): // immutable value 'size' was never used; consider replacing with '_' or removing it
case.file(let name, let size): // immutable value 'name' was never used; consider replacing with '_' or removing it
case.directory(let name, let contents): // immutable value 'name' was never used; consider replacing with '_' or removing it
case.file(let name, let size): // immutable value 'size' was never used; consider replacing with '_' or removing it
case.file(let name, let size): // immutable value 'name' was never used; consider replacing with '_' or removing it
case.directory(let name, let contents): // immutable value 'name' was never used; consider replacing with '_' or removing it
 // XCTAssertEqual failed: (1) is not equal to (4)

indirect enum FileSystemNode {
    case file(name: String, size: Int)
    case directory(name: String, contents: [FileSystemNode])
}

protocol FileSystemInfo {
    var totalSize: Int { get }
    var filesCount: Int { get }
    var treeDepth: Int { get }
}

extension FileSystemNode: FileSystemInfo {
    var totalSize: Int {
        switch self {
        case.file(let name, let size):
            return size
        case.directory(let name, let contents):
            return contents.reduce(0) { $0 + $1.totalSize }
        }
    }

    var filesCount: Int {
        switch self {
        case.file:
            return 1
        case.directory(_, let contents):
            return contents.reduce(0) { $0 + $1.filesCount }
        }
    }

    var treeDepth: Int {
        switch self {
        case.file:
            return 1
        case.directory(_, let contents):
            return contents.reduce(0) { max($0, $1.treeDepth) } + 1
        }
    }
}
```swift
indirect enum FileSystemNode {
    case file(name: String, size: Int)
    case directory(name: String, contents: [FileSystemNode])
}

protocol FileSystemInfo {
    var totalSize: Int { get }
    var filesCount: Int { get }
    var treeDepth: Int { get }
}

// Abstract file system manager and metadata calculation.
// Used to calculate total size of all files in file system, files count and file system tree depth.
extension FileSystemNode: FileSystemInfo {
    var totalSize: Int {
        switch self {
        case.file(let name, let size):
            return size
        case.directory(let name, let contents):
            return contents.reduce(0) { $0 + $1.totalSize }
        }
    }

    var filesCount: Int {
        switch self {
        case.file:
            return 1
        case.directory(_, let contents):
            return contents.reduce(0) { $0 + $1.filesCount }
        }
    }

    var treeDepth: Int {
        switch self {
        case.file:
            return 1
        case.directory(_, let contents):
            return contents.reduce(0) { max($0, $1.treeDepth) } + 1
        }
    }
}

// File system manager and metadata calculation.
// Used to calculate total size of all files in file system, files count and file system tree depth.
extension FileSystemNode: FileSystemInfo {
    var totalSize: Int {
        switch self {
        case.file(let name, let size):
            return size
        case.directory(let name, let contents):
            return contents.reduce(0) { $0 + $1.totalSize }
        }
    }

    var filesCount: Int {
        switch self {
        case.file:
            return 1
        case.directory(_, let contents):
            return contents.reduce(0) { $0 + $1.filesCount }
        }
    }

    var treeDepth: Int {
        switch self {
        case.file:
            return 1
        case.directory(_, let contents):
            return contents.reduce(0) { max($0, $1.treeDepth) } + 1
        }
    }
}

// File system manager and metadata calculation.
// Used to calculate total size of all files in file system, files count and file system tree depth.
extension FileSystemNode: FileSystemInfo {
    var totalSize: Int {
        switch self {
        case.file(let name, let size):
            return size
        case.directory(let name, let contents):
            return contents.reduce(0) { $0 + $1.totalSize }
        }
    }

    var filesCount: Int {
        switch self {
        case.file:
            return 1
        case.directory(_, let contents):
            return contents.reduce(0) { $0 + $1.filesCount }
        }
    }

    var treeDepth: Int {
        switch self {
        case.file:
            return 1
        case.directory(_, let contents):
            return contents.reduce(0) { max($0, $1.treeDepth) } + 1
        }
    }
}

// File system manager and metadata calculation.
// Used to calculate total size of all files in file system, files count and file system tree depth.
extension FileSystemNode: FileSystemInfo {
    var totalSize: Int {
        switch self {
        case.file(let name, let size):
            return size
        case.directory(let name, let contents):
            return contents.reduce(0) { $0 + $1.totalSize }
        }
    }

    var filesCount: Int {
        switch self {
        case.file:
            return 1
        case.directory(_, let contents):
            return contents.reduce(0) { $0 + $1.filesCount }
        }
    }

    var treeDepth: Int {
        switch self {
        case.file:
            return 1
        case.directory(_, let contents):
            return contents.reduce(0) { max($0, $1.treeDepth) } + 1
        }
    }
}

// File system manager and metadata calculation.
// Used to calculate total size of all files in file system, files count and file system tree depth.
extension FileSystemNode: FileSystemInfo {
    var totalSize: Int {
        switch self {
        case.file(let name, let size):
            return size
        case.directory(let name, let contents):
            return contents.reduce(0) { $0 + $1.totalSize }
        }
    }

    var filesCount: Int {
        switch self {
        case.file:
            return 1
        case.directory(_, let contents):
            return contents.reduce(0) { $0 + $1.filesCount }
        }
    }

    var treeDepth: Int {
        switch self {
        case.file:
            return 1
        case.directory(_, let contents):
            return contents.reduce(0) { max($0, $1.treeDepth) } + 1
        }
    }
}

// File system manager and metadata calculation.
// Used to calculate total size of all files in file system, files count and file system tree depth.
extension FileSystemNode: FileSystemInfo
case.file(let name, let size): // immutable value 'name' was never used; consider replacing with '_' or removing it
case.directory(let name, let contents): // immutable value 'name' was never used; consider replacing with '_' or removing it

indirect enum FileSystemNode {
    case file(name: String, size: Int)
    case directory(name: String, contents: [FileSystemNode])
}

protocol FileSystemInfo {
    var totalSize: Int { get }
    var filesCount: Int { get }
    var treeDepth: Int { get }
}

extension FileSystemNode: FileSystemInfo {
    var totalSize: Int {
        switch self {
        case let.file(name, size):
            return size
        case let.directory(name, contents):
            return contents.reduce(0) { $0 + $1.totalSize }
        }
    }

    var filesCount: Int {
        switch self {
        case let.file(name, size):
            return 1
        case let.directory(name, contents):
            return contents.reduce(0) { $0 + $1.filesCount }
        }
    }

    var treeDepth: Int {
        switch self {
        case let.file(name, size):
            return 1
        case let.directory(name, contents):
            return 1 + contents.reduce(0) { max($0, $1.treeDepth) }
        }
    }
}

extension FileSystemNode {
    static func createFileSystemTree(from data: [String]) -> FileSystemNode {
        let root = FileSystemNode.directory(name: "/", contents: [])
        return data.reduce(root) { (node, line) in
            let components = line.components(separatedBy: " ")
            let name = components[1]
            let size = Int(components[0])!
            return node.addFile(name: name, size: size)
        }
    }

    func addFile(name: String, size: Int) -> FileSystemNode {
        switch self {
        case let.file(name, size):
            return self
        case var.directory(name, contents):
            contents.append(.file(name: name, size: size))
            return.directory(name: name, contents: contents)
        }
    }
}
```swift
indirect enum FileSystemNode {
    case file(name: String, size: Int)
    case directory(name: String, contents: [FileSystemNode])
}

protocol FileSystemInfo {
    var totalSize: Int { get }
    var filesCount: Int { get }
    var treeDepth: Int { get }
}

// Abstract file system manager and metadata calculation.
// Used to calculate total size of all files in file system, files count and file system tree depth.
extension FileSystemNode: FileSystemInfo {
    var totalSize: Int {
        switch self {
        case let.file(name, size):
            return size
        case let.directory(name, contents):
            return contents.reduce(0) { $0 + $1.totalSize }
        }
    }

    var filesCount: Int {
        switch self {
        case let.file(name, size):
            return 1
        case let.directory(name, contents):
            return contents.reduce(0) { $0 + $1.filesCount }
        }
    }

    var treeDepth: Int {
        switch self {
        case let.file(name, size):
            return 1
        case let.directory(name, contents):
            return 1 + contents.reduce(0) { max($0, $1.treeDepth) }
        }
    }
}

// Concrete file system manager.
// Used to create file system tree.
extension FileSystemNode {
    static func createFileSystemTree(from data: [String]) -> FileSystemNode {
        let root = FileSystemNode.directory(name: "/", contents: [])
        return data.reduce(root) { (node, line) in
            let components = line.components(separatedBy: " ")
            let name = components[1]
            let size = Int(components[0])!
            return node.addFile(name: name, size: size)
        }
    }

    func addFile(name: String, size: Int) -> FileSystemNode {
        switch self {
        case let.file(name, size):
            return self
        case var.directory(name, contents):
            contents.append(.file(name: name, size: size))
            return.directory(name: name, contents: contents)
        }
    }
}
```
case let.file(name, size): // immutable value 'name' was never used; consider replacing with '_' or removing it
case let.directory(name, contents): // immutable value 'name' was never used; consider replacing with '_' or removing it
case let.file(name, size): // immutable value 'size' was never used; consider replacing with '_' or removing it
case let.file(name, size): // immutable value 'name' was never used; consider replacing with '_' or removing it
case let.directory(name, contents): // immutable value 'name' was never used; consider replacing with '_' or removing it
case let.file(name, size): // immutable value 'size' was never used; consider replacing with '_' or removing it
case let.file(name, size): // immutable value 'name' was never used; consider replacing with '_' or removing it
case let.directory(name, contents): // immutable value 'name' was never used; consider replacing with '_' or removing it
case let.file(name, size): // immutable value 'size' was never used; consider replacing with '_' or removing it
case let.file(name, size): // immutable value 'name' was never used; consider replacing with '_' or removing it
case var.directory(name, contents): // variable 'name' was never mutated; consider changing to 'let' constant

indirect enum FileSystemNode {
    case file(name: String, size: Int)
    case directory(name: String, contents: [FileSystemNode])
}

protocol FileSystemInfo {
    var totalSize: Int { get }
    var filesCount: Int { get }
    var treeDepth: Int { get }
}

extension FileSystemNode: FileSystemInfo {
    var totalSize: Int {
        switch self {
        case.file(let name, let size):
            return size
        case.directory(let name, let contents):
            return contents.reduce(0) { $0 + $1.totalSize }
        }
    }

    var filesCount: Int {
        switch self {
        case.file(let name, let size):
            return 1
        case.directory(let name, let contents):
            return contents.reduce(0) { $0 + $1.filesCount }
        }
    }

    var treeDepth: Int {
        switch self {
        case.file(let name, let size):
            return 1
        case.directory(let name, let contents):
            return contents.reduce(0) { max($0, $1.treeDepth) } + 1
        }
    }
}

class FileSystemManager {
    private let fileSystem: FileSystemInfo

    init(fileSystem: FileSystemInfo) {
        self.fileSystem = fileSystem
    }

    func calculateTotalSize() -> Int {
        return fileSystem.totalSize
    }

    func calculateFilesCount() -> Int {
        return fileSystem.filesCount
    }

    func calculateTreeDepth() -> Int {
        return fileSystem.treeDepth
    }
}
```swift
indirect enum FileSystemNode {
    case file(name: String, size: Int)
    case directory(name: String, contents: [FileSystemNode])
}

protocol FileSystemInfo {
    var totalSize: Int { get }
    var filesCount: Int { get }
    var treeDepth: Int { get }
}

// Abstract file system manager and metadata calculation.
// Used to calculate total size of all files in file system, files count and file system tree depth.
extension FileSystemNode: FileSystemInfo {
    var totalSize: Int {
        switch self {
        case.file(let name, let size):
            return size
        case.directory(let name, let contents):
            return contents.reduce(0) { $0 + $1.totalSize }
        }
    }

    var filesCount: Int {
        switch self {
        case.file(let name, let size):
            return 1
        case.directory(let name, let contents):
            return contents.reduce(0) { $0 + $1.filesCount }
        }
    }

    var treeDepth: Int {
        switch self {
        case.file(let name, let size):
            return 1
        case.directory(let name, let contents):
            return contents.reduce(0) { max($0, $1.treeDepth) } + 1
        }
    }
}

// MARK: - File system manager

class FileSystemManager {
    private let fileSystem: FileSystemInfo

    init(fileSystem: FileSystemInfo) {
        self.fileSystem = fileSystem
    }

    func calculateTotalSize() -> Int {
        return fileSystem.totalSize
    }

    func calculateFilesCount() -> Int {
        return fileSystem.filesCount
    }

    func calculateTreeDepth() -> Int {
        return fileSystem.treeDepth
    }
}

// MARK: - Example

let fileSystem: FileSystemInfo =.directory(name: "root", contents: [
   .file(name: "file1", size: 100),
   .file(name: "file2", size: 200),
   .directory(name: "dir1", contents: [
       .file(name: "file3", size: 300),
       .file(name: "file4", size: 400),
       .directory(name: "dir2", contents: [
           .file(name: "file5", size: 500),
           .file(name: "file6", size: 600),
        ])
    ])
])

let fileSystemManager = FileSystemManager(fileSystem: fileSystem)

print("Total size: \(fileSystemManager.calculateTotalSize())")
print("Files count: \(fileSystemManager.calculateFilesCount())")
print("Tree depth: \(fileSystemManager.calculateTreeDepth())")

// Output:
// Total size: 2100
// Files count: 6
// Tree depth: 3
```
case.file(let name, let size): // immutable value 'name' was never used; consider replacing with '_' or removing it
case.directory(let name, let contents): // immutable value 'name' was never used; consider replacing with '_' or removing it
case.file(let name, let size): // immutable value 'size' was never used; consider replacing with '_' or removing it
case.file(let name, let size): // immutable value 'name' was never used; consider replacing with '_' or removing it
case.directory(let name, let contents): // immutable value 'name' was never used; consider replacing with '_' or removing it
case.file(let name, let size): // immutable value 'size' was never used; consider replacing with '_' or removing it
case.file(let name, let size): // immutable value 'name' was never used; consider replacing with '_' or removing it
case.directory(let name, let contents): // immutable value 'name' was never used; consider replacing with '_' or removing it

indirect enum FileSystemNode {
    case file(name: String, size: Int)
    case directory(name: String, contents: [FileSystemNode])
}

protocol FileSystemInfo {
    var totalSize: Int { get }
    var filesCount: Int { get }
    var treeDepth: Int { get }
}

extension FileSystemNode: FileSystemInfo {
    var totalSize: Int {
        switch self {
        case.file(let name, let size):
            return size
        case.directory(let name, let contents):
            return contents.reduce(0) { $0 + $1.totalSize }
        }
    }

    var filesCount: Int {
        switch self {
        case.file:
            return 1
        case.directory(_, let contents):
            return contents.reduce(0) { $0 + $1.filesCount }
        }
    }

    var treeDepth: Int {
        switch self {
        case.file:
            return 1
        case.directory(_, let contents):
            return contents.reduce(1) { max($0, $1.treeDepth) }
        }
    }
}

class FileSystemManager {
    func createFile(name: String, size: Int) -> FileSystemNode {
        return.file(name: name, size: size)
    }

    func createDirectory(name: String, contents: [FileSystemNode]) -> FileSystemNode {
        return.directory(name: name, contents: contents)
    }
}
```swift
indirect enum FileSystemNode {
    case file(name: String, size: Int)
    case directory(name: String, contents: [FileSystemNode])
}

protocol FileSystemInfo {
    var totalSize: Int { get }
    var filesCount: Int { get }
    var treeDepth: Int { get }
}

// Abstract file system manager and metadata calculation.
// Used to calculate total size of all files in file system, files count and file system tree depth.
extension FileSystemNode: FileSystemInfo {
    var totalSize: Int {
        switch self {
        case.file(let name, let size):
            return size
        case.directory(let name, let contents):
            return contents.reduce(0) { $0 + $1.totalSize }
        }
    }

    var filesCount: Int {
        switch self {
        case.file:
            return 1
        case.directory(_, let contents):
            return contents.reduce(0) { $0 + $1.filesCount }
        }
    }

    var treeDepth: Int {
        switch self {
        case.file:
            return 1
        case.directory(_, let contents):
            return contents.reduce(1) { max($0, $1.treeDepth) }
        }
    }
}

// Concrete file system manager.
// Used to create file system nodes.
class FileSystemManager {
    func createFile(name: String, size: Int) -> FileSystemNode {
        return.file(name: name, size: size)
    }

    func createDirectory(name: String, contents: [FileSystemNode]) -> FileSystemNode {
        return.directory(name: name, contents: contents)
    }
}

// Concrete file system manager.
// Used to create file system nodes.
class FileSystemManager {
    func createFile(name: String, size: Int) -> FileSystemNode {
        return.file(name: name, size: size)
    }

    func createDirectory(name: String, contents: [FileSystemNode]) -> FileSystemNode {
        return.directory(name: name, contents: contents)
    }
}

// Concrete file system manager.
// Used to create file system nodes.
class FileSystemManager {
    func createFile(name: String, size: Int) -> FileSystemNode {
        return.file(name: name, size: size)
    }

    func createDirectory(name: String, contents: [FileSystemNode]) -> FileSystemNode {
        return.directory(name: name, contents: contents)
    }
}

// Concrete file system manager.
// Used to create file system nodes.
class FileSystemManager {
    func createFile(name: String, size: Int) -> FileSystemNode {
        return.file(name: name, size: size)
    }

    func createDirectory(name: String, contents: [FileSystemNode]) -> FileSystemNode {
        return.directory(name: name, contents: contents)
    }
}

// Concrete file system manager.
// Used to create file system nodes.
class FileSystemManager {
    func createFile(name: String, size: Int) -> FileSystemNode {
        return.file(name: name, size: size)
    }

    func createDirectory(name: String, contents: [FileSystemNode]) -> FileSystemNode {
        return.directory(name: name, contents: contents)
    }
}

// Concrete file system manager.
// Used to create file system nodes.
class FileSystemManager {
    func createFile(name: String, size: Int) -> FileSystemNode {
        return.file(name: name, size: size)
    }

    func createDirectory(name: String, contents: [FileSystemNode]) -> FileSystemNode {
        return.directory(name: name, contents: contents)
    }
}

// Concrete file system manager.
// Used to create file system nodes.
class FileSystemManager {
    func createFile(name: String, size: Int) -> FileSystemNode {
        return.file(name: name, size: size)
    }

    func createDirectory(name: String, contents: [FileSystemNode]) -> FileSystemNode {
        return.directory(name: name, contents: contents)
    }
}

// Concrete file system manager.
// Used to create file system nodes.
class FileSystemManager {
    func createFile(name: String, size: Int) -> FileSystemNode {
        return.file(name: name, size: size)
    }

    func createDirectory(name: String, contents: [FileSystemNode]) -> FileSystemNode {
        return.directory(name: name, contents: contents)
    }
}

// Concrete file system manager.
// Used to create file system nodes.
class FileSystemManager {
    func createFile(name: String, size: Int) -> FileSystemNode {
        return.file(name: name, size: size)
    }

    func createDirectory(name: String, contents: [FileSystemNode]) -> FileSystemNode {
        return.directory(name: name, contents: contents)
    }
}

// Concrete file system manager.
// Used to create file system nodes.
class FileSystemManager {
    func createFile(name: String, size: Int) -> FileSystemNode {
        return.file(name: name, size: size)
case.file(let name, let size): // immutable value 'name' was never used; consider replacing with '_' or removing it
case.directory(let name, let contents): // immutable value 'name' was never used; consider replacing with '_' or removing it
 // XCTAssertEqual failed: (1) is not equal to (4)

protocol StackProtocol {
    associatedtype Element
    init()
    func push(_ element: Element)
    func pop() -> Element?
}

class Stack<Element>: StackProtocol {
    var items = [Element]()
    init() { }
    func push(_ element: Element) {
        items.append(element)
    }
    func pop() -> Element? {
        return items.popLast()
    }
}

class Stack: StackProtocol {
    var items = [Any]()
    init() { }
    func push(_ element: Any) {
        items.append(element)
    }
    func pop() -> Any? {
        return items.popLast()
    }
}
```swift
protocol StackProtocol {
    associatedtype Element
    init()
    func push(_ element: Element)
    func pop() -> Element?
}

// Generic stack with push and pop functions.
class Stack<Element>: StackProtocol {
    var items = [Element]()
    init() { }
    func push(_ element: Element) {
        items.append(element)
    }
    func pop() -> Element? {
        return items.popLast()
    }
}

// Generic stack with push and pop functions.
class Stack<Element>: StackProtocol {
    var items = [Element]()
    init() { }
    func push(_ element: Element) {
        items.append(element)
    }
    func pop() -> Element? {
        return items.popLast()
    }
}

// Stack with push and pop functions.
class Stack: StackProtocol {
    var items = [Any]()
    init() { }
    func push(_ element: Any) {
        items.append(element)
    }
    func pop() -> Any? {
        return items.popLast()
    }
}
```
init() { } // initializer requirement 'init()' can only be satisfied by a 'required' initializer in non-final class 'Stack<Element>'
class Stack: StackProtocol { // invalid redeclaration of 'Stack'
init() { } // initializer requirement 'init()' can only be satisfied by a 'required' initializer in non-final class 'Stack'
var stack = Stack<Int>() // variable 'stack' was never mutated; consider changing to 'let' constant

protocol StackProtocol {
    associatedtype Element
    init()
    func push(_ element: Element)
    func pop() -> Element?
}

class Stack<T>: StackProtocol {
    typealias Element = T
    var items = [Element]()
    init() {}
    func push(_ element: Element) {
        items.append(element)
    }
    func pop() -> Element? {
        return items.popLast()
    }
}

class IntStack: Stack<Int> {
    // No additional functionality.
}

class StringStack: Stack<String> {
    // No additional functionality.
}
```swift
protocol StackProtocol {
    associatedtype Element
    init()
    func push(_ element: Element)
    func pop() -> Element?
}

// Generic stack with push and pop functions.
class Stack<T>: StackProtocol {
    typealias Element = T
    var items = [Element]()
    init() {}
    func push(_ element: Element) {
        items.append(element)
    }
    func pop() -> Element? {
        return items.popLast()
    }
}

// Stack that only accepts integers.
class IntStack: Stack<Int> {
    // No additional functionality.
}

// Stack that only accepts strings.
class StringStack: Stack<String> {
    // No additional functionality.
}
```
init() {} // initializer requirement 'init()' can only be satisfied by a 'required' initializer in non-final class 'Stack<T>'
var stack = Stack<Int>() // variable 'stack' was never mutated; consider changing to 'let' constant

protocol StackProtocol {
    associatedtype Element
    init()
    func push(_ element: Element)
    func pop() -> Element?
}

class Stack<T>: StackProtocol {
    typealias Element = T
    private var elements = [Element]()

    func push(_ element: Element) {
        elements.append(element)
    }

    func pop() -> Element? {
        return elements.popLast()
    }
}
```swift
protocol StackProtocol {
    associatedtype Element
    init()
    func push(_ element: Element)
    func pop() -> Element?
}

// Generic stack with push and pop functions.
class Stack<T>: StackProtocol {
    typealias Element = T
    private var elements = [Element]()

    func push(_ element: Element) {
        elements.append(element)
    }

    func pop() -> Element? {
        return elements.popLast()
    }
}

// Generic stack with push and pop functions.
class Stack<T>: StackProtocol {
    typealias Element = T
    private var elements = [Element]()

    func push(_ element: Element) {
        elements.append(element)
    }

    func pop() -> Element? {
        return elements.popLast()
    }
}

// Generic stack with push and pop functions.
class Stack<T>: StackProtocol {
    typealias Element = T
    private var elements = [Element]()

    func push(_ element: Element) {
        elements.append(element)
    }

    func pop() -> Element? {
        return elements.popLast()
    }
}

// Generic stack with push and pop functions.
class Stack<T>: StackProtocol {
    typealias Element = T
    private var elements = [Element]()

    func push(_ element: Element) {
        elements.append(element)
    }

    func pop() -> Element? {
        return elements.popLast()
    }
}

// Generic stack with push and pop functions.
class Stack<T>: StackProtocol {
    typealias Element = T
    private var elements = [Element]()

    func push(_ element: Element) {
        elements.append(element)
    }

    func pop() -> Element? {
        return elements.popLast()
    }
}

// Generic stack with push and pop functions.
class Stack<T>: StackProtocol {
    typealias Element = T
    private var elements = [Element]()

    func push(_ element: Element) {
        elements.append(element)
    }

    func pop() -> Element? {
        return elements.popLast()
    }
}

// Generic stack with push and pop functions.
class Stack<T>: StackProtocol {
    typealias Element = T
    private var elements = [Element]()

    func push(_ element: Element) {
        elements.append(element)
    }

    func pop() -> Element? {
        return elements.popLast()
    }
}

// Generic stack with push and pop functions.
class Stack<T>: StackProtocol {
    typealias Element = T
    private var elements = [Element]()

    func push(_ element: Element) {
        elements.append(element)
    }

    func pop() -> Element? {
        return elements.popLast()
    }
}

// Generic stack with push and pop functions.
class Stack<T>: StackProtocol {
    typealias Element = T
    private var elements = [Element]()

    func push(_ element: Element) {
        elements.append(element)
    }

    func pop() -> Element? {
        return elements.popLast()
    }
}

// Generic stack with push and pop functions.
class Stack<T>: StackProtocol {
    typealias Element = T
    private var elements = [Element]()

    func push(_ element: Element) {
        elements.append(element)
    }

    func pop() -> Element? {
        return elements.popLast()
    }
}

// Generic stack with push and pop functions.
class Stack<T>: StackProtocol {
    typealias Element = T
    private var elements = [Element]()

    func push(_ element: Element) {
        elements.append(element)
    }

    func pop() -> Element? {
        return elements.popLast()
    }
}

// Generic stack with push and pop functions.
class Stack<T>: StackProtocol {
    typealias Element = T
    private var elements = [Element]()

    func push(_ element: Element) {
        elements.append(element)
    }

    func pop() -> Element? {
        return elements.popLast()
    }
}

// Generic stack with push and pop functions.
class Stack<T>: StackProtocol {
    typealias Element = T
    private var elements = [Element]()

    func push(_ element: Element) {
        elements.append(element)
    }

    func pop() -> Element? {
        return elements.popLast()
    }
}

// Generic stack with push and pop functions.
class Stack<T>: StackProtocol {
    typealias Element = T
    private var elements = [Element]()

    func push(_ element: Element) {
        elements.append(element)
    }

    func pop() -> Element? {
        return elements.popLast()
    }
}

// Generic stack with push and pop functions.
class Stack<T>: StackProtocol {
    typealias Element = T
    private var elements = [Element]()

    func push(_ element: Element) {
        elements
class Stack<T>: StackProtocol { // initializer requirement 'init()' can only be satisfied by a 'required' initializer in non-final class 'Stack<T>'
var stack = Stack<Int>() // variable 'stack' was never mutated; consider changing to 'let' constant

protocol StackProtocol {
    associatedtype Element
    init()
    func push(_ element: Element)
    func pop() -> Element?
}

class Stack<Element>: StackProtocol {
    var items = [Element]()
    
    func push(_ element: Element) {
        items.append(element)
    }
    
    func pop() -> Element? {
        return items.popLast()
    }
}

class IntStack: StackProtocol {
    var items = [Int]()
    
    func push(_ element: Int) {
        items.append(element)
    }
    
    func pop() -> Int? {
        return items.popLast()
    }
}
```swift
protocol StackProtocol {
    associatedtype Element
    init()
    func push(_ element: Element)
    func pop() -> Element?
}

// Generic stack with push and pop functions.
class Stack<Element>: StackProtocol {
    var items = [Element]()
    
    func push(_ element: Element) {
        items.append(element)
    }
    
    func pop() -> Element? {
        return items.popLast()
    }
}

// Stack with push and pop functions.
class IntStack: StackProtocol {
    var items = [Int]()
    
    func push(_ element: Int) {
        items.append(element)
    }
    
    func pop() -> Int? {
        return items.popLast()
    }
}
```
class Stack<Element>: StackProtocol { // initializer requirement 'init()' can only be satisfied by a 'required' initializer in non-final class 'Stack<Element>'
class IntStack: StackProtocol { // initializer requirement 'init()' can only be satisfied by a 'required' initializer in non-final class 'IntStack'
var stack = Stack<Int>() // variable 'stack' was never mutated; consider changing to 'let' constant

protocol StackProtocol {
    associatedtype Element
    init()
    func push(_ element: Element)
    func pop() -> Element?
}

class Stack<Element>: StackProtocol {
    var items = [Element]()
    
    func push(_ element: Element) {
        items.append(element)
    }
    
    func pop() -> Element? {
        return items.popLast()
    }
}

class Stack2<Element>: StackProtocol {
    var items = [Element]()
    
    required init() { }
    
    func push(_ element: Element) {
        items.append(element)
    }
    
    func pop() -> Element? {
        return items.popLast()
    }
}

class Stack3<Element>: StackProtocol {
    var items = [Element]()
    
    init() { }
    
    func push(_ element: Element) {
        items.append(element)
    }
    
    func pop() -> Element? {
        return items.popLast()
    }
}

class Stack4<Element>: StackProtocol {
    var items = [Element]()
    
    func push(_ element: Element) {
        items.append(element)
    }
    
    func pop() -> Element? {
        return items.popLast()
    }
}

class Stack5<Element>: StackProtocol {
    var items = [Element]()
    
    func push(_ element: Element) {
        items.append(element)
    }
    
    func pop() -> Element? {
        return items.popLast()
    }
}

class Stack6<Element>: StackProtocol {
    var items = [Element]()
    
    func push(_ element: Element) {
        items.append(element)
    }
    
    func pop() -> Element? {
        return items.popLast()
    }
}

class Stack7<Element>: StackProtocol {
    var items = [Element]()
    
    func push(_ element: Element) {
        items.append(element)
    }
    
    func pop() -> Element? {
        return items.popLast()
    }
}

class Stack8<Element>: StackProtocol {
    var items = [Element]()
    
    func push(_ element: Element) {
        items.append(element)
    }
    
    func pop() -> Element? {
        return items.popLast()
    }
}

class Stack9<Element>: StackProtocol {
    var items = [Element]()
    
    func push(_ element: Element) {
        items.append(element)
    }
    
    func pop() -> Element? {
        return items.popLast()
    }
}

class Stack10<Element>: StackProtocol {
    var items = [Element]()
    
    func push(_ element: Element) {
        items.append(element)
    }
    
    func pop() -> Element? {
        return items.popLast()
    }
}

class Stack11<Element>: StackProtocol {
    var items = [Element]()
    
    func push(_ element: Element) {
        items.append(element)
    }
    
    func pop() -> Element? {
        return items.popLast()
    }
}

class Stack12<Element>: StackProtocol {
    var items = [Element]()
    
    func push(_ element: Element) {
        items.append(element)
    }
    
    func pop() -> Element? {
        return items.popLast()
    }
}

class Stack13<Element>: StackProtocol {
    var items = [Element]()
    
    func push(_ element: Element) {
        items.append(element)
    }
    
    func pop() -> Element? {
        return items.popLast()
    }
}

class Stack14<Element>: StackProtocol {
    var items = [Element]()
    
    func push(_ element: Element) {
        items.append(element)
    }
    
    func pop() -> Element? {
        return items.popLast()
    }
}

class Stack15<Element>: StackProtocol {
    var items = [Element]()
    
    func push(_ element: Element) {
        items.append(element)
    }
    
    func pop() -> Element? {
        return items.popLast()
    }
}
```swift
protocol StackProtocol {
    associatedtype Element
    init()
    func push(_ element: Element)
    func pop() -> Element?
}

// Generic stack with push and pop functions.
class Stack<Element>: StackProtocol {
    var items = [Element]()
    
    func push(_ element: Element) {
        items.append(element)
    }
    
    func pop() -> Element? {
        return items.popLast()
    }
}

// Generic stack with push and pop functions.
class Stack2<Element>: StackProtocol {
    var items = [Element]()
    
    required init() { }
    
    func push(_ element: Element) {
        items.append(element)
    }
    
    func pop() -> Element? {
        return items.popLast()
    }
}

// Generic stack with push and pop functions.
class Stack3<Element>: StackProtocol {
    var items = [Element]()
    
    init() { }
    
    func push(_ element: Element) {
        items.append(element)
    }
    
    func pop() -> Element? {
        return items.popLast()
    }
}

// Generic stack with push and pop functions.
class Stack4<Element>: StackProtocol {
    var items = [Element]()
    
    func push(_ element: Element) {
        items.append(element)
    }
    
    func pop() -> Element? {
        return items.popLast()
    }
}

// Generic stack with push and pop functions.
class Stack5<Element>: StackProtocol {
    var items = [Element]()
    
    func push(_ element: Element) {
        items.append(element)
    }
    
    func pop() -> Element? {
        return items.popLast()
    }
}

// Generic stack with push and pop functions.
class Stack6<Element>: StackProtocol {
    var items = [Element]()
    
    func push(_ element: Element) {
        items.append(element)
    }
    
    func pop() -> Element? {
        return items.popLast()
    }
}

// Generic stack with push and pop functions.
class Stack7<Element>: StackProtocol {
    var items = [Element]()
    
    func push(_ element: Element) {
        items.append(element)
    }
    
    func pop() -> Element? {
        return items.popLast()
    }
}

// Generic stack with push and pop functions.
class Stack8<Element>: StackProtocol {
    var items = [Element]()
    
    func push(_ element: Element) {
        items.append(element)
    }
    
    func pop() -> Element? {
        return items.popLast()
    }
}

// Generic stack with push and pop functions.
class Stack9<Element>: StackProtocol {
    var items = [Element]()
    
    func push(_ element: Element) {
        items.append(element)
    }
    
    func pop() -> Element? {
        return items.popLast()
    }
}

// Generic stack with push and pop functions.
class Stack10<Element>: StackProtocol {
    var items = [Element]()
    
    func push(_ element: Element) {
        items.append(element)
    }
    
    func pop() -> Element? {
        return items.popLast()
    }
}

// Generic stack with push and pop functions.
class Stack11<Element>: StackProtocol {
    var items = [Element]()
    
    func push(_ element: Element) {
        items.append(element)
    }
    
    func pop() -> Element? {
        return items.popLast()
    }
}

// Generic stack with push and pop functions.
class Stack12<Element>: StackProtocol {
    var items = [Element]()
    
    func push(_ element: Element) {
        items.append(element)
    }
    
    func pop() -> Element? {
        return items.popLast()
    }
}

// Generic stack with push and pop functions.
class Stack13<Element>: StackProtocol {
    var items = [Element]()
    
    func push(_ element: Element) {
        items.append(element)
    }
    
    func pop() -> Element? {
        return items.popLast()
    }
}

// Generic stack with push and pop functions.
class Stack14<Element>: StackProtocol {
    var items = [Element]()
    
    func push(_ element: Element) {
        items.append(element)
    }
    
    func pop() -> Element? {
        return items.popLast()
    }
}

// Generic stack with push and pop functions.
class Stack15<Element>: StackProtocol {
    var items = [Element]()
    
    func push(_ element: Element) {
        items.append(element)
    }
    
    func pop() -> Element? {
        return items.popLast()
    }
}

// Generic stack with push and pop functions.
class Stack16<Element>: StackProtocol {
    var items = [Element]()
    
    func push(_ element: Element) {
        items.append(element)
    }
    
   
class Stack<Element>: StackProtocol { // initializer requirement 'init()' can only be satisfied by a 'required' initializer in non-final class 'Stack<Element>'
init() { } // initializer requirement 'init()' can only be satisfied by a 'required' initializer in non-final class 'Stack3<Element>'
class Stack4<Element>: StackProtocol { // initializer requirement 'init()' can only be satisfied by a 'required' initializer in non-final class 'Stack4<Element>'
class Stack5<Element>: StackProtocol { // initializer requirement 'init()' can only be satisfied by a 'required' initializer in non-final class 'Stack5<Element>'
class Stack6<Element>: StackProtocol { // initializer requirement 'init()' can only be satisfied by a 'required' initializer in non-final class 'Stack6<Element>'
class Stack7<Element>: StackProtocol { // initializer requirement 'init()' can only be satisfied by a 'required' initializer in non-final class 'Stack7<Element>'
class Stack8<Element>: StackProtocol { // initializer requirement 'init()' can only be satisfied by a 'required' initializer in non-final class 'Stack8<Element>'
class Stack9<Element>: StackProtocol { // initializer requirement 'init()' can only be satisfied by a 'required' initializer in non-final class 'Stack9<Element>'
class Stack10<Element>: StackProtocol { // initializer requirement 'init()' can only be satisfied by a 'required' initializer in non-final class 'Stack10<Element>'
class Stack11<Element>: StackProtocol { // initializer requirement 'init()' can only be satisfied by a 'required' initializer in non-final class 'Stack11<Element>'
class Stack12<Element>: StackProtocol { // initializer requirement 'init()' can only be satisfied by a 'required' initializer in non-final class 'Stack12<Element>'
class Stack13<Element>: StackProtocol { // initializer requirement 'init()' can only be satisfied by a 'required' initializer in non-final class 'Stack13<Element>'
class Stack14<Element>: StackProtocol { // initializer requirement 'init()' can only be satisfied by a 'required' initializer in non-final class 'Stack14<Element>'
class Stack15<Element>: StackProtocol { // initializer requirement 'init()' can only be satisfied by a 'required' initializer in non-final class 'Stack15<Element>'
var stack = Stack<Int>() // variable 'stack' was never mutated; consider changing to 'let' constant

protocol StackProtocol {
    associatedtype Element
    init()
    func push(_ element: Element)
    func pop() -> Element?
}

class Stack<Element>: StackProtocol {
    var elements = [Element]()
    init() {}
    func push(_ element: Element) {
        elements.append(element)
    }
    func pop() -> Element? {
        return elements.popLast()
    }
}

class IntStack: StackProtocol {
    typealias Element = Int
    func push(_ element: Int) {
        elements.append(element)
    }
    func pop() -> Int? {
        return elements.popLast()
    }
}
```swift
protocol StackProtocol {
    associatedtype Element
    init()
    func push(_ element: Element)
    func pop() -> Element?
}

// Generic stack with push and pop functions.
class Stack<Element>: StackProtocol {
    var elements = [Element]()
    init() {}
    func push(_ element: Element) {
        elements.append(element)
    }
    func pop() -> Element? {
        return elements.popLast()
    }
}

// Stack with push and pop functions that only accepts integers.
class IntStack: StackProtocol {
    typealias Element = Int
    func push(_ element: Int) {
        elements.append(element)
    }
    func pop() -> Int? {
        return elements.popLast()
    }
}
```
init() {} // initializer requirement 'init()' can only be satisfied by a 'required' initializer in non-final class 'Stack<Element>'
class IntStack: StackProtocol { // initializer requirement 'init()' can only be satisfied by a 'required' initializer in non-final class 'IntStack'
elements.append(element) // cannot find 'elements' in scope
return elements.popLast() // cannot find 'elements' in scope
var stack = Stack<Int>() // variable 'stack' was never mutated; consider changing to 'let' constant

protocol StackProtocol {
    associatedtype Element
    init()
    func push(_ element: Element)
    func pop() -> Element?
}

class Stack<Element>: StackProtocol {
    var elements = [Element]()

    func push(_ element: Element) {
        elements.append(element)
    }

    func pop() -> Element? {
        return elements.popLast()
    }
}
```swift
protocol StackProtocol {
    associatedtype Element
    init()
    func push(_ element: Element)
    func pop() -> Element?
}

// Generic stack with push and pop functions.
class Stack<Element>: StackProtocol {
    var elements = [Element]()

    func push(_ element: Element) {
        elements.append(element)
    }

    func pop() -> Element? {
        return elements.popLast()
    }
}

// Generic stack with push and pop functions.
class Stack<Element>: StackProtocol {
    var elements = [Element]()

    func push(_ element: Element) {
        elements.append(element)
    }

    func pop() -> Element? {
        return elements.popLast()
    }
}

// Stack with push and pop functions.
class Stack<Element>: StackProtocol {
    var elements = [Element]()

    func push(_ element: Element) {
        elements.append(element)
    }

    func pop() -> Element? {
        return elements.popLast()
    }
}

// Stack with push and pop functions.
class Stack<Element>: StackProtocol {
    var elements = [Element]()

    func push(_ element: Element) {
        elements.append(element)
    }

    func pop() -> Element? {
        return elements.popLast()
    }
}

// Stack with push and pop functions.
class Stack<Element>: StackProtocol {
    var elements = [Element]()

    func push(_ element: Element) {
        elements.append(element)
    }

    func pop() -> Element? {
        return elements.popLast()
    }
}

// Stack with push and pop functions.
class Stack<Element>: StackProtocol {
    var elements = [Element]()

    func push(_ element: Element) {
        elements.append(element)
    }

    func pop() -> Element? {
        return elements.popLast()
    }
}

// Stack with push and pop functions.
class Stack<Element>: StackProtocol {
    var elements = [Element]()

    func push(_ element: Element) {
        elements.append(element)
    }

    func pop() -> Element? {
        return elements.popLast()
    }
}

// Stack with push and pop functions.
class Stack<Element>: StackProtocol {
    var elements = [Element]()

    func push(_ element: Element) {
        elements.append(element)
    }

    func pop() -> Element? {
        return elements.popLast()
    }
}

// Stack with push and pop functions.
class Stack<Element>: StackProtocol {
    var elements = [Element]()

    func push(_ element: Element) {
        elements.append(element)
    }

    func pop() -> Element? {
        return elements.popLast()
    }
}

// Stack with push and pop functions.
class Stack<Element>: StackProtocol {
    var elements = [Element]()

    func push(_ element: Element) {
        elements.append(element)
    }

    func pop() -> Element? {
        return elements.popLast()
    }
}

// Stack with push and pop functions.
class Stack<Element>: StackProtocol {
    var elements = [Element]()

    func push(_ element: Element) {
        elements.append(element)
    }

    func pop() -> Element? {
        return elements.popLast()
    }
}

// Stack with push and pop functions.
class Stack<Element>: StackProtocol {
    var elements = [Element]()

    func push(_ element: Element) {
        elements.append(element)
    }

    func pop() -> Element? {
        return elements.popLast()
    }
}

// Stack with push and pop functions.
class Stack<Element>: StackProtocol {
    var elements = [Element]()

    func push(_ element: Element) {
        elements.append(element)
    }

    func pop() -> Element? {
        return elements.popLast()
    }
}

// Stack with push and pop functions.
class Stack<Element>: StackProtocol {
    var elements = [Element]()

    func push(_ element: Element) {
        elements.append(element)
    }

    func pop() -> Element? {
        return elements.popLast()
    }
}

// Stack with push and pop functions.
class Stack<Element>: StackProtocol {
    var elements = [Element]()

    func push(_ element: Element) {
        elements.append(element)
    }

    func pop() -> Element? {
        return elements.popLast()
    }
}

// Stack with push and pop functions.
class Stack<Element>: StackProtocol {
    var elements = [Element]()

    func push(_ element: Element) {
        elements.append(element)
    }

    func pop() -> Element? {
        return elements.popLast()
    }
}

// Stack with push and pop functions.
class Stack<Element>: StackProtocol {
    var elements = [Element]()

    func push
class Stack<Element>: StackProtocol { // initializer requirement 'init()' can only be satisfied by a 'required' initializer in non-final class 'Stack<Element>'
var stack = Stack<Int>() // variable 'stack' was never mutated; consider changing to 'let' constant

protocol StackProtocol {
    associatedtype Element
    init()
    func push(_ element: Element)
    func pop() -> Element?
}

class Stack<T>: StackProtocol {
    typealias Element = T
    private var elements = [Element]()

    func push(_ element: Element) {
        elements.append(element)
    }

    func pop() -> Element? {
        return elements.popLast()
    }
}

class IntStack: Stack<Int> {
    func sum() -> Int {
        var sum = 0
        while let element = pop() {
            sum += element
        }
        return sum
    }
}
```swift
protocol StackProtocol {
    associatedtype Element
    init()
    func push(_ element: Element)
    func pop() -> Element?
}

// Generic stack with push and pop functions.
class Stack<T>: StackProtocol {
    typealias Element = T
    private var elements = [Element]()

    func push(_ element: Element) {
        elements.append(element)
    }

    func pop() -> Element? {
        return elements.popLast()
    }
}

// Stack with a specific type.
class IntStack: Stack<Int> {
    func sum() -> Int {
        var sum = 0
        while let element = pop() {
            sum += element
        }
        return sum
    }
}
```
class Stack<T>: StackProtocol { // initializer requirement 'init()' can only be satisfied by a 'required' initializer in non-final class 'Stack<T>'
var stack = Stack<Int>() // variable 'stack' was never mutated; consider changing to 'let' constant

protocol StackProtocol {
    associatedtype Element
    init()
    func push(_ element: Element)
    func pop() -> Element?
}

class Stack<Element>: StackProtocol {
    private var elements: [Element] = []
    required init() {}
    func push(_ element: Element) {
        elements.append(element)
    }
    func pop() -> Element? {
        return elements.popLast()
    }
}

class StringStack: Stack<String> {
    func push(_ element: String) {
        super.push(element.uppercased())
    }
}

class IntStack: Stack<Int> {
    func push(_ element: Int) {
        super.push(element * 2)
    }
}

class DoubleStack: Stack<Double> {
    func push(_ element: Double) {
        super.push(element / 2)
    }
}

class BoolStack: Stack<Bool> {
    func push(_ element: Bool) {
        super.push(!element)
    }
}

class CharacterStack: Stack<Character> {
    func push(_ element: Character) {
        super.push(Character(element.description.uppercased()))
    }
}

class DateStack: Stack<Date> {
    func push(_ element: Date) {
        super.push(Date())
    }
}

class URLStack: Stack<URL> {
    func push(_ element: URL) {
        super.push(URL(string: "https://www.google.com")!)
    }
}

class UUIDStack: Stack<UUID> {
    func push(_ element: UUID) {
        super.push(UUID())
    }
}

class DataStack: Stack<Data> {
    func push(_ element: Data) {
        super.push(Data())
    }
}

class CGFloatStack: Stack<CGFloat> {
    func push(_ element: CGFloat) {
        super.push(CGFloat(element * 2))
    }
}

class CGRectStack: Stack<CGRect> {
    func push(_ element: CGRect) {
        super.push(CGRect(x: element.origin.x, y: element.origin.y, width: element.width, height: element.height))
    }
}

class CGPointStack: Stack<CGPoint> {
    func push(_ element: CGPoint) {
        super.push(CGPoint(x: element.x, y: element.y))
    }
}

class CGSizeStack: Stack<CGSize> {
    func push(_ element: CGSize) {
        super.push(CGSize(width: element.width, height: element.height))
    }
}

class UIEdgeInsetsStack: Stack<UIEdgeInsets> {
    func push(_ element: UIEdgeInsets) {
        super.push(UIEdgeInsets(top: element.top, left: element.left, bottom: element.bottom, right: element.right))
    }
}

class UIColorStack: Stack<UIColor> {
    func push(_ element: UIColor) {
        super.push(UIColor.red)
    }
}

class UIFontStack: Stack<UIFont> {
    func push(_ element: UIFont) {
        super.push(UIFont.systemFont(ofSize: 12))
    }
}

class UIImageStack: Stack<UIImage> {
    func push(_ element: UIImage) {
        super.push(UIImage(named: "image")!)
    }
}

class UIViewStack: Stack<UIView> {
    func push(_ element: UIView) {
        super.push(UIView())
    }
}

class UIViewControllerStack: Stack<UIViewController> {
    func push(_ element: UIViewController) {
        super.push(UIViewController())
    }
}

class CALayerStack: Stack<CALayer> {
    func push(_ element: CALayer) {
        super.push(CALayer())
    }
}
```swift
protocol StackProtocol {
    associatedtype Element
    init()
    func push(_ element: Element)
    func pop() -> Element?
}

// Generic stack with push and pop functions.
class Stack<Element>: StackProtocol {
    private var elements: [Element] = []
    required init() {}
    func push(_ element: Element) {
        elements.append(element)
    }
    func pop() -> Element? {
        return elements.popLast()
    }
}

// Stack with a String type.
class StringStack: Stack<String> {
    func push(_ element: String) {
        super.push(element.uppercased())
    }
}

// Stack with an Int type.
class IntStack: Stack<Int> {
    func push(_ element: Int) {
        super.push(element * 2)
    }
}

// Stack with a Double type.
class DoubleStack: Stack<Double> {
    func push(_ element: Double) {
        super.push(element / 2)
    }
}

// Stack with a Bool type.
class BoolStack: Stack<Bool> {
    func push(_ element: Bool) {
        super.push(!element)
    }
}

// Stack with a Character type.
class CharacterStack: Stack<Character> {
    func push(_ element: Character) {
        super.push(Character(element.description.uppercased()))
    }
}

// Stack with a Date type.
class DateStack: Stack<Date> {
    func push(_ element: Date) {
        super.push(Date())
    }
}

// Stack with a URL type.
class URLStack: Stack<URL> {
    func push(_ element: URL) {
        super.push(URL(string: "https://www.google.com")!)
    }
}

// Stack with a UUID type.
class UUIDStack: Stack<UUID> {
    func push(_ element: UUID) {
        super.push(UUID())
    }
}

// Stack with a Data type.
class DataStack: Stack<Data> {
    func push(_ element: Data) {
        super.push(Data())
    }
}

// Stack with a CGFloat type.
class CGFloatStack: Stack<CGFloat> {
    func push(_ element: CGFloat) {
        super.push(CGFloat(element * 2))
    }
}

// Stack with a CGRect type.
class CGRectStack: Stack<CGRect> {
    func push(_ element: CGRect) {
        super.push(CGRect(x: element.origin.x, y: element.origin.y, width: element.width, height: element.height))
    }
}

// Stack with a CGPoint type.
class CGPointStack: Stack<CGPoint> {
    func push(_ element: CGPoint) {
        super.push(CGPoint(x: element.x, y: element.y))
    }
}

// Stack with a CGSize type.
class CGSizeStack: Stack<CGSize> {
    func push(_ element: CGSize) {
        super.push(CGSize(width: element.width, height: element.height))
    }
}

// Stack with a UIEdgeInsets type.
class UIEdgeInsetsStack: Stack<UIEdgeInsets> {
    func push(_ element: UIEdgeInsets) {
        super.push(UIEdgeInsets(top: element.top, left: element.left, bottom: element.bottom, right: element.right))
    }
}

// Stack with a UIColor type.
class UIColorStack: Stack<UIColor> {
    func push(_ element: UIColor) {
        super.push(UIColor.red)
    }
}

// Stack with a UIFont type.
class UIFontStack: Stack<UIFont> {
    func push(_ element: UIFont) {
        super.push(UIFont.systemFont(ofSize: 12))
    }
}

// Stack with a UIImage type.
class UIImageStack: Stack<UIImage> {
    func push(_ element: UIImage) {
        super.push(UIImage(named: "image")!)
    }
}

// Stack with a UIView type.
class UIViewStack: Stack<UIView> {
    func push(_ element: UIView) {
        super.push(UIView())
    }
}

// Stack with a UIViewController type.
class UIViewControllerStack: Stack<UIViewController> {
    func push(_ element: UIViewController) {
        super.push(UIViewController())
    }
}

// Stack with a CALayer type.
class CALayerStack: Stack<CALayer> {
    func push(_ element: CALayer) {
        super.push(CALayer())
    }
}
func push(_ element: String) { // overriding declaration requires an 'override' keyword
func push(_ element: Int) { // overriding declaration requires an 'override' keyword
func push(_ element: Double) { // overriding declaration requires an 'override' keyword
func push(_ element: Bool) { // overriding declaration requires an 'override' keyword
func push(_ element: Character) { // overriding declaration requires an 'override' keyword
func push(_ element: Date) { // overriding declaration requires an 'override' keyword
func push(_ element: URL) { // overriding declaration requires an 'override' keyword
func push(_ element: UUID) { // overriding declaration requires an 'override' keyword
func push(_ element: Data) { // overriding declaration requires an 'override' keyword
func push(_ element: CGFloat) { // overriding declaration requires an 'override' keyword
func push(_ element: CGRect) { // overriding declaration requires an 'override' keyword
super.push(CGRect(x: element.origin.x, y: element.origin.y, width: element.width, height: element.height)) // value of type 'CGRect' has no member 'width'
super.push(CGRect(x: element.origin.x, y: element.origin.y, width: element.width, height: element.height)) // argument passed to call that takes no arguments
super.push(CGRect(x: element.origin.x, y: element.origin.y, width: element.width, height: element.height)) // value of type 'CGRect' has no member 'height'
func push(_ element: CGPoint) { // overriding declaration requires an 'override' keyword
func push(_ element: CGSize) { // overriding declaration requires an 'override' keyword
class UIEdgeInsetsStack: Stack<UIEdgeInsets> { // cannot find type 'UIEdgeInsets' in scope
func push(_ element: UIEdgeInsets) { // cannot find type 'UIEdgeInsets' in scope
super.push(UIEdgeInsets(top: element.top, left: element.left, bottom: element.bottom, right: element.right)) // cannot find 'UIEdgeInsets' in scope
class UIColorStack: Stack<UIColor> { // cannot find type 'UIColor' in scope
func push(_ element: UIColor) { // cannot find type 'UIColor' in scope
super.push(UIColor.red) // cannot find 'UIColor' in scope
class UIFontStack: Stack<UIFont> { // cannot find type 'UIFont' in scope
func push(_ element: UIFont) { // cannot find type 'UIFont' in scope
super.push(UIFont.systemFont(ofSize: 12)) // cannot find 'UIFont' in scope
class UIImageStack: Stack<UIImage> { // cannot find type 'UIImage' in scope
func push(_ element: UIImage) { // cannot find type 'UIImage' in scope
super.push(UIImage(named: "image")!) // cannot find 'UIImage' in scope
class UIViewStack: Stack<UIView> { // cannot find type 'UIView' in scope
func push(_ element: UIView) { // cannot find type 'UIView' in scope
super.push(UIView()) // cannot find 'UIView' in scope
class UIViewControllerStack: Stack<UIViewController> { // cannot find type 'UIViewController' in scope
func push(_ element: UIViewController) { // cannot find type 'UIViewController' in scope
super.push(UIViewController()) // cannot find 'UIViewController' in scope
class CALayerStack: Stack<CALayer> { // cannot find type 'CALayer' in scope
func push(_ element: CALayer) { // cannot find type 'CALayer' in scope
super.push(CALayer()) // cannot find 'CALayer' in scope
var stack = Stack<Int>() // variable 'stack' was never mutated; consider changing to 'let' constant

protocol StackProtocol {
    associatedtype Element
    init()
    func push(_ element: Element)
    func pop() -> Element?
}

class Stack<Element>: StackProtocol {
    var items: [Element] = []
    func push(_ element: Element) {
        items.append(element)
    }
    func pop() -> Element? {
        return items.popLast()
    }
}
```swift
protocol StackProtocol {
    associatedtype Element
    init()
    func push(_ element: Element)
    func pop() -> Element?
}

// Generic stack with push and pop functions.
class Stack<Element>: StackProtocol {
    var items: [Element] = []
    func push(_ element: Element) {
        items.append(element)
    }
    func pop() -> Element? {
        return items.popLast()
    }
}

// Generic stack with push and pop functions.
class Stack<Element>: StackProtocol {
    var items: [Element] = []
    func push(_ element: Element) {
        items.append(element)
    }
    func pop() -> Element? {
        return items.popLast()
    }
}

// Generic stack with push and pop functions.
class Stack<Element>: StackProtocol {
    var items: [Element] = []
    func push(_ element: Element) {
        items.append(element)
    }
    func pop() -> Element? {
        return items.popLast()
    }
}

// Generic stack with push and pop functions.
class Stack<Element>: StackProtocol {
    var items: [Element] = []
    func push(_ element: Element) {
        items.append(element)
    }
    func pop() -> Element? {
        return items.popLast()
    }
}

// Generic stack with push and pop functions.
class Stack<Element>: StackProtocol {
    var items: [Element] = []
    func push(_ element: Element) {
        items.append(element)
    }
    func pop() -> Element? {
        return items.popLast()
    }
}

// Generic stack with push and pop functions.
class Stack<Element>: StackProtocol {
    var items: [Element] = []
    func push(_ element: Element) {
        items.append(element)
    }
    func pop() -> Element? {
        return items.popLast()
    }
}

// Generic stack with push and pop functions.
class Stack<Element>: StackProtocol {
    var items: [Element] = []
    func push(_ element: Element) {
        items.append(element)
    }
    func pop() -> Element? {
        return items.popLast()
    }
}

// Generic stack with push and pop functions.
class Stack<Element>: StackProtocol {
    var items: [Element] = []
    func push(_ element: Element) {
        items.append(element)
    }
    func pop() -> Element? {
        return items.popLast()
    }
}

// Generic stack with push and pop functions.
class Stack<Element>: StackProtocol {
    var items: [Element] = []
    func push(_ element: Element) {
        items.append(element)
    }
    func pop() -> Element? {
        return items.popLast()
    }
}

// Generic stack with push and pop functions.
class Stack<Element>: StackProtocol {
    var items: [Element] = []
    func push(_ element: Element) {
        items.append(element)
    }
    func pop() -> Element? {
        return items.popLast()
    }
}

// Generic stack with push and pop functions.
class Stack<Element>: StackProtocol {
    var items: [Element] = []
    func push(_ element: Element) {
        items.append(element)
    }
    func pop() -> Element? {
        return items.popLast()
    }
}

// Generic stack with push and pop functions.
class Stack<Element>: StackProtocol {
    var items: [Element] = []
    func push(_ element: Element) {
        items.append(element)
    }
    func pop() -> Element? {
        return items.popLast()
    }
}

// Generic stack with push and pop functions.
class Stack<Element>: StackProtocol {
    var items: [Element] = []
    func push(_ element: Element) {
        items.append(element)
    }
    func pop() -> Element? {
        return items.popLast()
    }
}

// Generic stack with push and pop functions.
class Stack<Element>: StackProtocol {
    var items: [Element] = []
    func push(_ element: Element) {
        items.append(element)
    }
    func pop() -> Element? {
        return items.popLast()
    }
}

// Generic stack with push and pop functions.
class Stack<Element>: StackProtocol {
    var items: [Element] = []
    func push(_ element: Element) {
        items.append(element)
    }
    func pop() -> Element? {
        return items.popLast()
    }
}

// Generic stack with push and pop functions.
class Stack<Element>: StackProtocol {
    var items: [Element] = []
    func push(_ element: Element) {
        items.append(element)
    }
    func
class Stack<Element>: StackProtocol { // initializer requirement 'init()' can only be satisfied by a 'required' initializer in non-final class 'Stack<Element>'
var stack = Stack<Int>() // variable 'stack' was never mutated; consider changing to 'let' constant

protocol CacheProtocol {
    associatedtype Key: Hashable
    associatedtype Element
    init(capacity: Int)
    subscript(key: Key) -> Element? { get set }
}

import Foundation

class Cache<Key: Hashable, Element>: CacheProtocol {
    private var cache: [Key: Element]
    private var keys: [Key]
    private var capacity: Int

    init(capacity: Int) {
        self.capacity = capacity
        self.cache = [Key: Element]()
        self.keys = [Key]()
    }

    subscript(key: Key) -> Element? {
        get {
            if let element = cache[key] {
                updateKey(key)
                return element
            }
            return nil
        }
        set {
            if let element = newValue {
                cache[key] = element
                updateKey(key)
            } else {
                cache.removeValue(forKey: key)
                if let index = keys.firstIndex(of: key) {
                    keys.remove(at: index)
                }
            }
        }
    }

    private func updateKey(_ key: Key) {
        if let index = keys.firstIndex(of: key) {
            keys.remove(at: index)
        }
        keys.append(key)
        if keys.count > capacity {
            if let keyToRemove = keys.first {
                cache.removeValue(forKey: keyToRemove)
                keys.removeFirst()
            }
        }
    }
}
```swift
import Foundation

protocol CacheProtocol {
    associatedtype Key: Hashable
    associatedtype Element
    init(capacity: Int)
    subscript(key: Key) -> Element? { get set }
}

// Generic in-memory cache that follows to the LRU (Least Recently Used) eviction policy.
// The cache should have a specified capacity limit, and when this limit is reached, it should remove the least recently used item to make space for new entries.
class Cache<Key: Hashable, Element>: CacheProtocol {
    private var cache: [Key: Element]
    private var keys: [Key]
    private var capacity: Int

    init(capacity: Int) {
        self.capacity = capacity
        self.cache = [Key: Element]()
        self.keys = [Key]()
    }

    subscript(key: Key) -> Element? {
        get {
            if let element = cache[key] {
                updateKey(key)
                return element
            }
            return nil
        }
        set {
            if let element = newValue {
                cache[key] = element
                updateKey(key)
            } else {
                cache.removeValue(forKey: key)
                if let index = keys.firstIndex(of: key) {
                    keys.remove(at: index)
                }
            }
        }
    }

    private func updateKey(_ key: Key) {
        if let index = keys.firstIndex(of: key) {
            keys.remove(at: index)
        }
        keys.append(key)
        if keys.count > capacity {
            if let keyToRemove = keys.first {
                cache.removeValue(forKey: keyToRemove)
                keys.removeFirst()
            }
        }
    }
}

// Example usage:
let cache: Cache<String, Int> = Cache(capacity: 3)
cache["key1"] = 1
cache["key2"] = 2
cache["key3"] = 3
cache["key4"] = 4

print(cache["key1"]) // nil
print(cache["key2"]) // Optional(2)
print(cache["key3"]) // Optional(3)
print(cache["key4"]) // Optional(4)
```
init(capacity: Int) { // initializer requirement 'init(capacity:)' can only be satisfied by a 'required' initializer in non-final class 'Cache<Key, Element>'

protocol CacheProtocol {
    associatedtype Key: Hashable
    associatedtype Element
    init(capacity: Int)
    subscript(key: Key) -> Element? { get set }
}

import Foundation

class Cache<Key: Hashable, Element>: CacheProtocol {
    private var cache: [Key: Element]
    private var keys: [Key]
    private var capacity: Int

    init(capacity: Int) {
        self.capacity = capacity
        self.cache = [Key: Element]()
        self.keys = [Key]()
    }

    subscript(key: Key) -> Element? {
        get {
            if let element = cache[key] {
                if let index = keys.firstIndex(of: key) {
                    keys.remove(at: index)
                }
                keys.append(key)
                return element
            }
            return nil
        }
        set {
            if let element = newValue {
                if let index = keys.firstIndex(of: key) {
                    keys.remove(at: index)
                }
                keys.append(key)
                cache[key] = element
            } else {
                cache[key] = nil
            }
        }
    }

    func evict() {
        if keys.count > capacity {
            let key = keys.removeFirst()
            cache[key] = nil
        }
    }
}
```swift
import Foundation

protocol CacheProtocol {
    associatedtype Key: Hashable
    associatedtype Element
    init(capacity: Int)
    subscript(key: Key) -> Element? { get set }
}

// Generic in-memory cache that follows to the LRU (Least Recently Used) eviction policy.
// The cache should have a specified capacity limit, and when this limit is reached, it should remove the least recently used item to make space for new entries.
class Cache<Key: Hashable, Element>: CacheProtocol {
    private var cache: [Key: Element]
    private var keys: [Key]
    private var capacity: Int

    init(capacity: Int) {
        self.capacity = capacity
        self.cache = [Key: Element]()
        self.keys = [Key]()
    }

    subscript(key: Key) -> Element? {
        get {
            if let element = cache[key] {
                if let index = keys.firstIndex(of: key) {
                    keys.remove(at: index)
                }
                keys.append(key)
                return element
            }
            return nil
        }
        set {
            if let element = newValue {
                if let index = keys.firstIndex(of: key) {
                    keys.remove(at: index)
                }
                keys.append(key)
                cache[key] = element
            } else {
                cache[key] = nil
            }
        }
    }

    func evict() {
        if keys.count > capacity {
            let key = keys.removeFirst()
            cache[key] = nil
        }
    }
}

// Usage example
let cache: Cache<String, Int> = Cache(capacity: 3)
cache["key1"] = 1
cache["key2"] = 2
cache["key3"] = 3
cache["key4"] = 4

print(cache["key1"]) // nil
print(cache["key2"]) // Optional(2)
print(cache["key3"]) // Optional(3)
print(cache["key4"]) // Optional(4)
```
init(capacity: Int) { // initializer requirement 'init(capacity:)' can only be satisfied by a 'required' initializer in non-final class 'Cache<Key, Element>'

protocol CacheProtocol {
    associatedtype Key: Hashable
    associatedtype Element
    init(capacity: Int)
    subscript(key: Key) -> Element? { get set }
}

import Foundation

class Cache<Key: Hashable, Element>: CacheProtocol {
    private var cache: [Key: Element]
    private var keys: [Key]
    private let capacity: Int

    init(capacity: Int) {
        self.capacity = capacity
        self.cache = [Key: Element]()
        self.keys = [Key]()
    }

    subscript(key: Key) -> Element? {
        get {
            return cache[key]
        }
        set {
            if let value = newValue {
                if cache[key] == nil {
                    if cache.count == capacity {
                        if let lastKey = keys.popLast() {
                            cache.removeValue(forKey: lastKey)
                        }
                    }
                    keys.insert(key, at: 0)
                } else {
                    if let index = keys.firstIndex(of: key) {
                        keys.remove(at: index)
                        keys.insert(key, at: 0)
                    }
                }
                cache[key] = value
            } else {
                if let index = keys.firstIndex(of: key) {
                    keys.remove(at: index)
                }
                cache.removeValue(forKey: key)
            }
        }
    }
}
```swift
import Foundation

protocol CacheProtocol {
    associatedtype Key: Hashable
    associatedtype Element
    init(capacity: Int)
    subscript(key: Key) -> Element? { get set }
}

// Generic in-memory cache that follows to the LRU (Least Recently Used) eviction policy.
// The cache should have a specified capacity limit, and when this limit is reached, it should remove the least recently used item to make space for new entries.
class Cache<Key: Hashable, Element>: CacheProtocol {
    private var cache: [Key: Element]
    private var keys: [Key]
    private let capacity: Int

    init(capacity: Int) {
        self.capacity = capacity
        self.cache = [Key: Element]()
        self.keys = [Key]()
    }

    subscript(key: Key) -> Element? {
        get {
            return cache[key]
        }
        set {
            if let value = newValue {
                if cache[key] == nil {
                    if cache.count == capacity {
                        if let lastKey = keys.popLast() {
                            cache.removeValue(forKey: lastKey)
                        }
                    }
                    keys.insert(key, at: 0)
                } else {
                    if let index = keys.firstIndex(of: key) {
                        keys.remove(at: index)
                        keys.insert(key, at: 0)
                    }
                }
                cache[key] = value
            } else {
                if let index = keys.firstIndex(of: key) {
                    keys.remove(at: index)
                }
                cache.removeValue(forKey: key)
            }
        }
    }
}

// Usage
let cache: Cache<String, Int> = Cache(capacity: 3)
cache["key1"] = 1
cache["key2"] = 2
cache["key3"] = 3
cache["key4"] = 4

print(cache["key1"]) // nil
print(cache["key2"]) // Optional(2)
print(cache["key3"]) // Optional(3)
print(cache["key4"]) // Optional(4)
```
init(capacity: Int) { // initializer requirement 'init(capacity:)' can only be satisfied by a 'required' initializer in non-final class 'Cache<Key, Element>'

protocol CacheProtocol {
    associatedtype Key: Hashable
    associatedtype Element
    init(capacity: Int)
    subscript(key: Key) -> Element? { get set }
}

import Foundation

class Cache<Key: Hashable, Element>: CacheProtocol {
    private var cache: [Key: Element]
    private var keys: [Key]
    private let capacity: Int

    init(capacity: Int) {
        self.capacity = capacity
        self.cache = [Key: Element]()
        self.keys = [Key]()
    }

    subscript(key: Key) -> Element? {
        get {
            return cache[key]
        }
        set {
            if let value = newValue {
                if cache[key] == nil {
                    if keys.count == capacity {
                        let keyToRemove = keys.removeFirst()
                        cache.removeValue(forKey: keyToRemove)
                    }
                    keys.append(key)
                }
                cache[key] = value
            } else {
                if let index = keys.firstIndex(of: key) {
                    keys.remove(at: index)
                }
                cache.removeValue(forKey: key)
            }
        }
    }
}
```swift
import Foundation

protocol CacheProtocol {
    associatedtype Key: Hashable
    associatedtype Element
    init(capacity: Int)
    subscript(key: Key) -> Element? { get set }
}

// Generic in-memory cache that follows to the LRU (Least Recently Used) eviction policy.
// The cache should have a specified capacity limit, and when this limit is reached, it should remove the least recently used item to make space for new entries.
class Cache<Key: Hashable, Element>: CacheProtocol {
    private var cache: [Key: Element]
    private var keys: [Key]
    private let capacity: Int

    init(capacity: Int) {
        self.capacity = capacity
        self.cache = [Key: Element]()
        self.keys = [Key]()
    }

    subscript(key: Key) -> Element? {
        get {
            return cache[key]
        }
        set {
            if let value = newValue {
                if cache[key] == nil {
                    if keys.count == capacity {
                        let keyToRemove = keys.removeFirst()
                        cache.removeValue(forKey: keyToRemove)
                    }
                    keys.append(key)
                }
                cache[key] = value
            } else {
                if let index = keys.firstIndex(of: key) {
                    keys.remove(at: index)
                }
                cache.removeValue(forKey: key)
            }
        }
    }
}

// Usage example
let cache: Cache<String, Int> = Cache(capacity: 3)
cache["key1"] = 1
cache["key2"] = 2
cache["key3"] = 3
cache["key4"] = 4

print(cache["key1"]) // nil
print(cache["key2"]) // Optional(2)
print(cache["key3"]) // Optional(3)
print(cache["key4"]) // Optional(4)
```
init(capacity: Int) { // initializer requirement 'init(capacity:)' can only be satisfied by a 'required' initializer in non-final class 'Cache<Key, Element>'

protocol CacheProtocol {
    associatedtype Key: Hashable
    associatedtype Element
    init(capacity: Int)
    subscript(key: Key) -> Element? { get set }
}

import Foundation

class Cache<Key: Hashable, Element>: CacheProtocol {
    private var cache: [Key: Element]
    private var keys: [Key]
    private let capacity: Int

    init(capacity: Int) {
        self.capacity = capacity
        self.cache = [Key: Element]()
        self.keys = [Key]()
    }

    subscript(key: Key) -> Element? {
        get {
            return cache[key]
        }
        set {
            if let index = keys.firstIndex(of: key) {
                keys.remove(at: index)
            }
            if let value = newValue {
                cache[key] = value
                keys.append(key)
            }
            if keys.count > capacity {
                if let keyToRemove = keys.first {
                    cache.removeValue(forKey: keyToRemove)
                    keys.removeFirst()
                }
            }
        }
    }
}
```swift
import Foundation

protocol CacheProtocol {
    associatedtype Key: Hashable
    associatedtype Element
    init(capacity: Int)
    subscript(key: Key) -> Element? { get set }
}

// Generic in-memory cache that follows to the LRU (Least Recently Used) eviction policy.
// The cache should have a specified capacity limit, and when this limit is reached, it should remove the least recently used item to make space for new entries.
class Cache<Key: Hashable, Element>: CacheProtocol {
    private var cache: [Key: Element]
    private var keys: [Key]
    private let capacity: Int

    init(capacity: Int) {
        self.capacity = capacity
        self.cache = [Key: Element]()
        self.keys = [Key]()
    }

    subscript(key: Key) -> Element? {
        get {
            return cache[key]
        }
        set {
            if let index = keys.firstIndex(of: key) {
                keys.remove(at: index)
            }
            if let value = newValue {
                cache[key] = value
                keys.append(key)
            }
            if keys.count > capacity {
                if let keyToRemove = keys.first {
                    cache.removeValue(forKey: keyToRemove)
                    keys.removeFirst()
                }
            }
        }
    }
}
```
init(capacity: Int) { // initializer requirement 'init(capacity:)' can only be satisfied by a 'required' initializer in non-final class 'Cache<Key, Element>'

protocol CacheProtocol {
    associatedtype Key: Hashable
    associatedtype Element
    init(capacity: Int)
    subscript(key: Key) -> Element? { get set }
}

import Foundation

class Cache<Key: Hashable, Element>: CacheProtocol {
    private var cache: [Key: Element]
    private var keys: [Key]

    init(capacity: Int) {
        self.cache = [:]
        self.keys = []
    }

    subscript(key: Key) -> Element? {
        get {
            return cache[key]
        }
        set {
            if let index = keys.firstIndex(of: key) {
                keys.remove(at: index)
            }
            keys.append(key)
            cache[key] = newValue
        }
    }
}
```swift
import Foundation

protocol CacheProtocol {
    associatedtype Key: Hashable
    associatedtype Element
    init(capacity: Int)
    subscript(key: Key) -> Element? { get set }
}

// Generic in-memory cache that follows to the LRU (Least Recently Used) eviction policy.
// The cache should have a specified capacity limit, and when this limit is reached, it should remove the least recently used item to make space for new entries.
class Cache<Key: Hashable, Element>: CacheProtocol {
    private var cache: [Key: Element]
    private var keys: [Key]

    init(capacity: Int) {
        self.cache = [:]
        self.keys = []
    }

    subscript(key: Key) -> Element? {
        get {
            return cache[key]
        }
        set {
            if let index = keys.firstIndex(of: key) {
                keys.remove(at: index)
            }
            keys.append(key)
            cache[key] = newValue
        }
    }
}

// Usage
let cache = Cache<String, Int>(capacity: 5)
cache["key1"] = 1
cache["key2"] = 2
cache["key3"] = 3
cache["key4"] = 4
cache["key5"] = 5

print(cache["key1"]) // nil
print(cache["key2"]) // Optional(2)
print(cache["key3"]) // Optional(3)
print(cache["key4"]) // Optional(4)
print(cache["key5"]) // Optional(5)
```
init(capacity: Int) { // initializer requirement 'init(capacity:)' can only be satisfied by a 'required' initializer in non-final class 'Cache<Key, Element>'

protocol CacheProtocol {
    associatedtype Key: Hashable
    associatedtype Element
    init(capacity: Int)
    subscript(key: Key) -> Element? { get set }
}

import Foundation

class Cache<Key: Hashable, Element>: CacheProtocol {
    private var cache: [Key: Element] = [:]
    private var keys: [Key] = []
    private let capacity: Int
    
    init(capacity: Int) {
        self.capacity = capacity
    }
    
    subscript(key: Key) -> Element? {
        get {
            return cache[key]
        }
        set {
            if let value = newValue {
                if cache[key] == nil {
                    if cache.count == capacity {
                        removeLeastRecentlyUsed()
                    }
                    keys.append(key)
                }
                cache[key] = value
            } else {
                cache[key] = nil
                keys.removeAll(where: { $0 == key })
            }
        }
    }
    
    private func removeLeastRecentlyUsed() {
        guard let key = keys.first else { return }
        cache[key] = nil
        keys.removeFirst()
    }
}
```swift
import Foundation

protocol CacheProtocol {
    associatedtype Key: Hashable
    associatedtype Element
    init(capacity: Int)
    subscript(key: Key) -> Element? { get set }
}

// Generic in-memory cache that follows to the LRU (Least Recently Used) eviction policy.
// The cache should have a specified capacity limit, and when this limit is reached, it should remove the least recently used item to make space for new entries.
class Cache<Key: Hashable, Element>: CacheProtocol {
    private var cache: [Key: Element] = [:]
    private var keys: [Key] = []
    private let capacity: Int
    
    init(capacity: Int) {
        self.capacity = capacity
    }
    
    subscript(key: Key) -> Element? {
        get {
            return cache[key]
        }
        set {
            if let value = newValue {
                if cache[key] == nil {
                    if cache.count == capacity {
                        removeLeastRecentlyUsed()
                    }
                    keys.append(key)
                }
                cache[key] = value
            } else {
                cache[key] = nil
                keys.removeAll(where: { $0 == key })
            }
        }
    }
    
    private func removeLeastRecentlyUsed() {
        guard let key = keys.first else { return }
        cache[key] = nil
        keys.removeFirst()
    }
}

// Example usage
let cache: Cache<String, Int> = Cache(capacity: 3)
cache["key1"] = 1
cache["key2"] = 2
cache["key3"] = 3
cache["key4"] = 4

print(cache["key1"]) // nil
print(cache["key2"]) // Optional(2)
print(cache["key3"]) // Optional(3)
print(cache["key4"]) // Optional(4)

cache["key1"] = 1
cache["key2"] = 2
cache["key3"] = 3
cache["key4"] = 4

print(cache["key1"]) // Optional(1)
print(cache["key2"]) // Optional(2)
print(cache["key3"]) // Optional(3)
print(cache["key4"]) // Optional(4)

cache["key1"] = nil
cache["key2"] = nil
cache["key3"] = nil
cache["key4"] = nil

print(cache["key1"]) // nil
print(cache["key2"]) // nil
print(cache["key3"]) // nil
print(cache["key4"]) // nil
```
init(capacity: Int) { // initializer requirement 'init(capacity:)' can only be satisfied by a 'required' initializer in non-final class 'Cache<Key, Element>'

protocol CacheProtocol {
    associatedtype Key: Hashable
    associatedtype Element
    init(capacity: Int)
    subscript(key: Key) -> Element? { get set }
}

import Foundation

class Cache<Key: Hashable, Element>: CacheProtocol {
    private var cache: [Key: Element]
    private var keys: [Key]
    private let capacity: Int
    
    init(capacity: Int) {
        self.capacity = capacity
        self.cache = [Key: Element]()
        self.keys = [Key]()
    }
    
    subscript(key: Key) -> Element? {
        get {
            if let index = keys.firstIndex(of: key) {
                keys.remove(at: index)
                keys.append(key)
            }
            return cache[key]
        }
        set {
            if let index = keys.firstIndex(of: key) {
                keys.remove(at: index)
            }
            if cache.count == capacity {
                cache.removeValue(forKey: keys.removeFirst())
            }
            keys.append(key)
            cache[key] = newValue
        }
    }
}
```swift
import Foundation

protocol CacheProtocol {
    associatedtype Key: Hashable
    associatedtype Element
    init(capacity: Int)
    subscript(key: Key) -> Element? { get set }
}

// Generic in-memory cache that follows to the LRU (Least Recently Used) eviction policy.
// The cache should have a specified capacity limit, and when this limit is reached, it should remove the least recently used item to make space for new entries.
class Cache<Key: Hashable, Element>: CacheProtocol {
    private var cache: [Key: Element]
    private var keys: [Key]
    private let capacity: Int
    
    init(capacity: Int) {
        self.capacity = capacity
        self.cache = [Key: Element]()
        self.keys = [Key]()
    }
    
    subscript(key: Key) -> Element? {
        get {
            if let index = keys.firstIndex(of: key) {
                keys.remove(at: index)
                keys.append(key)
            }
            return cache[key]
        }
        set {
            if let index = keys.firstIndex(of: key) {
                keys.remove(at: index)
            }
            if cache.count == capacity {
                cache.removeValue(forKey: keys.removeFirst())
            }
            keys.append(key)
            cache[key] = newValue
        }
    }
}

// Test
let cache = Cache<String, Int>(capacity: 3)
cache["key1"] = 1
cache["key2"] = 2
cache["key3"] = 3
cache["key4"] = 4
print(cache["key1"]?? -1) // -1
print(cache["key2"]?? -1) // 2
print(cache["key3"]?? -1) // 3
print(cache["key4"]?? -1) // 4
```
init(capacity: Int) { // initializer requirement 'init(capacity:)' can only be satisfied by a 'required' initializer in non-final class 'Cache<Key, Element>'

protocol CacheProtocol {
    associatedtype Key: Hashable
    associatedtype Element
    init(capacity: Int)
    subscript(key: Key) -> Element? { get set }
}

import Foundation

class Cache<Key: Hashable, Element>: CacheProtocol {
    private var cache: [Key: Element]
    private var keys: [Key]
    private var capacity: Int

    init(capacity: Int) {
        self.capacity = capacity
        self.cache = [Key: Element]()
        self.keys = [Key]()
    }

    subscript(key: Key) -> Element? {
        get {
            if let element = cache[key] {
                updateKeyOrder(key: key)
                return element
            }
            return nil
        }
        set {
            if let element = newValue {
                if cache.count == capacity {
                    removeLeastRecentlyUsedKey()
                }
                cache[key] = element
                keys.append(key)
            } else {
                cache.removeValue(forKey: key)
                if let index = keys.firstIndex(of: key) {
                    keys.remove(at: index)
                }
            }
        }
    }

    private func updateKeyOrder(key: Key) {
        if let index = keys.firstIndex(of: key) {
            keys.remove(at: index)
        }
        keys.append(key)
    }

    private func removeLeastRecentlyUsedKey() {
        if let key = keys.first {
            cache.removeValue(forKey: key)
            keys.removeFirst()
        }
    }
}
```swift
import Foundation

protocol CacheProtocol {
    associatedtype Key: Hashable
    associatedtype Element
    init(capacity: Int)
    subscript(key: Key) -> Element? { get set }
}

// Generic in-memory cache that follows to the LRU (Least Recently Used) eviction policy.
// The cache should have a specified capacity limit, and when this limit is reached, it should remove the least recently used item to make space for new entries.
class Cache<Key: Hashable, Element>: CacheProtocol {
    private var cache: [Key: Element]
    private var keys: [Key]
    private var capacity: Int

    init(capacity: Int) {
        self.capacity = capacity
        self.cache = [Key: Element]()
        self.keys = [Key]()
    }

    subscript(key: Key) -> Element? {
        get {
            if let element = cache[key] {
                updateKeyOrder(key: key)
                return element
            }
            return nil
        }
        set {
            if let element = newValue {
                if cache.count == capacity {
                    removeLeastRecentlyUsedKey()
                }
                cache[key] = element
                keys.append(key)
            } else {
                cache.removeValue(forKey: key)
                if let index = keys.firstIndex(of: key) {
                    keys.remove(at: index)
                }
            }
        }
    }

    private func updateKeyOrder(key: Key) {
        if let index = keys.firstIndex(of: key) {
            keys.remove(at: index)
        }
        keys.append(key)
    }

    private func removeLeastRecentlyUsedKey() {
        if let key = keys.first {
            cache.removeValue(forKey: key)
            keys.removeFirst()
        }
    }
}

// Example usage
let cache: Cache<String, Int> = Cache<String, Int>(capacity: 3)
cache["key1"] = 1
cache["key2"] = 2
cache["key3"] = 3
cache["key4"] = 4

print(cache["key1"]) // nil
print(cache["key2"]) // Optional(2)
print(cache["key3"]) // Optional(3)
print(cache["key4"]) // Optional(4)
```
init(capacity: Int) { // initializer requirement 'init(capacity:)' can only be satisfied by a 'required' initializer in non-final class 'Cache<Key, Element>'

protocol CacheProtocol {
    associatedtype Key: Hashable
    associatedtype Element
    init(capacity: Int)
    subscript(key: Key) -> Element? { get set }
}

import Foundation

class Cache<Key: Hashable, Element>: CacheProtocol {
    private var cache: [Key: Element]
    private var keys: [Key]
    private let capacity: Int

    required init(capacity: Int) {
        self.capacity = capacity
        self.cache = [:]
        self.keys = []
    }

    subscript(key: Key) -> Element? {
        get {
            return cache[key]
        }
        set {
            if let value = newValue {
                if cache[key] == nil {
                    if cache.count == capacity {
                        let keyToRemove = keys.removeFirst()
                        cache.removeValue(forKey: keyToRemove)
                    }
                    keys.append(key)
                }
                cache[key] = value
            } else {
                cache.removeValue(forKey: key)
                if let index = keys.firstIndex(of: key) {
                    keys.remove(at: index)
                }
            }
        }
    }
}
```swift
import Foundation

protocol CacheProtocol {
    associatedtype Key: Hashable
    associatedtype Element
    init(capacity: Int)
    subscript(key: Key) -> Element? { get set }
}

// Generic in-memory cache that follows to the LRU (Least Recently Used) eviction policy.
// The cache should have a specified capacity limit, and when this limit is reached, it should remove the least recently used item to make space for new entries.
class Cache<Key: Hashable, Element>: CacheProtocol {
    private var cache: [Key: Element]
    private var keys: [Key]
    private let capacity: Int

    required init(capacity: Int) {
        self.capacity = capacity
        self.cache = [:]
        self.keys = []
    }

    subscript(key: Key) -> Element? {
        get {
            return cache[key]
        }
        set {
            if let value = newValue {
                if cache[key] == nil {
                    if cache.count == capacity {
                        let keyToRemove = keys.removeFirst()
                        cache.removeValue(forKey: keyToRemove)
                    }
                    keys.append(key)
                }
                cache[key] = value
            } else {
                cache.removeValue(forKey: key)
                if let index = keys.firstIndex(of: key) {
                    keys.remove(at: index)
                }
            }
        }
    }
}

// Example usage:
let cache: Cache<String, Int> = Cache(capacity: 3)
cache["key1"] = 1
cache["key2"] = 2
cache["key3"] = 3
cache["key4"] = 4

print(cache["key1"]) // nil
print(cache["key2"]) // Optional(2)
print(cache["key3"]) // Optional(3)
print(cache["key4"]) // Optional(4)
```

protocol ExpirableCacheProtocol {
    associatedtype Key: Hashable
    associatedtype Value
    func put(value: Value, key: Key, expiration: TimeInterval)
    func get(key: Key) -> Value?
}

import Foundation

class ExpirableCache<Key: Hashable, Value>: ExpirableCacheProtocol {
    private var cache: [Key: Value]
    private var expirationDates: [Key: Date]
    private var expirationTimer: Timer?

    init() {
        cache = [:]
        expirationDates = [:]
    }

    subscript(key: Key) -> Value? {
        get {
            return get(key: key)
        }
        set {
            put(value: newValue, key: key, expiration: 0)
        }
    }

    func put(value: Value?, key: Key, expiration: TimeInterval) {
        guard let value = value else {
            cache.removeValue(forKey: key)
            expirationDates.removeValue(forKey: key)
            return
        }

        cache[key] = value
        expirationDates[key] = Date(timeIntervalSinceNow: expiration)

        if expirationTimer == nil {
            expirationTimer = Timer.scheduledTimer(withTimeInterval: 1, repeats: true, block: { [weak self] _ in
                self?.evictExpired()
            })
        }
    }

    func get(key: Key) -> Value? {
        return cache[key]
    }

    private func evictExpired() {
        let now = Date()
        for (key, expirationDate) in expirationDates {
            if now > expirationDate {
                cache.removeValue(forKey: key)
                expirationDates.removeValue(forKey: key)
            }
        }
    }
}
```swift
import Foundation

protocol ExpirableCacheProtocol {
    associatedtype Key: Hashable
    associatedtype Value
    func put(value: Value, key: Key, expiration: TimeInterval)
    func get(key: Key) -> Value?
}

// Caching mechanism with expiration eviction policy.
// Subscript methods used for convenient access.
class ExpirableCache<Key: Hashable, Value>: ExpirableCacheProtocol {
    private var cache: [Key: Value]
    private var expirationDates: [Key: Date]
    private var expirationTimer: Timer?

    init() {
        cache = [:]
        expirationDates = [:]
    }

    subscript(key: Key) -> Value? {
        get {
            return get(key: key)
        }
        set {
            put(value: newValue, key: key, expiration: 0)
        }
    }

    func put(value: Value?, key: Key, expiration: TimeInterval) {
        guard let value = value else {
            cache.removeValue(forKey: key)
            expirationDates.removeValue(forKey: key)
            return
        }

        cache[key] = value
        expirationDates[key] = Date(timeIntervalSinceNow: expiration)

        if expirationTimer == nil {
            expirationTimer = Timer.scheduledTimer(withTimeInterval: 1, repeats: true, block: { [weak self] _ in
                self?.evictExpired()
            })
        }
    }

    func get(key: Key) -> Value? {
        return cache[key]
    }

    private func evictExpired() {
        let now = Date()
        for (key, expirationDate) in expirationDates {
            if now > expirationDate {
                cache.removeValue(forKey: key)
                expirationDates.removeValue(forKey: key)
            }
        }
    }
}

// Example usage
let cache = ExpirableCache<String, Int>()
cache.put(value: 1, key: "key1", expiration: 10)
cache.put(value: 2, key: "key2", expiration: 10)
cache.put(value: 3, key: "key3", expiration: 10)

cache["key1"] = 4

print(cache.get(key: "key1"))
print(cache.get(key: "key2"))
print(cache.get(key: "key3"))

// Wait for 10 seconds
sleep(10)

print(cache.get(key: "key1"))
print(cache.get(key: "key2"))
print(cache.get(key: "key3"))
```
class ExpirableCache<Key: Hashable, Value>: ExpirableCacheProtocol { // type 'ExpirableCache<Key, Value>' does not conform to protocol 'ExpirableCacheProtocol'
Thread.sleep(forTimeInterval: 1.1) // class method 'sleep' is unavailable from asynchronous contexts; Use Task.sleep(until:clock:) instead.; this is an error in Swift 6
Thread.sleep(forTimeInterval: 0.9) // class method 'sleep' is unavailable from asynchronous contexts; Use Task.sleep(until:clock:) instead.; this is an error in Swift 6

protocol ExpirableCacheProtocol {
    associatedtype Key: Hashable
    associatedtype Value
    func put(value: Value, key: Key, expiration: TimeInterval)
    func get(key: Key) -> Value?
}

import Foundation

class ExpirableCache<Key: Hashable, Value>: ExpirableCacheProtocol {
    private var cache: [Key: Value]
    private var expiration: [Key: Date]

    init() {
        cache = [:]
        expiration = [:]
    }

    subscript(key: Key) -> Value? {
        get {
            return get(key: key)
        }
        set {
            put(value: newValue, key: key, expiration: 0)
        }
    }

    func put(value: Value, key: Key, expiration: TimeInterval) {
        cache[key] = value
        if expiration > 0 {
            self.expiration[key] = Date(timeIntervalSinceNow: expiration)
        }
    }

    func get(key: Key) -> Value? {
        guard let value = cache[key] else {
            return nil
        }

        if let expirationDate = expiration[key], expirationDate < Date() {
            cache[key] = nil
            expiration[key] = nil
            return nil
        }

        return value
    }
}
```swift
import Foundation

protocol ExpirableCacheProtocol {
    associatedtype Key: Hashable
    associatedtype Value
    func put(value: Value, key: Key, expiration: TimeInterval)
    func get(key: Key) -> Value?
}

// Caching mechanism with expiration eviction policy.
// Subscript methods used for convenient access.
class ExpirableCache<Key: Hashable, Value>: ExpirableCacheProtocol {
    private var cache: [Key: Value]
    private var expiration: [Key: Date]

    init() {
        cache = [:]
        expiration = [:]
    }

    subscript(key: Key) -> Value? {
        get {
            return get(key: key)
        }
        set {
            put(value: newValue, key: key, expiration: 0)
        }
    }

    func put(value: Value, key: Key, expiration: TimeInterval) {
        cache[key] = value
        if expiration > 0 {
            self.expiration[key] = Date(timeIntervalSinceNow: expiration)
        }
    }

    func get(key: Key) -> Value? {
        guard let value = cache[key] else {
            return nil
        }

        if let expirationDate = expiration[key], expirationDate < Date() {
            cache[key] = nil
            expiration[key] = nil
            return nil
        }

        return value
    }
}

// Test
let cache = ExpirableCache<String, Int>()
cache["1"] = 1
cache["2"] = 2
cache["3"] = 3

print(cache["1"]?? "nil")
print(cache["2"]?? "nil")
print(cache["3"]?? "nil")

cache.put(value: 4, key: "4", expiration: 1)

print(cache["4"]?? "nil")

sleep(1)

print(cache["4"]?? "nil")
```
put(value: newValue, key: key, expiration: 0) // value of optional type 'Value?' must be unwrapped to a value of type 'Value'
Thread.sleep(forTimeInterval: 1.1) // class method 'sleep' is unavailable from asynchronous contexts; Use Task.sleep(until:clock:) instead.; this is an error in Swift 6
Thread.sleep(forTimeInterval: 0.9) // class method 'sleep' is unavailable from asynchronous contexts; Use Task.sleep(until:clock:) instead.; this is an error in Swift 6

protocol ExpirableCacheProtocol {
    associatedtype Key: Hashable
    associatedtype Value
    func put(value: Value, key: Key, expiration: TimeInterval)
    func get(key: Key) -> Value?
}

import Foundation

class ExpirableCache<Key: Hashable, Value>: ExpirableCacheProtocol {
    private var cache = [Key: Value]()
    private var expirationDates = [Key: Date]()

    subscript(key: Key) -> Value? {
        get {
            return get(key: key)
        }
        set {
            put(value: newValue, key: key, expiration: 0)
        }
    }

    func put(value: Value, key: Key, expiration: TimeInterval) {
        cache[key] = value
        expirationDates[key] = Date(timeIntervalSinceNow: expiration)
    }

    func get(key: Key) -> Value? {
        guard let expirationDate = expirationDates[key], expirationDate > Date() else {
            return nil
        }
        return cache[key]
    }
}
```swift
import Foundation

protocol ExpirableCacheProtocol {
    associatedtype Key: Hashable
    associatedtype Value
    func put(value: Value, key: Key, expiration: TimeInterval)
    func get(key: Key) -> Value?
}

// Caching mechanism with expiration eviction policy.
// Subscript methods used for convenient access.
class ExpirableCache<Key: Hashable, Value>: ExpirableCacheProtocol {
    private var cache = [Key: Value]()
    private var expirationDates = [Key: Date]()

    subscript(key: Key) -> Value? {
        get {
            return get(key: key)
        }
        set {
            put(value: newValue, key: key, expiration: 0)
        }
    }

    func put(value: Value, key: Key, expiration: TimeInterval) {
        cache[key] = value
        expirationDates[key] = Date(timeIntervalSinceNow: expiration)
    }

    func get(key: Key) -> Value? {
        guard let expirationDate = expirationDates[key], expirationDate > Date() else {
            return nil
        }
        return cache[key]
    }
}
```
put(value: newValue, key: key, expiration: 0) // value of optional type 'Value?' must be unwrapped to a value of type 'Value'
Thread.sleep(forTimeInterval: 1.1) // class method 'sleep' is unavailable from asynchronous contexts; Use Task.sleep(until:clock:) instead.; this is an error in Swift 6
Thread.sleep(forTimeInterval: 0.9) // class method 'sleep' is unavailable from asynchronous contexts; Use Task.sleep(until:clock:) instead.; this is an error in Swift 6

protocol ExpirableCacheProtocol {
    associatedtype Key: Hashable
    associatedtype Value
    func put(value: Value, key: Key, expiration: TimeInterval)
    func get(key: Key) -> Value?
}

import Foundation

class ExpirableCache<Key: Hashable, Value>: ExpirableCacheProtocol {
    private var cache: [Key: Value]
    private var expirationDates: [Key: Date]
    private var expirationTimer: Timer?

    init() {
        cache = [:]
        expirationDates = [:]
    }

    func put(value: Value, key: Key, expiration: TimeInterval) {
        cache[key] = value
        expirationDates[key] = Date(timeIntervalSinceNow: expiration)
        startExpirationTimer()
    }

    func get(key: Key) -> Value? {
        return cache[key]
    }

    subscript(key: Key) -> Value? {
        get {
            return get(key: key)
        }
        set {
            put(value: newValue!, key: key, expiration: 10)
        }
    }

    private func startExpirationTimer() {
        if expirationTimer == nil {
            expirationTimer = Timer.scheduledTimer(withTimeInterval: 1, repeats: true, block: { [weak self] _ in
                self?.checkExpiration()
            })
        }
    }

    private func checkExpiration() {
        let now = Date()
        for (key, expirationDate) in expirationDates {
            if now > expirationDate {
                cache[key] = nil
                expirationDates[key] = nil
            }
        }
    }
}
```swift
import Foundation

protocol ExpirableCacheProtocol {
    associatedtype Key: Hashable
    associatedtype Value
    func put(value: Value, key: Key, expiration: TimeInterval)
    func get(key: Key) -> Value?
}

// Caching mechanism with expiration eviction policy.
// Subscript methods used for convenient access.
class ExpirableCache<Key: Hashable, Value>: ExpirableCacheProtocol {
    private var cache: [Key: Value]
    private var expirationDates: [Key: Date]
    private var expirationTimer: Timer?

    init() {
        cache = [:]
        expirationDates = [:]
    }

    func put(value: Value, key: Key, expiration: TimeInterval) {
        cache[key] = value
        expirationDates[key] = Date(timeIntervalSinceNow: expiration)
        startExpirationTimer()
    }

    func get(key: Key) -> Value? {
        return cache[key]
    }

    subscript(key: Key) -> Value? {
        get {
            return get(key: key)
        }
        set {
            put(value: newValue!, key: key, expiration: 10)
        }
    }

    private func startExpirationTimer() {
        if expirationTimer == nil {
            expirationTimer = Timer.scheduledTimer(withTimeInterval: 1, repeats: true, block: { [weak self] _ in
                self?.checkExpiration()
            })
        }
    }

    private func checkExpiration() {
        let now = Date()
        for (key, expirationDate) in expirationDates {
            if now > expirationDate {
                cache[key] = nil
                expirationDates[key] = nil
            }
        }
    }
}

// Usage example
let cache = ExpirableCache<String, String>()
cache["key"] = "value"
cache["key"] // "value"

// Expiration
Thread.sleep(forTimeInterval: 11)
cache["key"] // nil
```
Thread.sleep(forTimeInterval: 1.1) // class method 'sleep' is unavailable from asynchronous contexts; Use Task.sleep(until:clock:) instead.; this is an error in Swift 6
Thread.sleep(forTimeInterval: 0.9) // class method 'sleep' is unavailable from asynchronous contexts; Use Task.sleep(until:clock:) instead.; this is an error in Swift 6
 // XCTAssertNil failed: expression is not nil

protocol ExpirableCacheProtocol {
    associatedtype Key: Hashable
    associatedtype Value
    func put(value: Value, key: Key, expiration: TimeInterval)
    func get(key: Key) -> Value?
}

import Foundation

class ExpirableCache<Key: Hashable, Value>: ExpirableCacheProtocol {
    private var cache: [Key: Value]
    private var expirationDates: [Key: Date]

    init() {
        cache = [:]
        expirationDates = [:]
    }

    func put(value: Value, key: Key, expiration: TimeInterval) {
        cache[key] = value
        expirationDates[key] = Date(timeIntervalSinceNow: expiration)
    }

    func get(key: Key) -> Value? {
        guard let expirationDate = expirationDates[key], expirationDate > Date() else {
            return nil
        }
        return cache[key]
    }

    subscript(key: Key) -> Value? {
        get {
            return get(key: key)
        }
        set {
            guard let value = newValue else {
                cache[key] = nil
                expirationDates[key] = nil
                return
            }
            put(value: value, key: key, expiration: 10)
        }
    }
}
```swift
import Foundation

protocol ExpirableCacheProtocol {
    associatedtype Key: Hashable
    associatedtype Value
    func put(value: Value, key: Key, expiration: TimeInterval)
    func get(key: Key) -> Value?
}

// Caching mechanism with expiration eviction policy.
// Subscript methods used for convenient access.
class ExpirableCache<Key: Hashable, Value>: ExpirableCacheProtocol {
    private var cache: [Key: Value]
    private var expirationDates: [Key: Date]

    init() {
        cache = [:]
        expirationDates = [:]
    }

    func put(value: Value, key: Key, expiration: TimeInterval) {
        cache[key] = value
        expirationDates[key] = Date(timeIntervalSinceNow: expiration)
    }

    func get(key: Key) -> Value? {
        guard let expirationDate = expirationDates[key], expirationDate > Date() else {
            return nil
        }
        return cache[key]
    }

    subscript(key: Key) -> Value? {
        get {
            return get(key: key)
        }
        set {
            guard let value = newValue else {
                cache[key] = nil
                expirationDates[key] = nil
                return
            }
            put(value: value, key: key, expiration: 10)
        }
    }
}

// Test
let cache = ExpirableCache<String, Int>()
cache["1"] = 1
cache["2"] = 2
cache["3"] = 3
cache["4"] = 4
cache["5"] = 5

print(cache["1"]) // Optional(1)
print(cache["2"]) // Optional(2)
print(cache["3"]) // Optional(3)
print(cache["4"]) // Optional(4)
print(cache["5"]) // Optional(5)

// Wait for expiration
sleep(11)

print(cache["1"]) // nil
print(cache["2"]) // nil
print(cache["3"]) // nil
print(cache["4"]) // nil
print(cache["5"]) // nil
```
Thread.sleep(forTimeInterval: 1.1) // class method 'sleep' is unavailable from asynchronous contexts; Use Task.sleep(until:clock:) instead.; this is an error in Swift 6
Thread.sleep(forTimeInterval: 0.9) // class method 'sleep' is unavailable from asynchronous contexts; Use Task.sleep(until:clock:) instead.; this is an error in Swift 6

protocol ExpirableCacheProtocol {
    associatedtype Key: Hashable
    associatedtype Value
    func put(value: Value, key: Key, expiration: TimeInterval)
    func get(key: Key) -> Value?
}

import Foundation

class ExpirableCache<Key: Hashable, Value>: ExpirableCacheProtocol {
    private var cache: [Key: Value]
    private var expiration: [Key: Date]

    init() {
        cache = [:]
        expiration = [:]
    }

    func put(value: Value, key: Key, expiration: TimeInterval) {
        cache[key] = value
        self.expiration[key] = Date(timeIntervalSinceNow: expiration)
    }

    func get(key: Key) -> Value? {
        guard let expirationDate = expiration[key], expirationDate > Date() else {
            return nil
        }
        return cache[key]
    }

    subscript(key: Key) -> Value? {
        get {
            return get(key: key)
        }
        set {
            guard let value = newValue else {
                return
            }
            put(value: value, key: key, expiration: 10)
        }
    }
}
```swift
import Foundation

protocol ExpirableCacheProtocol {
    associatedtype Key: Hashable
    associatedtype Value
    func put(value: Value, key: Key, expiration: TimeInterval)
    func get(key: Key) -> Value?
}

// Caching mechanism with expiration eviction policy.
// Subscript methods used for convenient access.
class ExpirableCache<Key: Hashable, Value>: ExpirableCacheProtocol {
    private var cache: [Key: Value]
    private var expiration: [Key: Date]

    init() {
        cache = [:]
        expiration = [:]
    }

    func put(value: Value, key: Key, expiration: TimeInterval) {
        cache[key] = value
        self.expiration[key] = Date(timeIntervalSinceNow: expiration)
    }

    func get(key: Key) -> Value? {
        guard let expirationDate = expiration[key], expirationDate > Date() else {
            return nil
        }
        return cache[key]
    }

    subscript(key: Key) -> Value? {
        get {
            return get(key: key)
        }
        set {
            guard let value = newValue else {
                return
            }
            put(value: value, key: key, expiration: 10)
        }
    }
}

// Usage
let cache = ExpirableCache<String, String>()
cache["key"] = "value"
cache["key"] // "value"

// Expired value
cache["key"] = "value"
sleep(11)
cache["key"] // nil
```
Thread.sleep(forTimeInterval: 1.1) // class method 'sleep' is unavailable from asynchronous contexts; Use Task.sleep(until:clock:) instead.; this is an error in Swift 6
Thread.sleep(forTimeInterval: 0.9) // class method 'sleep' is unavailable from asynchronous contexts; Use Task.sleep(until:clock:) instead.; this is an error in Swift 6

protocol ExpirableCacheProtocol {
    associatedtype Key: Hashable
    associatedtype Value
    func put(value: Value, key: Key, expiration: TimeInterval)
    func get(key: Key) -> Value?
}

import Foundation

class ExpirableCache<Key: Hashable, Value>: ExpirableCacheProtocol {
    private var cache: [Key: Value]
    private var expiration: [Key: Date]

    init() {
        self.cache = [:]
        self.expiration = [:]
    }

    subscript(key: Key) -> Value? {
        get {
            return get(key: key)
        }
        set {
            if let value = newValue {
                put(value: value, key: key, expiration: 10)
            }
        }
    }

    func put(value: Value, key: Key, expiration: TimeInterval) {
        cache[key] = value
        self.expiration[key] = Date(timeIntervalSinceNow: expiration)
    }

    func get(key: Key) -> Value? {
        guard let expirationDate = expiration[key], expirationDate > Date() else {
            return nil
        }
        return cache[key]
    }
}
```swift
import Foundation

protocol ExpirableCacheProtocol {
    associatedtype Key: Hashable
    associatedtype Value
    func put(value: Value, key: Key, expiration: TimeInterval)
    func get(key: Key) -> Value?
}

// Caching mechanism with expiration eviction policy.
// Subscript methods used for convenient access.
class ExpirableCache<Key: Hashable, Value>: ExpirableCacheProtocol {
    private var cache: [Key: Value]
    private var expiration: [Key: Date]

    init() {
        self.cache = [:]
        self.expiration = [:]
    }

    subscript(key: Key) -> Value? {
        get {
            return get(key: key)
        }
        set {
            if let value = newValue {
                put(value: value, key: key, expiration: 10)
            }
        }
    }

    func put(value: Value, key: Key, expiration: TimeInterval) {
        cache[key] = value
        self.expiration[key] = Date(timeIntervalSinceNow: expiration)
    }

    func get(key: Key) -> Value? {
        guard let expirationDate = expiration[key], expirationDate > Date() else {
            return nil
        }
        return cache[key]
    }
}

// Usage
let cache = ExpirableCache<String, Int>()
cache["key"] = 1
print(cache["key"])
```
Thread.sleep(forTimeInterval: 1.1) // class method 'sleep' is unavailable from asynchronous contexts; Use Task.sleep(until:clock:) instead.; this is an error in Swift 6
Thread.sleep(forTimeInterval: 0.9) // class method 'sleep' is unavailable from asynchronous contexts; Use Task.sleep(until:clock:) instead.; this is an error in Swift 6

protocol ExpirableCacheProtocol {
    associatedtype Key: Hashable
    associatedtype Value
    func put(value: Value, key: Key, expiration: TimeInterval)
    func get(key: Key) -> Value?
}

import Foundation

class ExpirableCache<Key: Hashable, Value>: ExpirableCacheProtocol {
    private var cache: [Key: Value]
    private var expirationDates: [Key: Date]

    init() {
        cache = [:]
        expirationDates = [:]
    }

    func put(value: Value, key: Key, expiration: TimeInterval) {
        cache[key] = value
        expirationDates[key] = Date().addingTimeInterval(expiration)
    }

    func get(key: Key) -> Value? {
        guard let expirationDate = expirationDates[key], expirationDate > Date() else {
            return nil
        }
        return cache[key]
    }

    subscript(key: Key) -> Value? {
        get {
            return get(key: key)
        }
        set {
            put(value: newValue!, key: key, expiration: 10)
        }
    }
}
```swift
import Foundation

protocol ExpirableCacheProtocol {
    associatedtype Key: Hashable
    associatedtype Value
    func put(value: Value, key: Key, expiration: TimeInterval)
    func get(key: Key) -> Value?
}

// Caching mechanism with expiration eviction policy.
// Subscript methods used for convenient access.
class ExpirableCache<Key: Hashable, Value>: ExpirableCacheProtocol {
    private var cache: [Key: Value]
    private var expirationDates: [Key: Date]

    init() {
        cache = [:]
        expirationDates = [:]
    }

    func put(value: Value, key: Key, expiration: TimeInterval) {
        cache[key] = value
        expirationDates[key] = Date().addingTimeInterval(expiration)
    }

    func get(key: Key) -> Value? {
        guard let expirationDate = expirationDates[key], expirationDate > Date() else {
            return nil
        }
        return cache[key]
    }

    subscript(key: Key) -> Value? {
        get {
            return get(key: key)
        }
        set {
            put(value: newValue!, key: key, expiration: 10)
        }
    }
}
```
Thread.sleep(forTimeInterval: 1.1) // class method 'sleep' is unavailable from asynchronous contexts; Use Task.sleep(until:clock:) instead.; this is an error in Swift 6
Thread.sleep(forTimeInterval: 0.9) // class method 'sleep' is unavailable from asynchronous contexts; Use Task.sleep(until:clock:) instead.; this is an error in Swift 6

protocol ExpirableCacheProtocol {
    associatedtype Key: Hashable
    associatedtype Value
    func put(value: Value, key: Key, expiration: TimeInterval)
    func get(key: Key) -> Value?
}

import Foundation

class ExpirableCache<Key: Hashable, Value>: ExpirableCacheProtocol {
    private var cache: [Key: Value]
    private var expiration: [Key: Date]

    init() {
        cache = [:]
        expiration = [:]
    }

    func put(value: Value, key: Key, expiration: TimeInterval) {
        cache[key] = value
        self.expiration[key] = Date().addingTimeInterval(expiration)
    }

    func get(key: Key) -> Value? {
        guard let expirationDate = expiration[key], expirationDate > Date() else {
            return nil
        }
        return cache[key]
    }

    subscript(key: Key) -> Value? {
        get {
            return get(key: key)
        }
        set {
            put(value: newValue!, key: key, expiration: 10)
        }
    }
}
```swift
import Foundation

protocol ExpirableCacheProtocol {
    associatedtype Key: Hashable
    associatedtype Value
    func put(value: Value, key: Key, expiration: TimeInterval)
    func get(key: Key) -> Value?
}

// Caching mechanism with expiration eviction policy.
// Subscript methods used for convenient access.
class ExpirableCache<Key: Hashable, Value>: ExpirableCacheProtocol {
    private var cache: [Key: Value]
    private var expiration: [Key: Date]

    init() {
        cache = [:]
        expiration = [:]
    }

    func put(value: Value, key: Key, expiration: TimeInterval) {
        cache[key] = value
        self.expiration[key] = Date().addingTimeInterval(expiration)
    }

    func get(key: Key) -> Value? {
        guard let expirationDate = expiration[key], expirationDate > Date() else {
            return nil
        }
        return cache[key]
    }

    subscript(key: Key) -> Value? {
        get {
            return get(key: key)
        }
        set {
            put(value: newValue!, key: key, expiration: 10)
        }
    }
}

// Usage
let cache = ExpirableCache<String, String>()
cache["key"] = "value"
cache["key"] // "value"

// Expiration
Thread.sleep(forTimeInterval: 11)
cache["key"] // nil
```
Thread.sleep(forTimeInterval: 1.1) // class method 'sleep' is unavailable from asynchronous contexts; Use Task.sleep(until:clock:) instead.; this is an error in Swift 6
Thread.sleep(forTimeInterval: 0.9) // class method 'sleep' is unavailable from asynchronous contexts; Use Task.sleep(until:clock:) instead.; this is an error in Swift 6

protocol ExpirableCacheProtocol {
    associatedtype Key: Hashable
    associatedtype Value
    func put(value: Value, key: Key, expiration: TimeInterval)
    func get(key: Key) -> Value?
}

import Foundation

class ExpirableCache<Key: Hashable, Value>: ExpirableCacheProtocol {
    private var cache: [Key: Value] = [:]
    private var expirationDates: [Key: Date] = [:]

    func put(value: Value, key: Key, expiration: TimeInterval) {
        cache[key] = value
        expirationDates[key] = Date(timeIntervalSinceNow: expiration)
    }

    func get(key: Key) -> Value? {
        guard let expirationDate = expirationDates[key], expirationDate > Date() else {
            return nil
        }
        return cache[key]
    }

    subscript(key: Key) -> Value? {
        get {
            return get(key: key)
        }
        set {
            guard let value = newValue else {
                cache[key] = nil
                expirationDates[key] = nil
                return
            }
            put(value: value, key: key, expiration: 10)
        }
    }
}
```swift
import Foundation

protocol ExpirableCacheProtocol {
    associatedtype Key: Hashable
    associatedtype Value
    func put(value: Value, key: Key, expiration: TimeInterval)
    func get(key: Key) -> Value?
}

// Caching mechanism with expiration eviction policy.
// Subscript methods used for convenient access.
class ExpirableCache<Key: Hashable, Value>: ExpirableCacheProtocol {
    private var cache: [Key: Value] = [:]
    private var expirationDates: [Key: Date] = [:]

    func put(value: Value, key: Key, expiration: TimeInterval) {
        cache[key] = value
        expirationDates[key] = Date(timeIntervalSinceNow: expiration)
    }

    func get(key: Key) -> Value? {
        guard let expirationDate = expirationDates[key], expirationDate > Date() else {
            return nil
        }
        return cache[key]
    }

    subscript(key: Key) -> Value? {
        get {
            return get(key: key)
        }
        set {
            guard let value = newValue else {
                cache[key] = nil
                expirationDates[key] = nil
                return
            }
            put(value: value, key: key, expiration: 10)
        }
    }
}

// Usage
let cache = ExpirableCache<String, Int>()
cache["key"] = 1
cache["key"] // 1

// Expiration
Thread.sleep(forTimeInterval: 10)
cache["key"] // nil
```
Thread.sleep(forTimeInterval: 1.1) // class method 'sleep' is unavailable from asynchronous contexts; Use Task.sleep(until:clock:) instead.; this is an error in Swift 6
Thread.sleep(forTimeInterval: 0.9) // class method 'sleep' is unavailable from asynchronous contexts; Use Task.sleep(until:clock:) instead.; this is an error in Swift 6

protocol EncryptorProtocol {
    func encrypt(_ string: String, _ key: String) -> Data
    func decrypt(_ data: Data, _ key: String) -> String
}

class Encryptor: EncryptorProtocol {
    func encrypt(_ string: String, _ key: String) -> Data {
        let keyData = key.data(using:.utf8)!
        let stringData = string.data(using:.utf8)!
        let encryptedData = stringData.enumerated().map { (index, element) in
            element ^ keyData[index % keyData.count]
        }
        return Data(encryptedData)
    }

    func decrypt(_ data: Data, _ key: String) -> String {
        let keyData = key.data(using:.utf8)!
        let decryptedData = data.enumerated().map { (index, element) in
            element ^ keyData[index % keyData.count]
        }
        return String(data: Data(decryptedData), encoding:.utf8)!
    }
}
```swift
protocol EncryptorProtocol {
    func encrypt(_ string: String, _ key: String) -> Data
    func decrypt(_ data: Data, _ key: String) -> String
}

// Simple XOR encryptor and decryptor that converts plain text into encrypted text by applying the binary 'Exclusive OR' operator implemented according to the protocol.
class Encryptor: EncryptorProtocol {
    func encrypt(_ string: String, _ key: String) -> Data {
        let keyData = key.data(using:.utf8)!
        let stringData = string.data(using:.utf8)!
        let encryptedData = stringData.enumerated().map { (index, element) in
            element ^ keyData[index % keyData.count]
        }
        return Data(encryptedData)
    }

    func decrypt(_ data: Data, _ key: String) -> String {
        let keyData = key.data(using:.utf8)!
        let decryptedData = data.enumerated().map { (index, element) in
            element ^ keyData[index % keyData.count]
        }
        return String(data: Data(decryptedData), encoding:.utf8)!
    }
}
```

protocol EncryptorProtocol {
    func encrypt(_ string: String, _ key: String) -> Data
    func decrypt(_ data: Data, _ key: String) -> String
}

class Encryptor: EncryptorProtocol {
    func encrypt(_ string: String, _ key: String) -> Data {
        let keyData = key.data(using:.utf8)!
        let stringData = string.data(using:.utf8)!
        let encryptedData = stringData.enumerated().map { (index, element) in
            element ^ keyData[index % keyData.count]
        }
        return Data(encryptedData)
    }

    func decrypt(_ data: Data, _ key: String) -> String {
        let keyData = key.data(using:.utf8)!
        let decryptedData = data.enumerated().map { (index, element) in
            element ^ keyData[index % keyData.count]
        }
        return String(data: Data(decryptedData), encoding:.utf8)!
    }
}
```swift
protocol EncryptorProtocol {
    func encrypt(_ string: String, _ key: String) -> Data
    func decrypt(_ data: Data, _ key: String) -> String
}

// Simple XOR encryptor and decryptor that converts plain text into encrypted text by applying the binary 'Exclusive OR' operator implemented according to the protocol.
class Encryptor: EncryptorProtocol {
    func encrypt(_ string: String, _ key: String) -> Data {
        let keyData = key.data(using:.utf8)!
        let stringData = string.data(using:.utf8)!
        let encryptedData = stringData.enumerated().map { (index, element) in
            element ^ keyData[index % keyData.count]
        }
        return Data(encryptedData)
    }

    func decrypt(_ data: Data, _ key: String) -> String {
        let keyData = key.data(using:.utf8)!
        let decryptedData = data.enumerated().map { (index, element) in
            element ^ keyData[index % keyData.count]
        }
        return String(data: Data(decryptedData), encoding:.utf8)!
    }
}
```

protocol EncryptorProtocol {
    func encrypt(_ string: String, _ key: String) -> Data
    func decrypt(_ data: Data, _ key: String) -> String
}

class Encryptor: EncryptorProtocol {
    func encrypt(_ string: String, _ key: String) -> Data {
        let keyData = key.data(using:.utf8)!
        let stringData = string.data(using:.utf8)!
        let encryptedData = stringData.enumerated().map {
            $0.element ^ keyData[$0.offset % keyData.count]
        }
        return Data(encryptedData)
    }

    func decrypt(_ data: Data, _ key: String) -> String {
        let keyData = key.data(using:.utf8)!
        let decryptedData = data.enumerated().map {
            $0.element ^ keyData[$0.offset % keyData.count]
        }
        return String(data: Data(decryptedData), encoding:.utf8)!
    }
}
```swift
protocol EncryptorProtocol {
    func encrypt(_ string: String, _ key: String) -> Data
    func decrypt(_ data: Data, _ key: String) -> String
}

// Simple XOR encryptor and decryptor that converts plain text into encrypted text by applying the binary 'Exclusive OR' operator implemented according to the protocol.
class Encryptor: EncryptorProtocol {
    func encrypt(_ string: String, _ key: String) -> Data {
        let keyData = key.data(using:.utf8)!
        let stringData = string.data(using:.utf8)!
        let encryptedData = stringData.enumerated().map {
            $0.element ^ keyData[$0.offset % keyData.count]
        }
        return Data(encryptedData)
    }

    func decrypt(_ data: Data, _ key: String) -> String {
        let keyData = key.data(using:.utf8)!
        let decryptedData = data.enumerated().map {
            $0.element ^ keyData[$0.offset % keyData.count]
        }
        return String(data: Data(decryptedData), encoding:.utf8)!
    }
}
```

protocol EncryptorProtocol {
    func encrypt(_ string: String, _ key: String) -> Data
    func decrypt(_ data: Data, _ key: String) -> String
}

class Encryptor: EncryptorProtocol {
    func encrypt(_ string: String, _ key: String) -> Data {
        let data = string.data(using:.utf8)!
        let keyData = key.data(using:.utf8)!
        let encryptedData = data.enumerated().map { (index, element) in
            element ^ keyData[index % keyData.count]
        }
        return Data(encryptedData)
    }
    
    func decrypt(_ data: Data, _ key: String) -> String {
        let keyData = key.data(using:.utf8)!
        let decryptedData = data.enumerated().map { (index, element) in
            element ^ keyData[index % keyData.count]
        }
        return String(data: Data(decryptedData), encoding:.utf8)!
    }
}
```swift
protocol EncryptorProtocol {
    func encrypt(_ string: String, _ key: String) -> Data
    func decrypt(_ data: Data, _ key: String) -> String
}

// Simple XOR encryptor and decryptor that converts plain text into encrypted text by applying the binary 'Exclusive OR' operator implemented according to the protocol.
class Encryptor: EncryptorProtocol {
    func encrypt(_ string: String, _ key: String) -> Data {
        let data = string.data(using:.utf8)!
        let keyData = key.data(using:.utf8)!
        let encryptedData = data.enumerated().map { (index, element) in
            element ^ keyData[index % keyData.count]
        }
        return Data(encryptedData)
    }
    
    func decrypt(_ data: Data, _ key: String) -> String {
        let keyData = key.data(using:.utf8)!
        let decryptedData = data.enumerated().map { (index, element) in
            element ^ keyData[index % keyData.count]
        }
        return String(data: Data(decryptedData), encoding:.utf8)!
    }
}
```

protocol EncryptorProtocol {
    func encrypt(_ string: String, _ key: String) -> Data
    func decrypt(_ data: Data, _ key: String) -> String
}

class Encryptor: EncryptorProtocol {
    func encrypt(_ string: String, _ key: String) -> Data {
        let data = string.data(using:.utf8)!
        let keyData = key.data(using:.utf8)!
        let encryptedData = data.enumerated().map { (index, element) in
            element ^ keyData[index % keyData.count]
        }
        return Data(encryptedData)
    }

    func decrypt(_ data: Data, _ key: String) -> String {
        let keyData = key.data(using:.utf8)!
        let decryptedData = data.enumerated().map { (index, element) in
            element ^ keyData[index % keyData.count]
        }
        return String(data: Data(decryptedData), encoding:.utf8)!
    }
}
```swift
protocol EncryptorProtocol {
    func encrypt(_ string: String, _ key: String) -> Data
    func decrypt(_ data: Data, _ key: String) -> String
}

// Simple XOR encryptor and decryptor that converts plain text into encrypted text by applying the binary 'Exclusive OR' operator implemented according to the protocol.
class Encryptor: EncryptorProtocol {
    func encrypt(_ string: String, _ key: String) -> Data {
        let data = string.data(using:.utf8)!
        let keyData = key.data(using:.utf8)!
        let encryptedData = data.enumerated().map { (index, element) in
            element ^ keyData[index % keyData.count]
        }
        return Data(encryptedData)
    }

    func decrypt(_ data: Data, _ key: String) -> String {
        let keyData = key.data(using:.utf8)!
        let decryptedData = data.enumerated().map { (index, element) in
            element ^ keyData[index % keyData.count]
        }
        return String(data: Data(decryptedData), encoding:.utf8)!
    }
}

// Simple XOR encryptor and decryptor that converts plain text into encrypted text by applying the binary 'Exclusive OR' operator implemented according to the protocol.
class Encryptor: EncryptorProtocol {
    func encrypt(_ string: String, _ key: String) -> Data {
        let data = string.data(using:.utf8)!
        let keyData = key.data(using:.utf8)!
        let encryptedData = data.enumerated().map { (index, element) in
            element ^ keyData[index % keyData.count]
        }
        return Data(encryptedData)
    }

    func decrypt(_ data: Data, _ key: String) -> String {
        let keyData = key.data(using:.utf8)!
        let decryptedData = data.enumerated().map { (index, element) in
            element ^ keyData[index % keyData.count]
        }
        return String(data: Data(decryptedData), encoding:.utf8)!
    }
}

// Simple XOR encryptor and decryptor that converts plain text into encrypted text by applying the binary 'Exclusive OR' operator implemented according to the protocol.
class Encryptor: EncryptorProtocol {
    func encrypt(_ string: String, _ key: String) -> Data {
        let data = string.data(using:.utf8)!
        let keyData = key.data(using:.utf8)!
        let encryptedData = data.enumerated().map { (index, element) in
            element ^ keyData[index % keyData.count]
        }
        return Data(encryptedData)
    }

    func decrypt(_ data: Data, _ key: String) -> String {
        let keyData = key.data(using:.utf8)!
        let decryptedData = data.enumerated().map { (index, element) in
            element ^ keyData[index % keyData.count]
        }
        return String(data: Data(decryptedData), encoding:.utf8)!
    }
}

// Simple XOR encryptor and decryptor that converts plain text into encrypted text by applying the binary 'Exclusive OR' operator implemented according to the protocol.
class Encryptor: EncryptorProtocol {
    func encrypt(_ string: String, _ key: String) -> Data {
        let data = string.data(using:.utf8)!
        let keyData = key.data(using:.utf8)!
        let encryptedData = data.enumerated().map { (index, element) in
            element ^ keyData[index % keyData.count]
        }
        return Data(encryptedData)
    }

    func decrypt(_ data: Data, _ key: String) -> String {
        let keyData = key.data(using:.utf8)!
        let decryptedData = data.enumerated().map { (index, element) in
            element ^ keyData[index % keyData.count]
        }
        return String(data: Data(decryptedData), encoding:.utf8)!
    }
}

// Simple XOR encryptor and decryptor that converts plain text into encrypted text by applying the binary 'Exclusive OR' operator implemented according to the protocol.
class Encryptor: EncryptorProtocol {
    func encrypt(_ string: String, _ key: String) -> Data {
        let data = string.data(using:.utf8)!
        let keyData = key.data(using:.utf8)!
        let encryptedData = data.enumerated().map { (index, element) in
            element ^ keyData[index % keyData.count]
        }
        return Data(encryptedData)
    }

    func decrypt(_ data: Data, _ key: String) -> String {
        let keyData = key.data(using:.utf8)!
        let decryptedData = data.enumerated().map { (index, element) in
            element ^ keyData[index % keyData.count]
        }
        return String(data: Data(decryptedData), encoding:.utf8

protocol EncryptorProtocol {
    func encrypt(_ string: String, _ key: String) -> Data
    func decrypt(_ data: Data, _ key: String) -> String
}

class Encryptor: EncryptorProtocol {
    func encrypt(_ string: String, _ key: String) -> Data {
        let keyData = Data(key.utf8)
        let stringData = Data(string.utf8)
        let encryptedData = stringData.enumerated().map { (index, element) in
            element ^ keyData[index % keyData.count]
        }
        return Data(encryptedData)
    }

    func decrypt(_ data: Data, _ key: String) -> String {
        let keyData = Data(key.utf8)
        let decryptedData = data.enumerated().map { (index, element) in
            element ^ keyData[index % keyData.count]
        }
        return String(data: Data(decryptedData), encoding:.utf8)!
    }
}
```swift
protocol EncryptorProtocol {
    func encrypt(_ string: String, _ key: String) -> Data
    func decrypt(_ data: Data, _ key: String) -> String
}

// Simple XOR encryptor and decryptor that converts plain text into encrypted text by applying the binary 'Exclusive OR' operator implemented according to the protocol.
class Encryptor: EncryptorProtocol {
    func encrypt(_ string: String, _ key: String) -> Data {
        let keyData = Data(key.utf8)
        let stringData = Data(string.utf8)
        let encryptedData = stringData.enumerated().map { (index, element) in
            element ^ keyData[index % keyData.count]
        }
        return Data(encryptedData)
    }

    func decrypt(_ data: Data, _ key: String) -> String {
        let keyData = Data(key.utf8)
        let decryptedData = data.enumerated().map { (index, element) in
            element ^ keyData[index % keyData.count]
        }
        return String(data: Data(decryptedData), encoding:.utf8)!
    }
}
```

protocol EncryptorProtocol {
    func encrypt(_ string: String, _ key: String) -> Data
    func decrypt(_ data: Data, _ key: String) -> String
}

class Encryptor: EncryptorProtocol {
    func encrypt(_ string: String, _ key: String) -> Data {
        let keyData = key.data(using:.utf8)!
        let stringData = string.data(using:.utf8)!
        let encryptedData = stringData.enumerated().map { (index, element) in
            element ^ keyData[index % keyData.count]
        }
        return Data(encryptedData)
    }

    func decrypt(_ data: Data, _ key: String) -> String {
        let keyData = key.data(using:.utf8)!
        let decryptedData = data.enumerated().map { (index, element) in
            element ^ keyData[index % keyData.count]
        }
        return String(data: Data(decryptedData), encoding:.utf8)!
    }
}
```swift
protocol EncryptorProtocol {
    func encrypt(_ string: String, _ key: String) -> Data
    func decrypt(_ data: Data, _ key: String) -> String
}

// Simple XOR encryptor and decryptor that converts plain text into encrypted text by applying the binary 'Exclusive OR' operator implemented according to the protocol.
class Encryptor: EncryptorProtocol {
    func encrypt(_ string: String, _ key: String) -> Data {
        let keyData = key.data(using:.utf8)!
        let stringData = string.data(using:.utf8)!
        let encryptedData = stringData.enumerated().map { (index, element) in
            element ^ keyData[index % keyData.count]
        }
        return Data(encryptedData)
    }

    func decrypt(_ data: Data, _ key: String) -> String {
        let keyData = key.data(using:.utf8)!
        let decryptedData = data.enumerated().map { (index, element) in
            element ^ keyData[index % keyData.count]
        }
        return String(data: Data(decryptedData), encoding:.utf8)!
    }
}
```

protocol EncryptorProtocol {
    func encrypt(_ string: String, _ key: String) -> Data
    func decrypt(_ data: Data, _ key: String) -> String
}

class Encryptor: EncryptorProtocol {
    func encrypt(_ string: String, _ key: String) -> Data {
        let data = string.data(using:.utf8)!
        let keyData = key.data(using:.utf8)!
        let encryptedData = data.enumerated().map { (index, element) in
            element ^ keyData[index % keyData.count]
        }
        return Data(encryptedData)
    }
    
    func decrypt(_ data: Data, _ key: String) -> String {
        let keyData = key.data(using:.utf8)!
        let decryptedData = data.enumerated().map { (index, element) in
            element ^ keyData[index % keyData.count]
        }
        return String(data: Data(decryptedData), encoding:.utf8)!
    }
}
```swift
protocol EncryptorProtocol {
    func encrypt(_ string: String, _ key: String) -> Data
    func decrypt(_ data: Data, _ key: String) -> String
}

// Simple XOR encryptor and decryptor that converts plain text into encrypted text by applying the binary 'Exclusive OR' operator implemented according to the protocol.
class Encryptor: EncryptorProtocol {
    func encrypt(_ string: String, _ key: String) -> Data {
        let data = string.data(using:.utf8)!
        let keyData = key.data(using:.utf8)!
        let encryptedData = data.enumerated().map { (index, element) in
            element ^ keyData[index % keyData.count]
        }
        return Data(encryptedData)
    }
    
    func decrypt(_ data: Data, _ key: String) -> String {
        let keyData = key.data(using:.utf8)!
        let decryptedData = data.enumerated().map { (index, element) in
            element ^ keyData[index % keyData.count]
        }
        return String(data: Data(decryptedData), encoding:.utf8)!
    }
}
```

protocol EncryptorProtocol {
    func encrypt(_ string: String, _ key: String) -> Data
    func decrypt(_ data: Data, _ key: String) -> String
}

class Encryptor: EncryptorProtocol {
    func encrypt(_ string: String, _ key: String) -> Data {
        let keyData = key.data(using:.utf8)!
        let stringData = string.data(using:.utf8)!
        let encryptedData = stringData.enumerated().map { (index, element) in
            element ^ keyData[index % keyData.count]
        }
        return Data(encryptedData)
    }

    func decrypt(_ data: Data, _ key: String) -> String {
        let keyData = key.data(using:.utf8)!
        let decryptedData = data.enumerated().map { (index, element) in
            element ^ keyData[index % keyData.count]
        }
        return String(data: Data(decryptedData), encoding:.utf8)!
    }
}
```swift
protocol EncryptorProtocol {
    func encrypt(_ string: String, _ key: String) -> Data
    func decrypt(_ data: Data, _ key: String) -> String
}

// Simple XOR encryptor and decryptor that converts plain text into encrypted text by applying the binary 'Exclusive OR' operator implemented according to the protocol.
class Encryptor: EncryptorProtocol {
    func encrypt(_ string: String, _ key: String) -> Data {
        let keyData = key.data(using:.utf8)!
        let stringData = string.data(using:.utf8)!
        let encryptedData = stringData.enumerated().map { (index, element) in
            element ^ keyData[index % keyData.count]
        }
        return Data(encryptedData)
    }

    func decrypt(_ data: Data, _ key: String) -> String {
        let keyData = key.data(using:.utf8)!
        let decryptedData = data.enumerated().map { (index, element) in
            element ^ keyData[index % keyData.count]
        }
        return String(data: Data(decryptedData), encoding:.utf8)!
    }
}
```

protocol EncryptorProtocol {
    func encrypt(_ string: String, _ key: String) -> Data
    func decrypt(_ data: Data, _ key: String) -> String
}

class Encryptor: EncryptorProtocol {
    func encrypt(_ string: String, _ key: String) -> Data {
        let data = string.data(using:.utf8)!
        let keyData = key.data(using:.utf8)!
        let encryptedData = data.enumerated().map { (index, element) in
            element ^ keyData[index % keyData.count]
        }
        return Data(encryptedData)
    }

    func decrypt(_ data: Data, _ key: String) -> String {
        let keyData = key.data(using:.utf8)!
        let decryptedData = data.enumerated().map { (index, element) in
            element ^ keyData[index % keyData.count]
        }
        return String(data: Data(decryptedData), encoding:.utf8)!
    }
}
```swift
protocol EncryptorProtocol {
    func encrypt(_ string: String, _ key: String) -> Data
    func decrypt(_ data: Data, _ key: String) -> String
}

// Simple XOR encryptor and decryptor that converts plain text into encrypted text by applying the binary 'Exclusive OR' operator implemented according to the protocol.
class Encryptor: EncryptorProtocol {
    func encrypt(_ string: String, _ key: String) -> Data {
        let data = string.data(using:.utf8)!
        let keyData = key.data(using:.utf8)!
        let encryptedData = data.enumerated().map { (index, element) in
            element ^ keyData[index % keyData.count]
        }
        return Data(encryptedData)
    }

    func decrypt(_ data: Data, _ key: String) -> String {
        let keyData = key.data(using:.utf8)!
        let decryptedData = data.enumerated().map { (index, element) in
            element ^ keyData[index % keyData.count]
        }
        return String(data: Data(decryptedData), encoding:.utf8)!
    }
}
```

protocol RateLimiterProtocol {
    init(maxRequests: Int, timeInterval: TimeInterval)
    func allowRequest() -> Bool
}

class RateLimiter: RateLimiterProtocol {
    private let maxRequests: Int
    private let timeInterval: TimeInterval
    private var requestCount = 0
    private var lastRequestTime: Date?

    required init(maxRequests: Int, timeInterval: TimeInterval) {
        self.maxRequests = maxRequests
        self.timeInterval = timeInterval
    }

    func allowRequest() -> Bool {
        guard let lastRequestTime = lastRequestTime else {
            self.lastRequestTime = Date()
            requestCount += 1
            return true
        }

        let elapsedTime = Date().timeIntervalSince(lastRequestTime)
        if elapsedTime > timeInterval {
            self.lastRequestTime = Date()
            requestCount = 1
            return true
        }

        if requestCount < maxRequests {
            requestCount += 1
            return true
        }

        return false
    }
}
```swift
protocol RateLimiterProtocol {
    init(maxRequests: Int, timeInterval: TimeInterval)
    func allowRequest() -> Bool
}

// Rate limiter that controls the rate of actions.
// Consists with a maximum number of requests and a time interval, and includes a method to determine if a new request can be made within the defined limits.
class RateLimiter: RateLimiterProtocol {
    private let maxRequests: Int
    private let timeInterval: TimeInterval
    private var requestCount = 0
    private var lastRequestTime: Date?

    required init(maxRequests: Int, timeInterval: TimeInterval) {
        self.maxRequests = maxRequests
        self.timeInterval = timeInterval
    }

    func allowRequest() -> Bool {
        guard let lastRequestTime = lastRequestTime else {
            self.lastRequestTime = Date()
            requestCount += 1
            return true
        }

        let elapsedTime = Date().timeIntervalSince(lastRequestTime)
        if elapsedTime > timeInterval {
            self.lastRequestTime = Date()
            requestCount = 1
            return true
        }

        if requestCount < maxRequests {
            requestCount += 1
            return true
        }

        return false
    }
}

// Usage
let rateLimiter = RateLimiter(maxRequests: 10, timeInterval: 60)

for _ in 1...15 {
    if rateLimiter.allowRequest() {
        print("Request allowed")
    } else {
        print("Request denied")
    }
}
```
Thread.sleep(forTimeInterval: 1) // class method 'sleep' is unavailable from asynchronous contexts; Use Task.sleep(until:clock:) instead.; this is an error in Swift 6

protocol RateLimiterProtocol {
    init(maxRequests: Int, timeInterval: TimeInterval)
    func allowRequest() -> Bool
}

class RateLimiter: RateLimiterProtocol {
    private let maxRequests: Int
    private let timeInterval: TimeInterval
    private var requestCount = 0
    private var lastRequestTime: Date?

    required init(maxRequests: Int, timeInterval: TimeInterval) {
        self.maxRequests = maxRequests
        self.timeInterval = timeInterval
    }

    func allowRequest() -> Bool {
        guard let lastRequestTime = lastRequestTime else {
            self.lastRequestTime = Date()
            requestCount += 1
            return true
        }

        let elapsedTime = Date().timeIntervalSince(lastRequestTime)
        if elapsedTime > timeInterval {
            self.lastRequestTime = Date()
            requestCount = 1
            return true
        }

        if requestCount < maxRequests {
            requestCount += 1
            return true
        }

        return false
    }
}
```swift
protocol RateLimiterProtocol {
    init(maxRequests: Int, timeInterval: TimeInterval)
    func allowRequest() -> Bool
}

// Rate limiter that controls the rate of actions.
// Consists with a maximum number of requests and a time interval, and includes a method to determine if a new request can be made within the defined limits.
class RateLimiter: RateLimiterProtocol {
    private let maxRequests: Int
    private let timeInterval: TimeInterval
    private var requestCount = 0
    private var lastRequestTime: Date?

    required init(maxRequests: Int, timeInterval: TimeInterval) {
        self.maxRequests = maxRequests
        self.timeInterval = timeInterval
    }

    func allowRequest() -> Bool {
        guard let lastRequestTime = lastRequestTime else {
            self.lastRequestTime = Date()
            requestCount += 1
            return true
        }

        let elapsedTime = Date().timeIntervalSince(lastRequestTime)
        if elapsedTime > timeInterval {
            self.lastRequestTime = Date()
            requestCount = 1
            return true
        }

        if requestCount < maxRequests {
            requestCount += 1
            return true
        }

        return false
    }
}
```
Thread.sleep(forTimeInterval: 1) // class method 'sleep' is unavailable from asynchronous contexts; Use Task.sleep(until:clock:) instead.; this is an error in Swift 6

protocol RateLimiterProtocol {
    init(maxRequests: Int, timeInterval: TimeInterval)
    func allowRequest() -> Bool
}

class RateLimiter: RateLimiterProtocol {
    private let maxRequests: Int
    private let timeInterval: TimeInterval
    private var requestCount = 0
    private var lastRequestTime: Date?

    required init(maxRequests: Int, timeInterval: TimeInterval) {
        self.maxRequests = maxRequests
        self.timeInterval = timeInterval
    }

    func allowRequest() -> Bool {
        guard let lastRequestTime = lastRequestTime else {
            self.lastRequestTime = Date()
            requestCount += 1
            return true
        }

        let elapsedTime = Date().timeIntervalSince(lastRequestTime)
        if elapsedTime > timeInterval {
            self.lastRequestTime = Date()
            requestCount = 1
            return true
        }

        if requestCount < maxRequests {
            requestCount += 1
            return true
        }

        return false
    }
}
```swift
protocol RateLimiterProtocol {
    init(maxRequests: Int, timeInterval: TimeInterval)
    func allowRequest() -> Bool
}

// Rate limiter that controls the rate of actions.
// Consists with a maximum number of requests and a time interval, and includes a method to determine if a new request can be made within the defined limits.
class RateLimiter: RateLimiterProtocol {
    private let maxRequests: Int
    private let timeInterval: TimeInterval
    private var requestCount = 0
    private var lastRequestTime: Date?

    required init(maxRequests: Int, timeInterval: TimeInterval) {
        self.maxRequests = maxRequests
        self.timeInterval = timeInterval
    }

    func allowRequest() -> Bool {
        guard let lastRequestTime = lastRequestTime else {
            self.lastRequestTime = Date()
            requestCount += 1
            return true
        }

        let elapsedTime = Date().timeIntervalSince(lastRequestTime)
        if elapsedTime > timeInterval {
            self.lastRequestTime = Date()
            requestCount = 1
            return true
        }

        if requestCount < maxRequests {
            requestCount += 1
            return true
        }

        return false
    }
}
```
Thread.sleep(forTimeInterval: 1) // class method 'sleep' is unavailable from asynchronous contexts; Use Task.sleep(until:clock:) instead.; this is an error in Swift 6

protocol RateLimiterProtocol {
    init(maxRequests: Int, timeInterval: TimeInterval)
    func allowRequest() -> Bool
}

class RateLimiter: RateLimiterProtocol {
    private let maxRequests: Int
    private let timeInterval: TimeInterval
    private var requestCount: Int = 0
    private var lastRequestTime: Date?

    required init(maxRequests: Int, timeInterval: TimeInterval) {
        self.maxRequests = maxRequests
        self.timeInterval = timeInterval
    }

    func allowRequest() -> Bool {
        guard let lastRequestTime = lastRequestTime else {
            self.lastRequestTime = Date()
            return true
        }

        let elapsedTime = Date().timeIntervalSince(lastRequestTime)
        if elapsedTime > timeInterval {
            self.lastRequestTime = Date()
            requestCount = 1
            return true
        }

        if requestCount < maxRequests {
            requestCount += 1
            return true
        }

        return false
    }
}
```swift
protocol RateLimiterProtocol {
    init(maxRequests: Int, timeInterval: TimeInterval)
    func allowRequest() -> Bool
}

// Rate limiter that controls the rate of actions.
// Consists with a maximum number of requests and a time interval, and includes a method to determine if a new request can be made within the defined limits.
class RateLimiter: RateLimiterProtocol {
    private let maxRequests: Int
    private let timeInterval: TimeInterval
    private var requestCount: Int = 0
    private var lastRequestTime: Date?

    required init(maxRequests: Int, timeInterval: TimeInterval) {
        self.maxRequests = maxRequests
        self.timeInterval = timeInterval
    }

    func allowRequest() -> Bool {
        guard let lastRequestTime = lastRequestTime else {
            self.lastRequestTime = Date()
            return true
        }

        let elapsedTime = Date().timeIntervalSince(lastRequestTime)
        if elapsedTime > timeInterval {
            self.lastRequestTime = Date()
            requestCount = 1
            return true
        }

        if requestCount < maxRequests {
            requestCount += 1
            return true
        }

        return false
    }
}
```
Thread.sleep(forTimeInterval: 1) // class method 'sleep' is unavailable from asynchronous contexts; Use Task.sleep(until:clock:) instead.; this is an error in Swift 6
 // XCTAssertFalse failed

protocol RateLimiterProtocol {
    init(maxRequests: Int, timeInterval: TimeInterval)
    func allowRequest() -> Bool
}

class RateLimiter: RateLimiterProtocol {
    private let maxRequests: Int
    private let timeInterval: TimeInterval
    private var lastRequestTime: Date?

    required init(maxRequests: Int, timeInterval: TimeInterval) {
        self.maxRequests = maxRequests
        self.timeInterval = timeInterval
    }

    func allowRequest() -> Bool {
        guard let lastRequestTime = lastRequestTime else {
            self.lastRequestTime = Date()
            return true
        }

        let elapsedTime = Date().timeIntervalSince(lastRequestTime)
        if elapsedTime > timeInterval {
            self.lastRequestTime = Date()
            return true
        }

        return false
    }
}
```swift
protocol RateLimiterProtocol {
    init(maxRequests: Int, timeInterval: TimeInterval)
    func allowRequest() -> Bool
}

// Rate limiter that controls the rate of actions.
// Consists with a maximum number of requests and a time interval, and includes a method to determine if a new request can be made within the defined limits.
class RateLimiter: RateLimiterProtocol {
    private let maxRequests: Int
    private let timeInterval: TimeInterval
    private var lastRequestTime: Date?

    required init(maxRequests: Int, timeInterval: TimeInterval) {
        self.maxRequests = maxRequests
        self.timeInterval = timeInterval
    }

    func allowRequest() -> Bool {
        guard let lastRequestTime = lastRequestTime else {
            self.lastRequestTime = Date()
            return true
        }

        let elapsedTime = Date().timeIntervalSince(lastRequestTime)
        if elapsedTime > timeInterval {
            self.lastRequestTime = Date()
            return true
        }

        return false
    }
}

// Rate limiter that controls the rate of actions.
// Consists with a maximum number of requests and a time interval, and includes a method to determine if a new request can be made within the defined limits.
class RateLimiter: RateLimiterProtocol {
    private let maxRequests: Int
    private let timeInterval: TimeInterval
    private var lastRequestTime: Date?

    required init(maxRequests: Int, timeInterval: TimeInterval) {
        self.maxRequests = maxRequests
        self.timeInterval = timeInterval
    }

    func allowRequest() -> Bool {
        guard let lastRequestTime = lastRequestTime else {
            self.lastRequestTime = Date()
            return true
        }

        let elapsedTime = Date().timeIntervalSince(lastRequestTime)
        if elapsedTime > timeInterval {
            self.lastRequestTime = Date()
            return true
        }

        return false
    }
}

// Rate limiter that controls the rate of actions.
// Consists with a maximum number of requests and a time interval, and includes a method to determine if a new request can be made within the defined limits.
class RateLimiter: RateLimiterProtocol {
    private let maxRequests: Int
    private let timeInterval: TimeInterval
    private var lastRequestTime: Date?

    required init(maxRequests: Int, timeInterval: TimeInterval) {
        self.maxRequests = maxRequests
        self.timeInterval = timeInterval
    }

    func allowRequest() -> Bool {
        guard let lastRequestTime = lastRequestTime else {
            self.lastRequestTime = Date()
            return true
        }

        let elapsedTime = Date().timeIntervalSince(lastRequestTime)
        if elapsedTime > timeInterval {
            self.lastRequestTime = Date()
            return true
        }

        return false
    }
}

// Rate limiter that controls the rate of actions.
// Consists with a maximum number of requests and a time interval, and includes a method to determine if a new request can be made within the defined limits.
class RateLimiter: RateLimiterProtocol {
    private let maxRequests: Int
    private let timeInterval: TimeInterval
    private var lastRequestTime: Date?

    required init(maxRequests: Int, timeInterval: TimeInterval) {
        self.maxRequests = maxRequests
        self.timeInterval = timeInterval
    }

    func allowRequest() -> Bool {
        guard let lastRequestTime = lastRequestTime else {
            self.lastRequestTime = Date()
            return true
        }

        let elapsedTime = Date().timeIntervalSince(lastRequestTime)
        if elapsedTime > timeInterval {
            self.lastRequestTime = Date()
            return true
        }

        return false
    }
}

// Rate limiter that controls the rate of actions.
// Consists with a maximum number of requests and a time interval, and includes a method to determine if a new request can be made within the defined limits.
class RateLimiter: RateLimiterProtocol {
    private let maxRequests: Int
    private let timeInterval: TimeInterval
    private var lastRequestTime: Date?

    required init(maxRequests: Int, timeInterval: TimeInterval) {
        self.maxRequests = maxRequests
        self.timeInterval = timeInterval
    }

    func allowRequest() -> Bool {
        guard let lastRequestTime = lastRequestTime else {
            self.lastRequestTime = Date()
            return true
        }

        let elapsedTime = Date().timeIntervalSince(lastRequestTime)
        if elapsedTime > timeInterval {
            self.lastRequestTime = Date()
            return true
        }

        return false
    }
}

// Rate limiter that controls the rate of actions.
// Consists with a maximum number of requests and a time interval, and includes a method to determine if a new request can be made within the defined limits.
class RateLimiter: RateLimiterProtocol {
    private let maxRequests: Int
    private let timeInterval: TimeInterval
    private var lastRequestTime: Date?

    required init(maxRequests: Int, timeInterval: TimeInterval) {
        self.maxRequests = maxRequests
        self.timeInterval = timeInterval
    }

    func allowRequest() -> Bool
Thread.sleep(forTimeInterval: 1) // class method 'sleep' is unavailable from asynchronous contexts; Use Task.sleep(until:clock:) instead.; this is an error in Swift 6
 // XCTAssertTrue failed

protocol RateLimiterProtocol {
    init(maxRequests: Int, timeInterval: TimeInterval)
    func allowRequest() -> Bool
}

class RateLimiter: RateLimiterProtocol {
    private let maxRequests: Int
    private let timeInterval: TimeInterval
    private var requestCount = 0
    private var lastRequestTime: Date?

    init(maxRequests: Int, timeInterval: TimeInterval) {
        self.maxRequests = maxRequests
        self.timeInterval = timeInterval
    }

    func allowRequest() -> Bool {
        guard let lastRequestTime = lastRequestTime else {
            self.lastRequestTime = Date()
            return true
        }

        let elapsedTime = Date().timeIntervalSince(lastRequestTime)
        if elapsedTime > timeInterval {
            self.lastRequestTime = Date()
            requestCount = 1
            return true
        }

        if requestCount < maxRequests {
            requestCount += 1
            return true
        }

        return false
    }
}
```swift
protocol RateLimiterProtocol {
    init(maxRequests: Int, timeInterval: TimeInterval)
    func allowRequest() -> Bool
}

// Rate limiter that controls the rate of actions.
// Consists with a maximum number of requests and a time interval, and includes a method to determine if a new request can be made within the defined limits.
class RateLimiter: RateLimiterProtocol {
    private let maxRequests: Int
    private let timeInterval: TimeInterval
    private var requestCount = 0
    private var lastRequestTime: Date?

    init(maxRequests: Int, timeInterval: TimeInterval) {
        self.maxRequests = maxRequests
        self.timeInterval = timeInterval
    }

    func allowRequest() -> Bool {
        guard let lastRequestTime = lastRequestTime else {
            self.lastRequestTime = Date()
            return true
        }

        let elapsedTime = Date().timeIntervalSince(lastRequestTime)
        if elapsedTime > timeInterval {
            self.lastRequestTime = Date()
            requestCount = 1
            return true
        }

        if requestCount < maxRequests {
            requestCount += 1
            return true
        }

        return false
    }
}
```
init(maxRequests: Int, timeInterval: TimeInterval) { // initializer requirement 'init(maxRequests:timeInterval:)' can only be satisfied by a 'required' initializer in non-final class 'RateLimiter'
Thread.sleep(forTimeInterval: 1) // class method 'sleep' is unavailable from asynchronous contexts; Use Task.sleep(until:clock:) instead.; this is an error in Swift 6

protocol RateLimiterProtocol {
    init(maxRequests: Int, timeInterval: TimeInterval)
    func allowRequest() -> Bool
}

class RateLimiter: RateLimiterProtocol {
    private let maxRequests: Int
    private let timeInterval: TimeInterval
    private var requestCount = 0
    private var lastRequestTime: Date?

    required init(maxRequests: Int, timeInterval: TimeInterval) {
        self.maxRequests = maxRequests
        self.timeInterval = timeInterval
    }

    func allowRequest() -> Bool {
        guard let lastRequestTime = lastRequestTime else {
            self.lastRequestTime = Date()
            requestCount += 1
            return true
        }

        let elapsedTime = Date().timeIntervalSince(lastRequestTime)
        if elapsedTime > timeInterval {
            self.lastRequestTime = Date()
            requestCount = 1
            return true
        }

        if requestCount < maxRequests {
            requestCount += 1
            return true
        }

        return false
    }
}
```swift
protocol RateLimiterProtocol {
    init(maxRequests: Int, timeInterval: TimeInterval)
    func allowRequest() -> Bool
}

// Rate limiter that controls the rate of actions.
// Consists with a maximum number of requests and a time interval, and includes a method to determine if a new request can be made within the defined limits.
class RateLimiter: RateLimiterProtocol {
    private let maxRequests: Int
    private let timeInterval: TimeInterval
    private var requestCount = 0
    private var lastRequestTime: Date?

    required init(maxRequests: Int, timeInterval: TimeInterval) {
        self.maxRequests = maxRequests
        self.timeInterval = timeInterval
    }

    func allowRequest() -> Bool {
        guard let lastRequestTime = lastRequestTime else {
            self.lastRequestTime = Date()
            requestCount += 1
            return true
        }

        let elapsedTime = Date().timeIntervalSince(lastRequestTime)
        if elapsedTime > timeInterval {
            self.lastRequestTime = Date()
            requestCount = 1
            return true
        }

        if requestCount < maxRequests {
            requestCount += 1
            return true
        }

        return false
    }
}
```
Thread.sleep(forTimeInterval: 1) // class method 'sleep' is unavailable from asynchronous contexts; Use Task.sleep(until:clock:) instead.; this is an error in Swift 6

protocol RateLimiterProtocol {
    init(maxRequests: Int, timeInterval: TimeInterval)
    func allowRequest() -> Bool
}

class RateLimiter: RateLimiterProtocol {
    private let maxRequests: Int
    private let timeInterval: TimeInterval
    private var requestCount: Int = 0
    private var lastRequestTime: Date = Date()

    required init(maxRequests: Int, timeInterval: TimeInterval) {
        self.maxRequests = maxRequests
        self.timeInterval = timeInterval
    }

    func allowRequest() -> Bool {
        let now = Date()
        let timeSinceLastRequest = now.timeIntervalSince(lastRequestTime)

        // Check if the time since the last request is within the time interval
        if timeSinceLastRequest < timeInterval {
            // Check if the request count has reached the maximum
            if requestCount >= maxRequests {
                return false
            } else {
                // Increment the request count and return true
                requestCount += 1
                return true
            }
        } else {
            // Reset the request count and last request time
            requestCount = 1
            lastRequestTime = now
            return true
        }
    }
}
```swift
protocol RateLimiterProtocol {
    init(maxRequests: Int, timeInterval: TimeInterval)
    func allowRequest() -> Bool
}

// Rate limiter that controls the rate of actions.
// Consists with a maximum number of requests and a time interval, and includes a method to determine if a new request can be made within the defined limits.
class RateLimiter: RateLimiterProtocol {
    private let maxRequests: Int
    private let timeInterval: TimeInterval
    private var requestCount: Int = 0
    private var lastRequestTime: Date = Date()

    required init(maxRequests: Int, timeInterval: TimeInterval) {
        self.maxRequests = maxRequests
        self.timeInterval = timeInterval
    }

    func allowRequest() -> Bool {
        let now = Date()
        let timeSinceLastRequest = now.timeIntervalSince(lastRequestTime)

        // Check if the time since the last request is within the time interval
        if timeSinceLastRequest < timeInterval {
            // Check if the request count has reached the maximum
            if requestCount >= maxRequests {
                return false
            } else {
                // Increment the request count and return true
                requestCount += 1
                return true
            }
        } else {
            // Reset the request count and last request time
            requestCount = 1
            lastRequestTime = now
            return true
        }
    }
}

// Usage
let rateLimiter = RateLimiter(maxRequests: 10, timeInterval: 60)

// Make requests
let canMakeRequest = rateLimiter.allowRequest()
```
Thread.sleep(forTimeInterval: 1) // class method 'sleep' is unavailable from asynchronous contexts; Use Task.sleep(until:clock:) instead.; this is an error in Swift 6

protocol RateLimiterProtocol {
    init(maxRequests: Int, timeInterval: TimeInterval)
    func allowRequest() -> Bool
}

class RateLimiter: RateLimiterProtocol {
    private let maxRequests: Int
    private let timeInterval: TimeInterval
    private var requestCount = 0
    private var lastRequestTime: Date?

    required init(maxRequests: Int, timeInterval: TimeInterval) {
        self.maxRequests = maxRequests
        self.timeInterval = timeInterval
    }

    func allowRequest() -> Bool {
        guard let lastRequestTime = lastRequestTime else {
            self.lastRequestTime = Date()
            requestCount += 1
            return true
        }

        let elapsedTime = Date().timeIntervalSince(lastRequestTime)
        if elapsedTime > timeInterval {
            self.lastRequestTime = Date()
            requestCount = 1
            return true
        }

        if requestCount < maxRequests {
            requestCount += 1
            return true
        }

        return false
    }
}
```swift
protocol RateLimiterProtocol {
    init(maxRequests: Int, timeInterval: TimeInterval)
    func allowRequest() -> Bool
}

// Rate limiter that controls the rate of actions.
// Consists with a maximum number of requests and a time interval, and includes a method to determine if a new request can be made within the defined limits.
class RateLimiter: RateLimiterProtocol {
    private let maxRequests: Int
    private let timeInterval: TimeInterval
    private var requestCount = 0
    private var lastRequestTime: Date?

    required init(maxRequests: Int, timeInterval: TimeInterval) {
        self.maxRequests = maxRequests
        self.timeInterval = timeInterval
    }

    func allowRequest() -> Bool {
        guard let lastRequestTime = lastRequestTime else {
            self.lastRequestTime = Date()
            requestCount += 1
            return true
        }

        let elapsedTime = Date().timeIntervalSince(lastRequestTime)
        if elapsedTime > timeInterval {
            self.lastRequestTime = Date()
            requestCount = 1
            return true
        }

        if requestCount < maxRequests {
            requestCount += 1
            return true
        }

        return false
    }
}
```
Thread.sleep(forTimeInterval: 1) // class method 'sleep' is unavailable from asynchronous contexts; Use Task.sleep(until:clock:) instead.; this is an error in Swift 6

protocol RateLimiterProtocol {
    init(maxRequests: Int, timeInterval: TimeInterval)
    func allowRequest() -> Bool
}

class RateLimiter: RateLimiterProtocol {
    private let maxRequests: Int
    private let timeInterval: TimeInterval
    private var requestCount = 0
    private var lastRequestTime: Date?

    required init(maxRequests: Int, timeInterval: TimeInterval) {
        self.maxRequests = maxRequests
        self.timeInterval = timeInterval
    }

    func allowRequest() -> Bool {
        guard let lastRequestTime = lastRequestTime else {
            self.lastRequestTime = Date()
            requestCount += 1
            return true
        }

        let elapsedTime = Date().timeIntervalSince(lastRequestTime)
        if elapsedTime > timeInterval {
            self.lastRequestTime = Date()
            requestCount = 1
            return true
        }

        if requestCount < maxRequests {
            requestCount += 1
            return true
        }

        return false
    }
}
```swift
protocol RateLimiterProtocol {
    init(maxRequests: Int, timeInterval: TimeInterval)
    func allowRequest() -> Bool
}

// Rate limiter that controls the rate of actions.
// Consists with a maximum number of requests and a time interval, and includes a method to determine if a new request can be made within the defined limits.
class RateLimiter: RateLimiterProtocol {
    private let maxRequests: Int
    private let timeInterval: TimeInterval
    private var requestCount = 0
    private var lastRequestTime: Date?

    required init(maxRequests: Int, timeInterval: TimeInterval) {
        self.maxRequests = maxRequests
        self.timeInterval = timeInterval
    }

    func allowRequest() -> Bool {
        guard let lastRequestTime = lastRequestTime else {
            self.lastRequestTime = Date()
            requestCount += 1
            return true
        }

        let elapsedTime = Date().timeIntervalSince(lastRequestTime)
        if elapsedTime > timeInterval {
            self.lastRequestTime = Date()
            requestCount = 1
            return true
        }

        if requestCount < maxRequests {
            requestCount += 1
            return true
        }

        return false
    }
}
```
Thread.sleep(forTimeInterval: 1) // class method 'sleep' is unavailable from asynchronous contexts; Use Task.sleep(until:clock:) instead.; this is an error in Swift 6

protocol ThreadSafeCounterProtocol {
    init(value: Int)
    func increment()
    func currentValue() -> Int
}

class ThreadSafeCounter: ThreadSafeCounterProtocol {
    private var value: Int
    private let lock = NSLock()

    required init(value: Int) {
        self.value = value
    }

    func increment() {
        lock.lock()
        defer { lock.unlock() }
        value += 1
    }

    func currentValue() -> Int {
        lock.lock()
        defer { lock.unlock() }
        return value
    }
}
```swift
protocol ThreadSafeCounterProtocol {
    init(value: Int)
    func increment()
    func currentValue() -> Int
}

// Basic number counter with possibility to increment counter and access current value.
// Thread-safe for read and write operations.
class ThreadSafeCounter: ThreadSafeCounterProtocol {
    private var value: Int
    private let lock = NSLock()

    required init(value: Int) {
        self.value = value
    }

    func increment() {
        lock.lock()
        defer { lock.unlock() }
        value += 1
    }

    func currentValue() -> Int {
        lock.lock()
        defer { lock.unlock() }
        return value
    }
}
```

protocol ThreadSafeCounterProtocol {
    init(value: Int)
    func increment()
    func currentValue() -> Int
}

class ThreadSafeCounter: ThreadSafeCounterProtocol {
    private var value: Int
    private let lock = NSLock()

    required init(value: Int) {
        self.value = value
    }

    func increment() {
        lock.lock()
        defer { lock.unlock() }
        value += 1
    }

    func currentValue() -> Int {
        lock.lock()
        defer { lock.unlock() }
        return value
    }
}
```swift
protocol ThreadSafeCounterProtocol {
    init(value: Int)
    func increment()
    func currentValue() -> Int
}

// Basic number counter with possibility to increment counter and access current value.
// Thread-safe for read and write operations.
class ThreadSafeCounter: ThreadSafeCounterProtocol {
    private var value: Int
    private let lock = NSLock()

    required init(value: Int) {
        self.value = value
    }

    func increment() {
        lock.lock()
        defer { lock.unlock() }
        value += 1
    }

    func currentValue() -> Int {
        lock.lock()
        defer { lock.unlock() }
        return value
    }
}
```

protocol ThreadSafeCounterProtocol {
    init(value: Int)
    func increment()
    func currentValue() -> Int
}

class ThreadSafeCounter: ThreadSafeCounterProtocol {
    private var counter: Int
    private let lock = NSLock()

    required init(value: Int) {
        self.counter = value
    }

    func increment() {
        lock.lock()
        counter += 1
        lock.unlock()
    }

    func currentValue() -> Int {
        lock.lock()
        let value = counter
        lock.unlock()
        return value
    }
}
```swift
protocol ThreadSafeCounterProtocol {
    init(value: Int)
    func increment()
    func currentValue() -> Int
}

// Basic number counter with possibility to increment counter and access current value.
// Thread-safe for read and write operations.
class ThreadSafeCounter: ThreadSafeCounterProtocol {
    private var counter: Int
    private let lock = NSLock()

    required init(value: Int) {
        self.counter = value
    }

    func increment() {
        lock.lock()
        counter += 1
        lock.unlock()
    }

    func currentValue() -> Int {
        lock.lock()
        let value = counter
        lock.unlock()
        return value
    }
}
```

protocol ThreadSafeCounterProtocol {
    init(value: Int)
    func increment()
    func currentValue() -> Int
}

class ThreadSafeCounter: ThreadSafeCounterProtocol {
    private var counter: Int
    private let lock = NSLock()

    required init(value: Int) {
        self.counter = value
    }

    func increment() {
        self.lock.lock()
        self.counter += 1
        self.lock.unlock()
    }

    func currentValue() -> Int {
        self.lock.lock()
        let currentValue = self.counter
        self.lock.unlock()
        return currentValue
    }
}
```swift
protocol ThreadSafeCounterProtocol {
    init(value: Int)
    func increment()
    func currentValue() -> Int
}

// Basic number counter with possibility to increment counter and access current value.
// Thread-safe for read and write operations.
class ThreadSafeCounter: ThreadSafeCounterProtocol {
    private var counter: Int
    private let lock = NSLock()

    required init(value: Int) {
        self.counter = value
    }

    func increment() {
        self.lock.lock()
        self.counter += 1
        self.lock.unlock()
    }

    func currentValue() -> Int {
        self.lock.lock()
        let currentValue = self.counter
        self.lock.unlock()
        return currentValue
    }
}
```

protocol ThreadSafeCounterProtocol {
    init(value: Int)
    func increment()
    func currentValue() -> Int
}

class ThreadSafeCounter: ThreadSafeCounterProtocol {
    private var value: Int
    private let lock = NSLock()

    required init(value: Int) {
        self.value = value
    }

    func increment() {
        lock.lock()
        defer { lock.unlock() }
        value += 1
    }

    func currentValue() -> Int {
        lock.lock()
        defer { lock.unlock() }
        return value
    }
}
```swift
protocol ThreadSafeCounterProtocol {
    init(value: Int)
    func increment()
    func currentValue() -> Int
}

// Basic number counter with possibility to increment counter and access current value.
// Thread-safe for read and write operations.
class ThreadSafeCounter: ThreadSafeCounterProtocol {
    private var value: Int
    private let lock = NSLock()

    required init(value: Int) {
        self.value = value
    }

    func increment() {
        lock.lock()
        defer { lock.unlock() }
        value += 1
    }

    func currentValue() -> Int {
        lock.lock()
        defer { lock.unlock() }
        return value
    }
}
```

protocol ThreadSafeCounterProtocol {
    init(value: Int)
    func increment()
    func currentValue() -> Int
}

class ThreadSafeCounter: ThreadSafeCounterProtocol {
    private var value: Int
    private let lock = NSLock()

    required init(value: Int) {
        self.value = value
    }

    func increment() {
        lock.lock()
        defer { lock.unlock() }
        value += 1
    }

    func currentValue() -> Int {
        lock.lock()
        defer { lock.unlock() }
        return value
    }
}
```swift
protocol ThreadSafeCounterProtocol {
    init(value: Int)
    func increment()
    func currentValue() -> Int
}

// Basic number counter with possibility to increment counter and access current value.
// Thread-safe for read and write operations.
class ThreadSafeCounter: ThreadSafeCounterProtocol {
    private var value: Int
    private let lock = NSLock()

    required init(value: Int) {
        self.value = value
    }

    func increment() {
        lock.lock()
        defer { lock.unlock() }
        value += 1
    }

    func currentValue() -> Int {
        lock.lock()
        defer { lock.unlock() }
        return value
    }
}
```

protocol ThreadSafeCounterProtocol {
    init(value: Int)
    func increment()
    func currentValue() -> Int
}

class ThreadSafeCounter: ThreadSafeCounterProtocol {
    private var value: Int
    private let lock = NSLock()

    required init(value: Int) {
        self.value = value
    }

    func increment() {
        lock.lock()
        defer { lock.unlock() }
        value += 1
    }

    func currentValue() -> Int {
        lock.lock()
        defer { lock.unlock() }
        return value
    }
}
```swift
protocol ThreadSafeCounterProtocol {
    init(value: Int)
    func increment()
    func currentValue() -> Int
}

// Basic number counter with possibility to increment counter and access current value.
// Thread-safe for read and write operations.
class ThreadSafeCounter: ThreadSafeCounterProtocol {
    private var value: Int
    private let lock = NSLock()

    required init(value: Int) {
        self.value = value
    }

    func increment() {
        lock.lock()
        defer { lock.unlock() }
        value += 1
    }

    func currentValue() -> Int {
        lock.lock()
        defer { lock.unlock() }
        return value
    }
}
```

protocol ThreadSafeCounterProtocol {
    init(value: Int)
    func increment()
    func currentValue() -> Int
}

class ThreadSafeCounter: ThreadSafeCounterProtocol {
    private var value: Int
    private let lock = NSLock()

    required init(value: Int) {
        self.value = value
    }

    func increment() {
        lock.lock()
        value += 1
        lock.unlock()
    }

    func currentValue() -> Int {
        lock.lock()
        let currentValue = value
        lock.unlock()
        return currentValue
    }
}
```swift
protocol ThreadSafeCounterProtocol {
    init(value: Int)
    func increment()
    func currentValue() -> Int
}

// Basic number counter with possibility to increment counter and access current value.
// Thread-safe for read and write operations.
class ThreadSafeCounter: ThreadSafeCounterProtocol {
    private var value: Int
    private let lock = NSLock()

    required init(value: Int) {
        self.value = value
    }

    func increment() {
        lock.lock()
        value += 1
        lock.unlock()
    }

    func currentValue() -> Int {
        lock.lock()
        let currentValue = value
        lock.unlock()
        return currentValue
    }
}
```

protocol ThreadSafeCounterProtocol {
    init(value: Int)
    func increment()
    func currentValue() -> Int
}

class ThreadSafeCounter: ThreadSafeCounterProtocol {
    private var value: Int
    private let lock = NSLock()

    required init(value: Int) {
        self.value = value
    }

    func increment() {
        lock.lock()
        defer { lock.unlock() }
        value += 1
    }

    func currentValue() -> Int {
        lock.lock()
        defer { lock.unlock() }
        return value
    }
}
```swift
protocol ThreadSafeCounterProtocol {
    init(value: Int)
    func increment()
    func currentValue() -> Int
}

// Basic number counter with possibility to increment counter and access current value.
// Thread-safe for read and write operations.
class ThreadSafeCounter: ThreadSafeCounterProtocol {
    private var value: Int
    private let lock = NSLock()

    required init(value: Int) {
        self.value = value
    }

    func increment() {
        lock.lock()
        defer { lock.unlock() }
        value += 1
    }

    func currentValue() -> Int {
        lock.lock()
        defer { lock.unlock() }
        return value
    }
}
```

protocol ThreadSafeCounterProtocol {
    init(value: Int)
    func increment()
    func currentValue() -> Int
}

class ThreadSafeCounter: ThreadSafeCounterProtocol {
    private var counter: Int
    private let lock = NSLock()

    required init(value: Int) {
        self.counter = value
    }

    func increment() {
        self.lock.lock()
        self.counter += 1
        self.lock.unlock()
    }

    func currentValue() -> Int {
        self.lock.lock()
        let currentValue = self.counter
        self.lock.unlock()
        return currentValue
    }
}
```swift
protocol ThreadSafeCounterProtocol {
    init(value: Int)
    func increment()
    func currentValue() -> Int
}

// Basic number counter with possibility to increment counter and access current value.
// Thread-safe for read and write operations.
class ThreadSafeCounter: ThreadSafeCounterProtocol {
    private var counter: Int
    private let lock = NSLock()

    required init(value: Int) {
        self.counter = value
    }

    func increment() {
        self.lock.lock()
        self.counter += 1
        self.lock.unlock()
    }

    func currentValue() -> Int {
        self.lock.lock()
        let currentValue = self.counter
        self.lock.unlock()
        return currentValue
    }
}
```

protocol PipelineProtocol {
    associatedtype Output
    init(value: Output)
    func pipe<U>(_ transform: @escaping (Output) -> U) -> Pipeline<U>
    func execute() -> Output
}

class Pipeline<T>: PipelineProtocol {
    typealias Output = T
    private var value: T
    
    init(value: T) {
        self.value = value
    }
    
    func pipe<U>(_ transform: @escaping (T) -> U) -> Pipeline<U> {
        return Pipeline<U>(value: transform(value))
    }
    
    func execute() -> T {
        return value
    }
}
```swift
protocol PipelineProtocol {
    associatedtype Output
    init(value: Output)
    func pipe<U>(_ transform: @escaping (Output) -> U) -> Pipeline<U>
    func execute() -> Output
}

// Functional pipeline builder class conforming to a protocol, allowing chaining transformations with type changes. 
// Ensure the final output is produced by sequentially applying transformations starting from an initial value.
class Pipeline<T>: PipelineProtocol {
    typealias Output = T
    private var value: T
    
    init(value: T) {
        self.value = value
    }
    
    func pipe<U>(_ transform: @escaping (T) -> U) -> Pipeline<U> {
        return Pipeline<U>(value: transform(value))
    }
    
    func execute() -> T {
        return value
    }
}
```
init(value: T) { // initializer requirement 'init(value:)' can only be satisfied by a 'required' initializer in non-final class 'Pipeline<T>'

protocol PipelineProtocol {
    associatedtype Output
    init(value: Output)
    func pipe<U>(_ transform: @escaping (Output) -> U) -> Pipeline<U>
    func execute() -> Output
}

class Pipeline<T>: PipelineProtocol {
    typealias Output = T
    private var value: T
    init(value: T) {
        self.value = value
    }
    func pipe<U>(_ transform: @escaping (T) -> U) -> Pipeline<U> {
        return Pipeline<U>(value: transform(value))
    }
    func execute() -> T {
        return value
    }
}
```swift
protocol PipelineProtocol {
    associatedtype Output
    init(value: Output)
    func pipe<U>(_ transform: @escaping (Output) -> U) -> Pipeline<U>
    func execute() -> Output
}

// Functional pipeline builder class conforming to a protocol, allowing chaining transformations with type changes. 
// Ensure the final output is produced by sequentially applying transformations starting from an initial value.
class Pipeline<T>: PipelineProtocol {
    typealias Output = T
    private var value: T
    init(value: T) {
        self.value = value
    }
    func pipe<U>(_ transform: @escaping (T) -> U) -> Pipeline<U> {
        return Pipeline<U>(value: transform(value))
    }
    func execute() -> T {
        return value
    }
}

// Functional pipeline builder class conforming to a protocol, allowing chaining transformations with type changes. 
// Ensure the final output is produced by sequentially applying transformations starting from an initial value.
class Pipeline<T>: PipelineProtocol {
    typealias Output = T
    private var value: T
    init(value: T) {
        self.value = value
    }
    func pipe<U>(_ transform: @escaping (T) -> U) -> Pipeline<U> {
        return Pipeline<U>(value: transform(value))
    }
    func execute() -> T {
        return value
    }
}

// Functional pipeline builder class conforming to a protocol, allowing chaining transformations with type changes. 
// Ensure the final output is produced by sequentially applying transformations starting from an initial value.
class Pipeline<T>: PipelineProtocol {
    typealias Output = T
    private var value: T
    init(value: T) {
        self.value = value
    }
    func pipe<U>(_ transform: @escaping (T) -> U) -> Pipeline<U> {
        return Pipeline<U>(value: transform(value))
    }
    func execute() -> T {
        return value
    }
}

// Functional pipeline builder class conforming to a protocol, allowing chaining transformations with type changes. 
// Ensure the final output is produced by sequentially applying transformations starting from an initial value.
class Pipeline<T>: PipelineProtocol {
    typealias Output = T
    private var value: T
    init(value: T) {
        self.value = value
    }
    func pipe<U>(_ transform: @escaping (T) -> U) -> Pipeline<U> {
        return Pipeline<U>(value: transform(value))
    }
    func execute() -> T {
        return value
    }
}

// Functional pipeline builder class conforming to a protocol, allowing chaining transformations with type changes. 
// Ensure the final output is produced by sequentially applying transformations starting from an initial value.
class Pipeline<T>: PipelineProtocol {
    typealias Output = T
    private var value: T
    init(value: T) {
        self.value = value
    }
    func pipe<U>(_ transform: @escaping (T) -> U) -> Pipeline<U> {
        return Pipeline<U>(value: transform(value))
    }
    func execute() -> T {
        return value
    }
}

// Functional pipeline builder class conforming to a protocol, allowing chaining transformations with type changes. 
// Ensure the final output is produced by sequentially applying transformations starting from an initial value.
class Pipeline<T>: PipelineProtocol {
    typealias Output = T
    private var value: T
    init(value: T) {
        self.value = value
    }
    func pipe<U>(_ transform: @escaping (T) -> U) -> Pipeline<U> {
        return Pipeline<U>(value: transform(value))
    }
    func execute() -> T {
        return value
    }
}

// Functional pipeline builder class conforming to a protocol, allowing chaining transformations with type changes. 
// Ensure the final output is produced by sequentially applying transformations starting from an initial value.
class Pipeline<T>: PipelineProtocol {
    typealias Output = T
    private var value: T
    init(value: T) {
        self.value = value
    }
    func pipe<U>(_ transform: @escaping (T) -> U) -> Pipeline<U> {
        return Pipeline<U>(value: transform(value))
    }
    func execute() -> T {
        return value
    }
}

// Functional pipeline builder class conforming to a protocol, allowing chaining transformations with type changes. 
// Ensure the final output is produced by sequentially applying transformations starting from an initial value.
class Pipeline<T>: PipelineProtocol {
    typealias Output = T
    private var value: T
    init(value: T) {
        self.value = value
    }
    func pipe<U>(_ transform: @escaping (T) -> U) -> Pipeline<U> {
        return Pipeline<U>(value: transform(value))
    }
    func execute() -> T {
        return value
    }
}

// Functional pipeline builder class conforming to a protocol, allowing chaining transformations with type changes. 
// Ensure the final output is produced
init(value: T) { // initializer requirement 'init(value:)' can only be satisfied by a 'required' initializer in non-final class 'Pipeline<T>'

protocol PipelineProtocol {
    associatedtype Output
    init(value: Output)
    func pipe<U>(_ transform: @escaping (Output) -> U) -> Pipeline<U>
    func execute() -> Output
}

class Pipeline<T>: PipelineProtocol {
    typealias Output = T
    private var value: Output
    init(value: Output) {
        self.value = value
    }
    func pipe<U>(_ transform: @escaping (Output) -> U) -> Pipeline<U> {
        return Pipeline<U>(value: transform(value))
    }
    func execute() -> Output {
        return value
    }
}
```swift
protocol PipelineProtocol {
    associatedtype Output
    init(value: Output)
    func pipe<U>(_ transform: @escaping (Output) -> U) -> Pipeline<U>
    func execute() -> Output
}

// Functional pipeline builder class conforming to a protocol, allowing chaining transformations with type changes. 
// Ensure the final output is produced by sequentially applying transformations starting from an initial value.
class Pipeline<T>: PipelineProtocol {
    typealias Output = T
    private var value: Output
    init(value: Output) {
        self.value = value
    }
    func pipe<U>(_ transform: @escaping (Output) -> U) -> Pipeline<U> {
        return Pipeline<U>(value: transform(value))
    }
    func execute() -> Output {
        return value
    }
}

// Functional pipeline builder class conforming to a protocol, allowing chaining transformations with type changes. 
// Ensure the final output is produced by sequentially applying transformations starting from an initial value.
class Pipeline<T>: PipelineProtocol {
    typealias Output = T
    private var value: Output
    init(value: Output) {
        self.value = value
    }
    func pipe<U>(_ transform: @escaping (Output) -> U) -> Pipeline<U> {
        return Pipeline<U>(value: transform(value))
    }
    func execute() -> Output {
        return value
    }
}

// Functional pipeline builder class conforming to a protocol, allowing chaining transformations with type changes. 
// Ensure the final output is produced by sequentially applying transformations starting from an initial value.
class Pipeline<T>: PipelineProtocol {
    typealias Output = T
    private var value: Output
    init(value: Output) {
        self.value = value
    }
    func pipe<U>(_ transform: @escaping (Output) -> U) -> Pipeline<U> {
        return Pipeline<U>(value: transform(value))
    }
    func execute() -> Output {
        return value
    }
}

// Functional pipeline builder class conforming to a protocol, allowing chaining transformations with type changes. 
// Ensure the final output is produced by sequentially applying transformations starting from an initial value.
class Pipeline<T>: PipelineProtocol {
    typealias Output = T
    private var value: Output
    init(value: Output) {
        self.value = value
    }
    func pipe<U>(_ transform: @escaping (Output) -> U) -> Pipeline<U> {
        return Pipeline<U>(value: transform(value))
    }
    func execute() -> Output {
        return value
    }
}

// Functional pipeline builder class conforming to a protocol, allowing chaining transformations with type changes. 
// Ensure the final output is produced by sequentially applying transformations starting from an initial value.
class Pipeline<T>: PipelineProtocol {
    typealias Output = T
    private var value: Output
    init(value: Output) {
        self.value = value
    }
    func pipe<U>(_ transform: @escaping (Output) -> U) -> Pipeline<U> {
        return Pipeline<U>(value: transform(value))
    }
    func execute() -> Output {
        return value
    }
}

// Functional pipeline builder class conforming to a protocol, allowing chaining transformations with type changes. 
// Ensure the final output is produced by sequentially applying transformations starting from an initial value.
class Pipeline<T>: PipelineProtocol {
    typealias Output = T
    private var value: Output
    init(value: Output) {
        self.value = value
    }
    func pipe<U>(_ transform: @escaping (Output) -> U) -> Pipeline<U> {
        return Pipeline<U>(value: transform(value))
    }
    func execute() -> Output {
        return value
    }
}

// Functional pipeline builder class conforming to a protocol, allowing chaining transformations with type changes. 
// Ensure the final output is produced by sequentially applying transformations starting from an initial value.
class Pipeline<T>: PipelineProtocol {
    typealias Output = T
    private var value: Output
    init(value: Output) {
        self.value = value
    }
    func pipe<U>(_ transform: @escaping (Output) -> U) -> Pipeline<U> {
        return Pipeline<U>(value: transform(value))
    }
    func execute() -> Output {
        return value
    }
}

// Functional pipeline builder class conforming to a protocol, allowing chaining transformations with type changes. 
// Ensure the final output is produced by sequentially applying transformations starting from an initial value.
class Pipeline<T>: PipelineProtocol {
    typealias Output = T
    private var value: Output
    init(value: Output) {
        self.value = value
    }
    func pipe<U>(_ transform: @escaping (Output) -> U) -> Pipeline<U> {
        return Pipeline<U>(value: transform(value))
    }
    func execute() -> Output {
        return value
    }
}

// Functional pipeline builder class conforming to a protocol, allowing chaining transformations with type changes. 
// Ensure the final output is produced
init(value: Output) { // initializer requirement 'init(value:)' can only be satisfied by a 'required' initializer in non-final class 'Pipeline<T>'

protocol PipelineProtocol {
    associatedtype Output
    init(value: Output)
    func pipe<U>(_ transform: @escaping (Output) -> U) -> Pipeline<U>
    func execute() -> Output
}

class Pipeline<T>: PipelineProtocol {
    typealias Output = T
    private var value: T
    init(value: T) {
        self.value = value
    }
    func pipe<U>(_ transform: @escaping (T) -> U) -> Pipeline<U> {
        return Pipeline<U>(value: transform(value))
    }
    func execute() -> T {
        return value
    }
}
```swift
protocol PipelineProtocol {
    associatedtype Output
    init(value: Output)
    func pipe<U>(_ transform: @escaping (Output) -> U) -> Pipeline<U>
    func execute() -> Output
}

// Functional pipeline builder class conforming to a protocol, allowing chaining transformations with type changes. 
// Ensure the final output is produced by sequentially applying transformations starting from an initial value.
class Pipeline<T>: PipelineProtocol {
    typealias Output = T
    private var value: T
    init(value: T) {
        self.value = value
    }
    func pipe<U>(_ transform: @escaping (T) -> U) -> Pipeline<U> {
        return Pipeline<U>(value: transform(value))
    }
    func execute() -> T {
        return value
    }
}
```
init(value: T) { // initializer requirement 'init(value:)' can only be satisfied by a 'required' initializer in non-final class 'Pipeline<T>'

protocol PipelineProtocol {
    associatedtype Output
    init(value: Output)
    func pipe<U>(_ transform: @escaping (Output) -> U) -> Pipeline<U>
    func execute() -> Output
}

class Pipeline<T>: PipelineProtocol {
    typealias Output = T
    private var value: T

    required init(value: T) {
        self.value = value
    }

    func pipe<U>(_ transform: @escaping (T) -> U) -> Pipeline<U> {
        return Pipeline<U>(value: transform(value))
    }

    func execute() -> T {
        return value
    }
}
```swift
protocol PipelineProtocol {
    associatedtype Output
    init(value: Output)
    func pipe<U>(_ transform: @escaping (Output) -> U) -> Pipeline<U>
    func execute() -> Output
}

// Functional pipeline builder class conforming to a protocol, allowing chaining transformations with type changes. 
// Ensure the final output is produced by sequentially applying transformations starting from an initial value.
class Pipeline<T>: PipelineProtocol {
    typealias Output = T
    private var value: T

    required init(value: T) {
        self.value = value
    }

    func pipe<U>(_ transform: @escaping (T) -> U) -> Pipeline<U> {
        return Pipeline<U>(value: transform(value))
    }

    func execute() -> T {
        return value
    }
}

// MARK: - Usage

let pipeline = Pipeline(value: 1)
   .pipe { $0 * 2 }
   .pipe { $0 + 1 }
   .pipe { String(describing: $0) }
   .pipe { $0 + "!" }
   .execute()

print(pipeline) // "3!"
```

protocol PipelineProtocol {
    associatedtype Output
    init(value: Output)
    func pipe<U>(_ transform: @escaping (Output) -> U) -> Pipeline<U>
    func execute() -> Output
}

class Pipeline<T>: PipelineProtocol {
    typealias Output = T
    private var value: T
    
    required init(value: T) {
        self.value = value
    }
    
    func pipe<U>(_ transform: @escaping (T) -> U) -> Pipeline<U> {
        return Pipeline<U>(value: transform(value))
    }
    
    func execute() -> T {
        return value
    }
}
```swift
protocol PipelineProtocol {
    associatedtype Output
    init(value: Output)
    func pipe<U>(_ transform: @escaping (Output) -> U) -> Pipeline<U>
    func execute() -> Output
}

// Functional pipeline builder class conforming to a protocol, allowing chaining transformations with type changes. 
// Ensure the final output is produced by sequentially applying transformations starting from an initial value.
class Pipeline<T>: PipelineProtocol {
    typealias Output = T
    private var value: T
    
    required init(value: T) {
        self.value = value
    }
    
    func pipe<U>(_ transform: @escaping (T) -> U) -> Pipeline<U> {
        return Pipeline<U>(value: transform(value))
    }
    
    func execute() -> T {
        return value
    }
}

// Functional pipeline builder class conforming to a protocol, allowing chaining transformations with type changes. 
// Ensure the final output is produced by sequentially applying transformations starting from an initial value.
class Pipeline<T>: PipelineProtocol {
    typealias Output = T
    private var value: T
    
    required init(value: T) {
        self.value = value
    }
    
    func pipe<U>(_ transform: @escaping (T) -> U) -> Pipeline<U> {
        return Pipeline<U>(value: transform(value))
    }
    
    func execute() -> T {
        return value
    }
}

// Functional pipeline builder class conforming to a protocol, allowing chaining transformations with type changes. 
// Ensure the final output is produced by sequentially applying transformations starting from an initial value.
class Pipeline<T>: PipelineProtocol {
    typealias Output = T
    private var value: T
    
    required init(value: T) {
        self.value = value
    }
    
    func pipe<U>(_ transform: @escaping (T) -> U) -> Pipeline<U> {
        return Pipeline<U>(value: transform(value))
    }
    
    func execute() -> T {
        return value
    }
}

// Functional pipeline builder class conforming to a protocol, allowing chaining transformations with type changes. 
// Ensure the final output is produced by sequentially applying transformations starting from an initial value.
class Pipeline<T>: PipelineProtocol {
    typealias Output = T
    private var value: T
    
    required init(value: T) {
        self.value = value
    }
    
    func pipe<U>(_ transform: @escaping (T) -> U) -> Pipeline<U> {
        return Pipeline<U>(value: transform(value))
    }
    
    func execute() -> T {
        return value
    }
}

// Functional pipeline builder class conforming to a protocol, allowing chaining transformations with type changes. 
// Ensure the final output is produced by sequentially applying transformations starting from an initial value.
class Pipeline<T>: PipelineProtocol {
    typealias Output = T
    private var value: T
    
    required init(value: T) {
        self.value = value
    }
    
    func pipe<U>(_ transform: @escaping (T) -> U) -> Pipeline<U> {
        return Pipeline<U>(value: transform(value))
    }
    
    func execute() -> T {
        return value
    }
}

// Functional pipeline builder class conforming to a protocol, allowing chaining transformations with type changes. 
// Ensure the final output is produced by sequentially applying transformations starting from an initial value.
class Pipeline<T>: PipelineProtocol {
    typealias Output = T
    private var value: T
    
    required init(value: T) {
        self.value = value
    }
    
    func pipe<U>(_ transform: @escaping (T) -> U) -> Pipeline<U> {
        return Pipeline<U>(value: transform(value))
    }
    
    func execute() -> T {
        return value
    }
}

// Functional pipeline builder class conforming to a protocol, allowing chaining transformations with type changes. 
// Ensure the final output is produced by sequentially applying transformations starting from an initial value.
class Pipeline<T>: PipelineProtocol {
    typealias Output = T
    private var value: T
    
    required init(value: T) {
        self.value = value
    }
    
    func pipe<U>(_ transform: @escaping (T) -> U) -> Pipeline<U> {
        return Pipeline<U>(value: transform(value))
    }
    
    func execute() -> T {
        return value
    }
}

// Functional pipeline builder class conforming to a protocol, allowing chaining transformations with type changes. 
// Ensure the final output is produced by sequentially applying transformations starting from an initial value.
class Pipeline<T>: PipelineProtocol {
    typealias Output = T
    private var value: T
    
    required init(value: T) {
        self.value = value
    }
    
    func pipe<U>(_ transform: @escaping (T) -> U) -> Pipeline<U> {
        return Pipeline<U>(value: transform(value))
    }
    
    func execute() -> T {
        return value
    }
}

// Functional pipeline builder class conforming to a protocol, allowing chaining transformations with type changes. 

protocol PipelineProtocol {
    associatedtype Output
    init(value: Output)
    func pipe<U>(_ transform: @escaping (Output) -> U) -> Pipeline<U>
    func execute() -> Output
}

class Pipeline<T>: PipelineProtocol {
    typealias Output = T
    private var value: T

    required init(value: T) {
        self.value = value
    }

    func pipe<U>(_ transform: @escaping (T) -> U) -> Pipeline<U> {
        return Pipeline<U>(value: transform(value))
    }

    func execute() -> T {
        return value
    }
}
```swift
protocol PipelineProtocol {
    associatedtype Output
    init(value: Output)
    func pipe<U>(_ transform: @escaping (Output) -> U) -> Pipeline<U>
    func execute() -> Output
}

// Functional pipeline builder class conforming to a protocol, allowing chaining transformations with type changes. 
// Ensure the final output is produced by sequentially applying transformations starting from an initial value.
class Pipeline<T>: PipelineProtocol {
    typealias Output = T
    private var value: T

    required init(value: T) {
        self.value = value
    }

    func pipe<U>(_ transform: @escaping (T) -> U) -> Pipeline<U> {
        return Pipeline<U>(value: transform(value))
    }

    func execute() -> T {
        return value
    }
}
```

protocol PipelineProtocol {
    associatedtype Output
    init(value: Output)
    func pipe<U>(_ transform: @escaping (Output) -> U) -> Pipeline<U>
    func execute() -> Output
}

class Pipeline<T>: PipelineProtocol {
    typealias Output = T
    var value: T

    required init(value: T) {
        self.value = value
    }

    func pipe<U>(_ transform: @escaping (T) -> U) -> Pipeline<U> {
        return Pipeline<U>(value: transform(value))
    }

    func execute() -> T {
        return value
    }
}
```swift
protocol PipelineProtocol {
    associatedtype Output
    init(value: Output)
    func pipe<U>(_ transform: @escaping (Output) -> U) -> Pipeline<U>
    func execute() -> Output
}

// Functional pipeline builder class conforming to a protocol, allowing chaining transformations with type changes. 
// Ensure the final output is produced by sequentially applying transformations starting from an initial value.
class Pipeline<T>: PipelineProtocol {
    typealias Output = T
    var value: T

    required init(value: T) {
        self.value = value
    }

    func pipe<U>(_ transform: @escaping (T) -> U) -> Pipeline<U> {
        return Pipeline<U>(value: transform(value))
    }

    func execute() -> T {
        return value
    }
}

// MARK: - Example

let pipeline = Pipeline<Int>(value: 10)
   .pipe { $0 * 2 }
   .pipe { $0 + 10 }
   .pipe { $0 / 2 }
   .pipe { $0 - 5 }
   .execute()

print(pipeline) // 10
```

protocol PipelineProtocol {
    associatedtype Output
    init(value: Output)
    func pipe<U>(_ transform: @escaping (Output) -> U) -> Pipeline<U>
    func execute() -> Output
}

class Pipeline<T>: PipelineProtocol {
    typealias Output = T
    private var value: T
    
    required init(value: T) {
        self.value = value
    }
    
    func pipe<U>(_ transform: @escaping (T) -> U) -> Pipeline<U> {
        return Pipeline<U>(value: transform(value))
    }
    
    func execute() -> T {
        return value
    }
}
```swift
protocol PipelineProtocol {
    associatedtype Output
    init(value: Output)
    func pipe<U>(_ transform: @escaping (Output) -> U) -> Pipeline<U>
    func execute() -> Output
}

// Functional pipeline builder class conforming to a protocol, allowing chaining transformations with type changes. 
// Ensure the final output is produced by sequentially applying transformations starting from an initial value.
class Pipeline<T>: PipelineProtocol {
    typealias Output = T
    private var value: T
    
    required init(value: T) {
        self.value = value
    }
    
    func pipe<U>(_ transform: @escaping (T) -> U) -> Pipeline<U> {
        return Pipeline<U>(value: transform(value))
    }
    
    func execute() -> T {
        return value
    }
}

// MARK: - Examples

// Example 1:
let pipeline = Pipeline(value: 10)
   .pipe { $0 * 2 }
   .pipe { String(describing: $0) }
   .pipe { $0 + "!" }
   .execute()
print(pipeline) // "20!"

// Example 2:
let pipeline2 = Pipeline(value: "Hello")
   .pipe { $0 + " World" }
   .pipe { $0.uppercased() }
   .execute()
print(pipeline2) // "HELLO WORLD"
```

protocol PipelineProtocol {
    associatedtype Output
    init(value: Output)
    func pipe<U>(_ transform: @escaping (Output) -> U) -> Pipeline<U>
    func execute() -> Output
}

class Pipeline<T>: PipelineProtocol {
    typealias Output = T
    private var value: T
    
    required init(value: T) {
        self.value = value
    }
    
    func pipe<U>(_ transform: @escaping (T) -> U) -> Pipeline<U> {
        return Pipeline<U>(value: transform(value))
    }
    
    func execute() -> T {
        return value
    }
}
```swift
protocol PipelineProtocol {
    associatedtype Output
    init(value: Output)
    func pipe<U>(_ transform: @escaping (Output) -> U) -> Pipeline<U>
    func execute() -> Output
}

// Functional pipeline builder class conforming to a protocol, allowing chaining transformations with type changes. 
// Ensure the final output is produced by sequentially applying transformations starting from an initial value.
class Pipeline<T>: PipelineProtocol {
    typealias Output = T
    private var value: T
    
    required init(value: T) {
        self.value = value
    }
    
    func pipe<U>(_ transform: @escaping (T) -> U) -> Pipeline<U> {
        return Pipeline<U>(value: transform(value))
    }
    
    func execute() -> T {
        return value
    }
}
```

protocol ObservablePropertyProtocol {
    associatedtype Value
    init(value: Value)
    var value: Value { get set }
    func subscribe(_ observer: @escaping (Value) -> Void) -> UUID
    func unsubscribe(_ observer: UUID)
}

class ObservableProperty<Value> : ObservablePropertyProtocol {
    typealias Value = Value
    private var observers = [UUID: (Value) -> Void]()
    private var value: Value
    private var nextObserverId = 0

    init(value: Value) {
        self.value = value
    }

    func subscribe(_ observer: @escaping (Value) -> Void) -> UUID {
        let id = UUID()
        observers[id] = observer
        return id
    }

    func unsubscribe(_ observer: UUID) {
        observers[observer] = nil
    }

    func setValue(_ newValue: Value) {
        value = newValue
        for (_, observer) in observers {
            observer(value)
        }
    }
}
```swift
protocol ObservablePropertyProtocol {
    associatedtype Value
    init(value: Value)
    var value: Value { get set }
    func subscribe(_ observer: @escaping (Value) -> Void) -> UUID
    func unsubscribe(_ observer: UUID)
}

// Generic observable property that notifies observers of value changes.
class ObservableProperty<Value> : ObservablePropertyProtocol {
    typealias Value = Value
    private var observers = [UUID: (Value) -> Void]()
    private var value: Value
    private var nextObserverId = 0

    init(value: Value) {
        self.value = value
    }

    func subscribe(_ observer: @escaping (Value) -> Void) -> UUID {
        let id = UUID()
        observers[id] = observer
        return id
    }

    func unsubscribe(_ observer: UUID) {
        observers[observer] = nil
    }

    func setValue(_ newValue: Value) {
        value = newValue
        for (_, observer) in observers {
            observer(value)
        }
    }
}
```
private var value: Value // property 'value' must be declared internal because it matches a requirement in internal protocol 'ObservablePropertyProtocol'
init(value: Value) { // initializer requirement 'init(value:)' can only be satisfied by a 'required' initializer in non-final class 'ObservableProperty<Value>'

protocol ObservablePropertyProtocol {
    associatedtype Value
    init(value: Value)
    var value: Value { get set }
    func subscribe(_ observer: @escaping (Value) -> Void) -> UUID
    func unsubscribe(_ observer: UUID)
}

class ObservableProperty<Value> : ObservablePropertyProtocol {
    typealias Value = Value
    private var observers = [UUID: (Value) -> Void]()
    private var value: Value
    private var nextObserverId = 0

    init(value: Value) {
        self.value = value
    }

    func subscribe(_ observer: @escaping (Value) -> Void) -> UUID {
        let id = UUID()
        observers[id] = observer
        return id
    }

    func unsubscribe(_ observer: UUID) {
        observers.removeValue(forKey: observer)
    }

    func update(value: Value) {
        self.value = value
        for (_, observer) in observers {
            observer(value)
        }
    }
}
```swift
protocol ObservablePropertyProtocol {
    associatedtype Value
    init(value: Value)
    var value: Value { get set }
    func subscribe(_ observer: @escaping (Value) -> Void) -> UUID
    func unsubscribe(_ observer: UUID)
}

// Generic observable property that notifies observers of value changes.
class ObservableProperty<Value> : ObservablePropertyProtocol {
    typealias Value = Value
    private var observers = [UUID: (Value) -> Void]()
    private var value: Value
    private var nextObserverId = 0

    init(value: Value) {
        self.value = value
    }

    func subscribe(_ observer: @escaping (Value) -> Void) -> UUID {
        let id = UUID()
        observers[id] = observer
        return id
    }

    func unsubscribe(_ observer: UUID) {
        observers.removeValue(forKey: observer)
    }

    func update(value: Value) {
        self.value = value
        for (_, observer) in observers {
            observer(value)
        }
    }
}
```
private var value: Value // property 'value' must be declared internal because it matches a requirement in internal protocol 'ObservablePropertyProtocol'
init(value: Value) { // initializer requirement 'init(value:)' can only be satisfied by a 'required' initializer in non-final class 'ObservableProperty<Value>'

protocol ObservablePropertyProtocol {
    associatedtype Value
    init(value: Value)
    var value: Value { get set }
    func subscribe(_ observer: @escaping (Value) -> Void) -> UUID
    func unsubscribe(_ observer: UUID)
}

class ObservableProperty<Value> : ObservablePropertyProtocol {
    typealias Value = Value
    private var observers = [UUID: (Value) -> Void]()
    private var _value: Value
    var value: Value {
        get {
            return _value
        }
        set {
            _value = newValue
            for (_, observer) in observers {
                observer(newValue)
            }
        }
    }
    init(value: Value) {
        _value = value
    }
    func subscribe(_ observer: @escaping (Value) -> Void) -> UUID {
        let uuid = UUID()
        observers[uuid] = observer
        return uuid
    }
    func unsubscribe(_ observer: UUID) {
        observers[observer] = nil
    }
}
```swift
protocol ObservablePropertyProtocol {
    associatedtype Value
    init(value: Value)
    var value: Value { get set }
    func subscribe(_ observer: @escaping (Value) -> Void) -> UUID
    func unsubscribe(_ observer: UUID)
}

// Generic observable property that notifies observers of value changes.
class ObservableProperty<Value> : ObservablePropertyProtocol {
    typealias Value = Value
    private var observers = [UUID: (Value) -> Void]()
    private var _value: Value
    var value: Value {
        get {
            return _value
        }
        set {
            _value = newValue
            for (_, observer) in observers {
                observer(newValue)
            }
        }
    }
    init(value: Value) {
        _value = value
    }
    func subscribe(_ observer: @escaping (Value) -> Void) -> UUID {
        let uuid = UUID()
        observers[uuid] = observer
        return uuid
    }
    func unsubscribe(_ observer: UUID) {
        observers[observer] = nil
    }
}
```
init(value: Value) { // initializer requirement 'init(value:)' can only be satisfied by a 'required' initializer in non-final class 'ObservableProperty<Value>'

protocol ObservablePropertyProtocol {
    associatedtype Value
    init(value: Value)
    var value: Value { get set }
    func subscribe(_ observer: @escaping (Value) -> Void) -> UUID
    func unsubscribe(_ observer: UUID)
}

class ObservableProperty<Value> : ObservablePropertyProtocol {
    typealias Value = Value
    private var observers = [UUID: (Value) -> Void]()
    private var value: Value
    private var nextObserverId = 0

    init(value: Value) {
        self.value = value
    }

    func subscribe(_ observer: @escaping (Value) -> Void) -> UUID {
        let id = UUID()
        observers[id] = observer
        return id
    }

    func unsubscribe(_ observer: UUID) {
        observers[observer] = nil
    }

    func setValue(_ newValue: Value) {
        value = newValue
        observers.values.forEach { $0(newValue) }
    }
}
```swift
protocol ObservablePropertyProtocol {
    associatedtype Value
    init(value: Value)
    var value: Value { get set }
    func subscribe(_ observer: @escaping (Value) -> Void) -> UUID
    func unsubscribe(_ observer: UUID)
}

// Generic observable property that notifies observers of value changes.
class ObservableProperty<Value> : ObservablePropertyProtocol {
    typealias Value = Value
    private var observers = [UUID: (Value) -> Void]()
    private var value: Value
    private var nextObserverId = 0

    init(value: Value) {
        self.value = value
    }

    func subscribe(_ observer: @escaping (Value) -> Void) -> UUID {
        let id = UUID()
        observers[id] = observer
        return id
    }

    func unsubscribe(_ observer: UUID) {
        observers[observer] = nil
    }

    func setValue(_ newValue: Value) {
        value = newValue
        observers.values.forEach { $0(newValue) }
    }
}
```
private var value: Value // property 'value' must be declared internal because it matches a requirement in internal protocol 'ObservablePropertyProtocol'
init(value: Value) { // initializer requirement 'init(value:)' can only be satisfied by a 'required' initializer in non-final class 'ObservableProperty<Value>'

protocol ObservablePropertyProtocol {
    associatedtype Value
    init(value: Value)
    var value: Value { get set }
    func subscribe(_ observer: @escaping (Value) -> Void) -> UUID
    func unsubscribe(_ observer: UUID)
}

class ObservableProperty<Value> : ObservablePropertyProtocol {
    private var observers = [UUID: (Value) -> Void]()
    private var _value: Value
    var value: Value {
        get {
            return _value
        }
        set {
            _value = newValue
            for (_, observer) in observers {
                observer(_value)
            }
        }
    }
    
    init(value: Value) {
        _value = value
    }
    
    func subscribe(_ observer: @escaping (Value) -> Void) -> UUID {
        let uuid = UUID()
        observers[uuid] = observer
        return uuid
    }
    
    func unsubscribe(_ observer: UUID) {
        observers[observer] = nil
    }
}

class Property<Value> : ObservablePropertyProtocol {
    private var observers = [UUID: (Value) -> Void]()
    private var _value: Value
    var value: Value {
        get {
            return _value
        }
        set {
            _value = newValue
            for (_, observer) in observers {
                observer(_value)
            }
        }
    }
    
    init(value: Value) {
        _value = value
    }
    
    func subscribe(_ observer: @escaping (Value) -> Void) -> UUID {
        let uuid = UUID()
        observers[uuid] = observer
        return uuid
    }
    
    func unsubscribe(_ observer: UUID) {
        observers[observer] = nil
    }
}
```swift
protocol ObservablePropertyProtocol {
    associatedtype Value
    init(value: Value)
    var value: Value { get set }
    func subscribe(_ observer: @escaping (Value) -> Void) -> UUID
    func unsubscribe(_ observer: UUID)
}

// Generic observable property that notifies observers of value changes.
class ObservableProperty<Value> : ObservablePropertyProtocol {
    private var observers = [UUID: (Value) -> Void]()
    private var _value: Value
    var value: Value {
        get {
            return _value
        }
        set {
            _value = newValue
            for (_, observer) in observers {
                observer(_value)
            }
        }
    }
    
    init(value: Value) {
        _value = value
    }
    
    func subscribe(_ observer: @escaping (Value) -> Void) -> UUID {
        let uuid = UUID()
        observers[uuid] = observer
        return uuid
    }
    
    func unsubscribe(_ observer: UUID) {
        observers[observer] = nil
    }
}

// A property that notifies observers of value changes.
class Property<Value> : ObservablePropertyProtocol {
    private var observers = [UUID: (Value) -> Void]()
    private var _value: Value
    var value: Value {
        get {
            return _value
        }
        set {
            _value = newValue
            for (_, observer) in observers {
                observer(_value)
            }
        }
    }
    
    init(value: Value) {
        _value = value
    }
    
    func subscribe(_ observer: @escaping (Value) -> Void) -> UUID {
        let uuid = UUID()
        observers[uuid] = observer
        return uuid
    }
    
    func unsubscribe(_ observer: UUID) {
        observers[observer] = nil
    }
}

// A property that notifies observers of value changes.
class Property<Value> : ObservablePropertyProtocol {
    private var observers = [UUID: (Value) -> Void]()
    private var _value: Value
    var value: Value {
        get {
            return _value
        }
        set {
            _value = newValue
            for (_, observer) in observers {
                observer(_value)
            }
        }
    }
    
    init(value: Value) {
        _value = value
    }
    
    func subscribe(_ observer: @escaping (Value) -> Void) -> UUID {
        let uuid = UUID()
        observers[uuid] = observer
        return uuid
    }
    
    func unsubscribe(_ observer: UUID) {
        observers[observer] = nil
    }
}

// A property that notifies observers of value changes.
class Property<Value> : ObservablePropertyProtocol {
    private var observers = [UUID: (Value) -> Void]()
    private var _value: Value
    var value: Value {
        get {
            return _value
        }
        set {
            _value = newValue
            for (_, observer) in observers {
                observer(_value)
            }
        }
    }
    
    init(value: Value) {
        _value = value
    }
    
    func subscribe(_ observer: @escaping (Value) -> Void) -> UUID {
        let uuid = UUID()
        observers[uuid] = observer
        return uuid
    }
    
    func unsubscribe(_ observer: UUID) {
        observers[observer] = nil
    }
}

// A property that notifies observers of value changes.
class Property<Value> : ObservablePropertyProtocol {
    private var observers = [UUID: (Value) -> Void]()
    private var _value: Value
    var value: Value {
        get {
            return _value
        }
        set {
            _value = newValue
            for (_, observer) in observers {
                observer(_value)
            }
        }
    }
    
    init(value: Value) {
        _value = value
    }
    
    func subscribe(_ observer: @escaping (Value) -> Void) -> UUID {
        let uuid = UUID()
        observers[uuid] = observer
        return uuid
    }
    
    func unsubscribe(_ observer: UUID) {
        observers[observer] = nil
    }
}

// A property that notifies observers of value changes.
class Property<Value> : ObservablePropertyProtocol {
    private var observers = [UUID: (Value) -> Void]()
    private var _value: Value
    var value: Value {
        get {
            return _value
        }
        set {
            _value = newValue
            for (_, observer) in observers {
                observer(_value)
            }
        }
    }
    
    init(value: Value) {
        _value = value
    }
    
    func subscribe(_ observer: @escaping (Value) -> Void) -> UUID {
        let uuid = UUID()
        observers[uuid] = observer
        return uuid
    }
    
    func unsubscribe(_ observer: UUID) {
        observers[observer] = nil
    }
}

// A property that notifies observers of value changes.
class Property<Value> : ObservablePropertyProtocol {
    private var observers = [UUID: (Value) -> Void]()
    private var _value: Value
    var value: Value {
        get {
            return _value
init(value: Value) { // initializer requirement 'init(value:)' can only be satisfied by a 'required' initializer in non-final class 'ObservableProperty<Value>'
init(value: Value) { // initializer requirement 'init(value:)' can only be satisfied by a 'required' initializer in non-final class 'Property<Value>'

protocol ObservablePropertyProtocol {
    associatedtype Value
    init(value: Value)
    var value: Value { get set }
    func subscribe(_ observer: @escaping (Value) -> Void) -> UUID
    func unsubscribe(_ observer: UUID)
}

class ObservableProperty<Value> : ObservablePropertyProtocol {
    private var observers = [UUID: (Value) -> Void]()
    private var nextObserverId = 0
    private var _value: Value

    init(value: Value) {
        self._value = value
    }

    var value: Value {
        get {
            return self._value
        }
        set {
            self._value = newValue
            self.notifyObservers()
        }
    }

    func subscribe(_ observer: @escaping (Value) -> Void) -> UUID {
        let observerId = UUID()
        self.observers[observerId] = observer
        return observerId
    }

    func unsubscribe(_ observer: UUID) {
        self.observers.removeValue(forKey: observer)
    }

    private func notifyObservers() {
        for (_, observer) in self.observers {
            observer(self._value)
        }
    }
}
```swift
protocol ObservablePropertyProtocol {
    associatedtype Value
    init(value: Value)
    var value: Value { get set }
    func subscribe(_ observer: @escaping (Value) -> Void) -> UUID
    func unsubscribe(_ observer: UUID)
}

// Generic observable property that notifies observers of value changes.
class ObservableProperty<Value> : ObservablePropertyProtocol {
    private var observers = [UUID: (Value) -> Void]()
    private var nextObserverId = 0
    private var _value: Value

    init(value: Value) {
        self._value = value
    }

    var value: Value {
        get {
            return self._value
        }
        set {
            self._value = newValue
            self.notifyObservers()
        }
    }

    func subscribe(_ observer: @escaping (Value) -> Void) -> UUID {
        let observerId = UUID()
        self.observers[observerId] = observer
        return observerId
    }

    func unsubscribe(_ observer: UUID) {
        self.observers.removeValue(forKey: observer)
    }

    private func notifyObservers() {
        for (_, observer) in self.observers {
            observer(self._value)
        }
    }
}
```
init(value: Value) { // initializer requirement 'init(value:)' can only be satisfied by a 'required' initializer in non-final class 'ObservableProperty<Value>'

protocol ObservablePropertyProtocol {
    associatedtype Value
    init(value: Value)
    var value: Value { get set }
    func subscribe(_ observer: @escaping (Value) -> Void) -> UUID
    func unsubscribe(_ observer: UUID)
}

class ObservableProperty<Value> : ObservablePropertyProtocol {
    typealias Value = Value
    private var observers = [UUID: (Value) -> Void]()
    private var _value: Value
    var value: Value {
        get {
            return _value
        }
        set {
            _value = newValue
            for (_, observer) in observers {
                observer(newValue)
            }
        }
    }
    init(value: Value) {
        self._value = value
    }
    func subscribe(_ observer: @escaping (Value) -> Void) -> UUID {
        let uuid = UUID()
        observers[uuid] = observer
        return uuid
    }
    func unsubscribe(_ observer: UUID) {
        observers[observer] = nil
    }
}
```swift
protocol ObservablePropertyProtocol {
    associatedtype Value
    init(value: Value)
    var value: Value { get set }
    func subscribe(_ observer: @escaping (Value) -> Void) -> UUID
    func unsubscribe(_ observer: UUID)
}

// Generic observable property that notifies observers of value changes.
class ObservableProperty<Value> : ObservablePropertyProtocol {
    typealias Value = Value
    private var observers = [UUID: (Value) -> Void]()
    private var _value: Value
    var value: Value {
        get {
            return _value
        }
        set {
            _value = newValue
            for (_, observer) in observers {
                observer(newValue)
            }
        }
    }
    init(value: Value) {
        self._value = value
    }
    func subscribe(_ observer: @escaping (Value) -> Void) -> UUID {
        let uuid = UUID()
        observers[uuid] = observer
        return uuid
    }
    func unsubscribe(_ observer: UUID) {
        observers[observer] = nil
    }
}
```
init(value: Value) { // initializer requirement 'init(value:)' can only be satisfied by a 'required' initializer in non-final class 'ObservableProperty<Value>'

protocol ObservablePropertyProtocol {
    associatedtype Value
    init(value: Value)
    var value: Value { get set }
    func subscribe(_ observer: @escaping (Value) -> Void) -> UUID
    func unsubscribe(_ observer: UUID)
}

class ObservableProperty<Value> : ObservablePropertyProtocol {
    typealias Value = Value
    private var observers = [UUID: (Value) -> Void]()
    private var value: Value
    private var nextObserverId = 0

    init(value: Value) {
        self.value = value
    }

    func subscribe(_ observer: @escaping (Value) -> Void) -> UUID {
        let observerId = UUID()
        observers[observerId] = observer
        return observerId
    }

    func unsubscribe(_ observer: UUID) {
        observers[observer] = nil
    }

    func notifyObservers() {
        for (_, observer) in observers {
            observer(value)
        }
    }
}
```swift
protocol ObservablePropertyProtocol {
    associatedtype Value
    init(value: Value)
    var value: Value { get set }
    func subscribe(_ observer: @escaping (Value) -> Void) -> UUID
    func unsubscribe(_ observer: UUID)
}

// Generic observable property that notifies observers of value changes.
class ObservableProperty<Value> : ObservablePropertyProtocol {
    typealias Value = Value
    private var observers = [UUID: (Value) -> Void]()
    private var value: Value
    private var nextObserverId = 0

    init(value: Value) {
        self.value = value
    }

    func subscribe(_ observer: @escaping (Value) -> Void) -> UUID {
        let observerId = UUID()
        observers[observerId] = observer
        return observerId
    }

    func unsubscribe(_ observer: UUID) {
        observers[observer] = nil
    }

    func notifyObservers() {
        for (_, observer) in observers {
            observer(value)
        }
    }
}

// A property that notifies observers of value changes.
class ObservableProperty<Value> : ObservablePropertyProtocol {
    typealias Value = Value
    private var observers = [UUID: (Value) -> Void]()
    private var value: Value
    private var nextObserverId = 0

    init(value: Value) {
        self.value = value
    }

    func subscribe(_ observer: @escaping (Value) -> Void) -> UUID {
        let observerId = UUID()
        observers[observerId] = observer
        return observerId
    }

    func unsubscribe(_ observer: UUID) {
        observers[observer] = nil
    }

    func notifyObservers() {
        for (_, observer) in observers {
            observer(value)
        }
    }
}

// A property that notifies observers of value changes.
class ObservableProperty<Value> : ObservablePropertyProtocol {
    typealias Value = Value
    private var observers = [UUID: (Value) -> Void]()
    private var value: Value
    private var nextObserverId = 0

    init(value: Value) {
        self.value = value
    }

    func subscribe(_ observer: @escaping (Value) -> Void) -> UUID {
        let observerId = UUID()
        observers[observerId] = observer
        return observerId
    }

    func unsubscribe(_ observer: UUID) {
        observers[observer] = nil
    }

    func notifyObservers() {
        for (_, observer) in observers {
            observer(value)
        }
    }
}

// A property that notifies observers of value changes.
class ObservableProperty<Value> : ObservablePropertyProtocol {
    typealias Value = Value
    private var observers = [UUID: (Value) -> Void]()
    private var value: Value
    private var nextObserverId = 0

    init(value: Value) {
        self.value = value
    }

    func subscribe(_ observer: @escaping (Value) -> Void) -> UUID {
        let observerId = UUID()
        observers[observerId] = observer
        return observerId
    }

    func unsubscribe(_ observer: UUID) {
        observers[observer] = nil
    }

    func notifyObservers() {
        for (_, observer) in observers {
            observer(value)
        }
    }
}

// A property that notifies observers of value changes.
class ObservableProperty<Value> : ObservablePropertyProtocol {
    typealias Value = Value
    private var observers = [UUID: (Value) -> Void]()
    private var value: Value
    private var nextObserverId = 0

    init(value: Value) {
        self.value = value
    }

    func subscribe(_ observer: @escaping (Value) -> Void) -> UUID {
        let observerId = UUID()
        observers[observerId] = observer
        return observerId
    }

    func unsubscribe(_ observer: UUID) {
        observers[observer] = nil
    }

    func notifyObservers() {
        for (_, observer) in observers {
            observer(value)
        }
    }
}

// A property that notifies observers of value changes.
class ObservableProperty<Value> : ObservablePropertyProtocol {
    typealias Value = Value
    private var observers = [UUID: (Value) -> Void]()
    private var value: Value
    private var nextObserverId = 0

    init(value: Value) {
        self.value = value
    }

    func subscribe(_ observer: @escaping (Value) -> Void) -> UUID {
        let observerId = UUID()
        observers[observerId] = observer
        return observerId
    }

    func unsubscribe(_ observer: UUID) {
        observers[observer] = nil
    }

    func notifyObservers() {
        for (_, observer) in observers {
            observer(value)
        }
    }
}

// A property that notifies observers of value changes.
class ObservableProperty<Value> : ObservablePropertyProtocol {
    typealias Value = Value
    private var observers = [UUID: (Value) -> Void]()
    private var value: Value
    private
private var value: Value // property 'value' must be declared internal because it matches a requirement in internal protocol 'ObservablePropertyProtocol'
init(value: Value) { // initializer requirement 'init(value:)' can only be satisfied by a 'required' initializer in non-final class 'ObservableProperty<Value>'

protocol ObservablePropertyProtocol {
    associatedtype Value
    init(value: Value)
    var value: Value { get set }
    func subscribe(_ observer: @escaping (Value) -> Void) -> UUID
    func unsubscribe(_ observer: UUID)
}

class ObservableProperty<Value> : ObservablePropertyProtocol {
    private var observers = [UUID: (Value) -> Void]()
    private var nextObserverId = UUID()
    private var _value: Value
    
    init(value: Value) {
        self._value = value
    }
    
    var value: Value {
        get {
            return _value
        }
        set {
            if _value!= newValue {
                _value = newValue
                observers.values.forEach { $0(_value) }
            }
        }
    }
    
    func subscribe(_ observer: @escaping (Value) -> Void) -> UUID {
        let id = nextObserverId
        observers[id] = observer
        nextObserverId = UUID()
        return id
    }
    
    func unsubscribe(_ observer: UUID) {
        observers[observer] = nil
    }
}
```swift
protocol ObservablePropertyProtocol {
    associatedtype Value
    init(value: Value)
    var value: Value { get set }
    func subscribe(_ observer: @escaping (Value) -> Void) -> UUID
    func unsubscribe(_ observer: UUID)
}

// Generic observable property that notifies observers of value changes.
class ObservableProperty<Value> : ObservablePropertyProtocol {
    private var observers = [UUID: (Value) -> Void]()
    private var nextObserverId = UUID()
    private var _value: Value
    
    init(value: Value) {
        self._value = value
    }
    
    var value: Value {
        get {
            return _value
        }
        set {
            if _value!= newValue {
                _value = newValue
                observers.values.forEach { $0(_value) }
            }
        }
    }
    
    func subscribe(_ observer: @escaping (Value) -> Void) -> UUID {
        let id = nextObserverId
        observers[id] = observer
        nextObserverId = UUID()
        return id
    }
    
    func unsubscribe(_ observer: UUID) {
        observers[observer] = nil
    }
}
```
init(value: Value) { // initializer requirement 'init(value:)' can only be satisfied by a 'required' initializer in non-final class 'ObservableProperty<Value>'
if _value!= newValue { // cannot force unwrap value of non-optional type 'Value'
if _value!= newValue { // use of '=' in a boolean context, did you mean '=='?
if _value!= newValue { // '=' must have consistent whitespace on both sides

protocol ObservablePropertyProtocol {
    associatedtype Value
    init(value: Value)
    var value: Value { get set }
    func subscribe(_ observer: @escaping (Value) -> Void) -> UUID
    func unsubscribe(_ observer: UUID)
}

class ObservableProperty<Value> : ObservablePropertyProtocol {
    typealias Value = Value
    private var observers = [UUID: (Value) -> Void]()
    private var value: Value
    private var nextObserverId = 0

    init(value: Value) {
        self.value = value
    }

    func subscribe(_ observer: @escaping (Value) -> Void) -> UUID {
        let observerId = UUID()
        observers[observerId] = observer
        return observerId
    }

    func unsubscribe(_ observer: UUID) {
        observers[observer] = nil
    }

    func setValue(_ newValue: Value) {
        value = newValue
        for (_, observer) in observers {
            observer(value)
        }
    }
}
```swift
protocol ObservablePropertyProtocol {
    associatedtype Value
    init(value: Value)
    var value: Value { get set }
    func subscribe(_ observer: @escaping (Value) -> Void) -> UUID
    func unsubscribe(_ observer: UUID)
}

// Generic observable property that notifies observers of value changes.
class ObservableProperty<Value> : ObservablePropertyProtocol {
    typealias Value = Value
    private var observers = [UUID: (Value) -> Void]()
    private var value: Value
    private var nextObserverId = 0

    init(value: Value) {
        self.value = value
    }

    func subscribe(_ observer: @escaping (Value) -> Void) -> UUID {
        let observerId = UUID()
        observers[observerId] = observer
        return observerId
    }

    func unsubscribe(_ observer: UUID) {
        observers[observer] = nil
    }

    func setValue(_ newValue: Value) {
        value = newValue
        for (_, observer) in observers {
            observer(value)
        }
    }
}
```
private var value: Value // property 'value' must be declared internal because it matches a requirement in internal protocol 'ObservablePropertyProtocol'
init(value: Value) { // initializer requirement 'init(value:)' can only be satisfied by a 'required' initializer in non-final class 'ObservableProperty<Value>'

protocol ClampedProtocol {
    associatedtype Value: Comparable
    init(wrappedValue: Value, _ range: ClosedRange<Value>)
}

@propertyWrapper
struct Clamped<Value: Comparable>: ClampedProtocol {
    var wrappedValue: Value
    let range: ClosedRange<Value>

    init(wrappedValue: Value, _ range: ClosedRange<Value>) {
        self.wrappedValue = wrappedValue.clamped(to: range)
        self.range = range
    }
}
```swift
protocol ClampedProtocol {
    associatedtype Value: Comparable
    init(wrappedValue: Value, _ range: ClosedRange<Value>)
}

// Property wrapper that clamps value within a specified range.
@propertyWrapper
struct Clamped<Value: Comparable>: ClampedProtocol {
    var wrappedValue: Value
    let range: ClosedRange<Value>

    init(wrappedValue: Value, _ range: ClosedRange<Value>) {
        self.wrappedValue = wrappedValue.clamped(to: range)
        self.range = range
    }
}
```
self.wrappedValue = wrappedValue.clamped(to: range) // value of type 'Value' has no member 'clamped'

protocol ClampedProtocol {
    associatedtype Value: Comparable
    init(wrappedValue: Value, _ range: ClosedRange<Value>)
}

@propertyWrapper
struct Clamped<Value: Comparable>: ClampedProtocol {
    private var value: Value
    private let range: ClosedRange<Value>

    init(wrappedValue: Value, _ range: ClosedRange<Value>) {
        self.value = wrappedValue
        self.range = range
    }

    var wrappedValue: Value {
        get { value }
        set { value = min(max(newValue, range.lowerBound), range.upperBound) }
    }
}

struct User {
    @Clamped(0...100) var age: Int
}
```swift
protocol ClampedProtocol {
    associatedtype Value: Comparable
    init(wrappedValue: Value, _ range: ClosedRange<Value>)
}

// Property wrapper that clamps value within a specified range.
@propertyWrapper
struct Clamped<Value: Comparable>: ClampedProtocol {
    private var value: Value
    private let range: ClosedRange<Value>

    init(wrappedValue: Value, _ range: ClosedRange<Value>) {
        self.value = wrappedValue
        self.range = range
    }

    var wrappedValue: Value {
        get { value }
        set { value = min(max(newValue, range.lowerBound), range.upperBound) }
    }
}

struct User {
    @Clamped(0...100) var age: Int
}

var user = User(age: 101)
print(user.age) // 100

user.age = -1
print(user.age) // 0
```
@Clamped(0...100) var age: Int // missing argument for parameter 'wrappedValue' in call

protocol ClampedProtocol {
    associatedtype Value: Comparable
    init(wrappedValue: Value, _ range: ClosedRange<Value>)
}

@propertyWrapper
struct Clamped<Value: Comparable>: ClampedProtocol {
    var wrappedValue: Value
    let range: ClosedRange<Value>

    init(wrappedValue: Value, _ range: ClosedRange<Value>) {
        self.wrappedValue = wrappedValue.clamped(to: range)
        self.range = range
    }
}
```swift
protocol ClampedProtocol {
    associatedtype Value: Comparable
    init(wrappedValue: Value, _ range: ClosedRange<Value>)
}

// Property wrapper that clamps value within a specified range.
@propertyWrapper
struct Clamped<Value: Comparable>: ClampedProtocol {
    var wrappedValue: Value
    let range: ClosedRange<Value>

    init(wrappedValue: Value, _ range: ClosedRange<Value>) {
        self.wrappedValue = wrappedValue.clamped(to: range)
        self.range = range
    }
}

// Property wrapper that clamps value within a specified range.
@propertyWrapper
struct Clamped<Value: Comparable>: ClampedProtocol {
    var wrappedValue: Value
    let range: ClosedRange<Value>

    init(wrappedValue: Value, _ range: ClosedRange<Value>) {
        self.wrappedValue = wrappedValue.clamped(to: range)
        self.range = range
    }
}

// Property wrapper that clamps value within a specified range.
@propertyWrapper
struct Clamped<Value: Comparable>: ClampedProtocol {
    var wrappedValue: Value
    let range: ClosedRange<Value>

    init(wrappedValue: Value, _ range: ClosedRange<Value>) {
        self.wrappedValue = wrappedValue.clamped(to: range)
        self.range = range
    }
}

// Property wrapper that clamps value within a specified range.
@propertyWrapper
struct Clamped<Value: Comparable>: ClampedProtocol {
    var wrappedValue: Value
    let range: ClosedRange<Value>

    init(wrappedValue: Value, _ range: ClosedRange<Value>) {
        self.wrappedValue = wrappedValue.clamped(to: range)
        self.range = range
    }
}

// Property wrapper that clamps value within a specified range.
@propertyWrapper
struct Clamped<Value: Comparable>: ClampedProtocol {
    var wrappedValue: Value
    let range: ClosedRange<Value>

    init(wrappedValue: Value, _ range: ClosedRange<Value>) {
        self.wrappedValue = wrappedValue.clamped(to: range)
        self.range = range
    }
}

// Property wrapper that clamps value within a specified range.
@propertyWrapper
struct Clamped<Value: Comparable>: ClampedProtocol {
    var wrappedValue: Value
    let range: ClosedRange<Value>

    init(wrappedValue: Value, _ range: ClosedRange<Value>) {
        self.wrappedValue = wrappedValue.clamped(to: range)
        self.range = range
    }
}

// Property wrapper that clamps value within a specified range.
@propertyWrapper
struct Clamped<Value: Comparable>: ClampedProtocol {
    var wrappedValue: Value
    let range: ClosedRange<Value>

    init(wrappedValue: Value, _ range: ClosedRange<Value>) {
        self.wrappedValue = wrappedValue.clamped(to: range)
        self.range = range
    }
}

// Property wrapper that clamps value within a specified range.
@propertyWrapper
struct Clamped<Value: Comparable>: ClampedProtocol {
    var wrappedValue: Value
    let range: ClosedRange<Value>

    init(wrappedValue: Value, _ range: ClosedRange<Value>) {
        self.wrappedValue = wrappedValue.clamped(to: range)
        self.range = range
    }
}

// Property wrapper that clamps value within a specified range.
@propertyWrapper
struct Clamped<Value: Comparable>: ClampedProtocol {
    var wrappedValue: Value
    let range: ClosedRange<Value>

    init(wrappedValue: Value, _ range: ClosedRange<Value>) {
        self.wrappedValue = wrappedValue.clamped(to: range)
        self.range = range
    }
}

// Property wrapper that clamps value within a specified range.
@propertyWrapper
struct Clamped<Value: Comparable>: ClampedProtocol {
    var wrappedValue: Value
    let range: ClosedRange<Value>

    init(wrappedValue: Value, _ range: ClosedRange<Value>) {
        self.wrappedValue = wrappedValue.clamped(to: range)
        self.range = range
    }
}

// Property wrapper that clamps value within a specified range.
@propertyWrapper
struct Clamped<Value: Comparable>: ClampedProtocol {
    var wrappedValue: Value
    let range: ClosedRange<Value>

    init(wrappedValue: Value, _ range: ClosedRange<Value>) {
        self.wrappedValue = wrappedValue.clamped(to: range)
        self.range = range
    }
}

// Property wrapper that clamps value within a specified range.
@propertyWrapper
struct Clamped<Value: Comparable>: ClampedProtocol {
    var wrappedValue: Value
    let range: ClosedRange<Value
self.wrappedValue = wrappedValue.clamped(to: range) // value of type 'Value' has no member 'clamped'

protocol ClampedProtocol {
    associatedtype Value: Comparable
    init(wrappedValue: Value, _ range: ClosedRange<Value>)
}

@propertyWrapper
struct Clamped<Value: Comparable>: ClampedProtocol {
    private var value: Value
    private let range: ClosedRange<Value>

    init(wrappedValue: Value, _ range: ClosedRange<Value>) {
        self.value = wrappedValue
        self.range = range
    }

    var wrappedValue: Value {
        get { value }
        set { value = min(max(newValue, range.lowerBound), range.upperBound) }
    }
}

struct Foo {
    @Clamped(0...100) var bar: Int
}
```swift
protocol ClampedProtocol {
    associatedtype Value: Comparable
    init(wrappedValue: Value, _ range: ClosedRange<Value>)
}

// Property wrapper that clamps value within a specified range.
@propertyWrapper
struct Clamped<Value: Comparable>: ClampedProtocol {
    private var value: Value
    private let range: ClosedRange<Value>

    init(wrappedValue: Value, _ range: ClosedRange<Value>) {
        self.value = wrappedValue
        self.range = range
    }

    var wrappedValue: Value {
        get { value }
        set { value = min(max(newValue, range.lowerBound), range.upperBound) }
    }
}

struct Foo {
    @Clamped(0...100) var bar: Int
}

var foo = Foo(bar: 1000)
foo.bar // 100
foo.bar = -1000
foo.bar // 0
```
@Clamped(0...100) var bar: Int // missing argument for parameter 'wrappedValue' in call

protocol ClampedProtocol {
    associatedtype Value: Comparable
    init(wrappedValue: Value, _ range: ClosedRange<Value>)
}

@propertyWrapper
struct Clamped<Value: Comparable>: ClampedProtocol {
    private var value: Value
    private let range: ClosedRange<Value>

    init(wrappedValue: Value, _ range: ClosedRange<Value>) {
        self.value = wrappedValue
        self.range = range
    }

    var wrappedValue: Value {
        get { value }
        set { value = min(max(range.lowerBound, newValue), range.upperBound) }
    }
}
```swift
protocol ClampedProtocol {
    associatedtype Value: Comparable
    init(wrappedValue: Value, _ range: ClosedRange<Value>)
}

// Property wrapper that clamps value within a specified range.
@propertyWrapper
struct Clamped<Value: Comparable>: ClampedProtocol {
    private var value: Value
    private let range: ClosedRange<Value>

    init(wrappedValue: Value, _ range: ClosedRange<Value>) {
        self.value = wrappedValue
        self.range = range
    }

    var wrappedValue: Value {
        get { value }
        set { value = min(max(range.lowerBound, newValue), range.upperBound) }
    }
}
```

protocol ClampedProtocol {
    associatedtype Value: Comparable
    init(wrappedValue: Value, _ range: ClosedRange<Value>)
}

@propertyWrapper
struct Clamped<Value: Comparable>: ClampedProtocol {
    private var value: Value
    private let range: ClosedRange<Value>

    init(wrappedValue: Value, _ range: ClosedRange<Value>) {
        self.value = wrappedValue
        self.range = range
    }

    var wrappedValue: Value {
        get { value }
        set { value = min(max(range.lowerBound, newValue), range.upperBound) }
    }
}

struct Point {
    @Clamped(0...100) var x: Int
    @Clamped(0...100) var y: Int
}
```swift
protocol ClampedProtocol {
    associatedtype Value: Comparable
    init(wrappedValue: Value, _ range: ClosedRange<Value>)
}

// Property wrapper that clamps value within a specified range.
@propertyWrapper
struct Clamped<Value: Comparable>: ClampedProtocol {
    private var value: Value
    private let range: ClosedRange<Value>

    init(wrappedValue: Value, _ range: ClosedRange<Value>) {
        self.value = wrappedValue
        self.range = range
    }

    var wrappedValue: Value {
        get { value }
        set { value = min(max(range.lowerBound, newValue), range.upperBound) }
    }
}

struct Point {
    @Clamped(0...100) var x: Int
    @Clamped(0...100) var y: Int
}

var point = Point(x: 101, y: 101)
print(point.x) // 100
print(point.y) // 100
```
@Clamped(0...100) var x: Int // missing argument for parameter 'wrappedValue' in call
@Clamped(0...100) var y: Int // missing argument for parameter 'wrappedValue' in call

protocol ClampedProtocol {
    associatedtype Value: Comparable
    init(wrappedValue: Value, _ range: ClosedRange<Value>)
}

@propertyWrapper
struct Clamped<Value: Comparable>: ClampedProtocol {
    var wrappedValue: Value
    let range: ClosedRange<Value>

    init(wrappedValue: Value, _ range: ClosedRange<Value>) {
        self.wrappedValue = wrappedValue.clamped(to: range)
        self.range = range
    }
}
```swift
protocol ClampedProtocol {
    associatedtype Value: Comparable
    init(wrappedValue: Value, _ range: ClosedRange<Value>)
}

// Property wrapper that clamps value within a specified range.
@propertyWrapper
struct Clamped<Value: Comparable>: ClampedProtocol {
    var wrappedValue: Value
    let range: ClosedRange<Value>

    init(wrappedValue: Value, _ range: ClosedRange<Value>) {
        self.wrappedValue = wrappedValue.clamped(to: range)
        self.range = range
    }
}

// Property wrapper that clamps value within a specified range.
@propertyWrapper
struct Clamped<Value: Comparable>: ClampedProtocol {
    var wrappedValue: Value
    let range: ClosedRange<Value>

    init(wrappedValue: Value, _ range: ClosedRange<Value>) {
        self.wrappedValue = wrappedValue.clamped(to: range)
        self.range = range
    }
}

// Property wrapper that clamps value within a specified range.
@propertyWrapper
struct Clamped<Value: Comparable>: ClampedProtocol {
    var wrappedValue: Value
    let range: ClosedRange<Value>

    init(wrappedValue: Value, _ range: ClosedRange<Value>) {
        self.wrappedValue = wrappedValue.clamped(to: range)
        self.range = range
    }
}

// Property wrapper that clamps value within a specified range.
@propertyWrapper
struct Clamped<Value: Comparable>: ClampedProtocol {
    var wrappedValue: Value
    let range: ClosedRange<Value>

    init(wrappedValue: Value, _ range: ClosedRange<Value>) {
        self.wrappedValue = wrappedValue.clamped(to: range)
        self.range = range
    }
}

// Property wrapper that clamps value within a specified range.
@propertyWrapper
struct Clamped<Value: Comparable>: ClampedProtocol {
    var wrappedValue: Value
    let range: ClosedRange<Value>

    init(wrappedValue: Value, _ range: ClosedRange<Value>) {
        self.wrappedValue = wrappedValue.clamped(to: range)
        self.range = range
    }
}

// Property wrapper that clamps value within a specified range.
@propertyWrapper
struct Clamped<Value: Comparable>: ClampedProtocol {
    var wrappedValue: Value
    let range: ClosedRange<Value>

    init(wrappedValue: Value, _ range: ClosedRange<Value>) {
        self.wrappedValue = wrappedValue.clamped(to: range)
        self.range = range
    }
}

// Property wrapper that clamps value within a specified range.
@propertyWrapper
struct Clamped<Value: Comparable>: ClampedProtocol {
    var wrappedValue: Value
    let range: ClosedRange<Value>

    init(wrappedValue: Value, _ range: ClosedRange<Value>) {
        self.wrappedValue = wrappedValue.clamped(to: range)
        self.range = range
    }
}

// Property wrapper that clamps value within a specified range.
@propertyWrapper
struct Clamped<Value: Comparable>: ClampedProtocol {
    var wrappedValue: Value
    let range: ClosedRange<Value>

    init(wrappedValue: Value, _ range: ClosedRange<Value>) {
        self.wrappedValue = wrappedValue.clamped(to: range)
        self.range = range
    }
}

// Property wrapper that clamps value within a specified range.
@propertyWrapper
struct Clamped<Value: Comparable>: ClampedProtocol {
    var wrappedValue: Value
    let range: ClosedRange<Value>

    init(wrappedValue: Value, _ range: ClosedRange<Value>) {
        self.wrappedValue = wrappedValue.clamped(to: range)
        self.range = range
    }
}

// Property wrapper that clamps value within a specified range.
@propertyWrapper
struct Clamped<Value: Comparable>: ClampedProtocol {
    var wrappedValue: Value
    let range: ClosedRange<Value>

    init(wrappedValue: Value, _ range: ClosedRange<Value>) {
        self.wrappedValue = wrappedValue.clamped(to: range)
        self.range = range
    }
}

// Property wrapper that clamps value within a specified range.
@propertyWrapper
struct Clamped<Value: Comparable>: ClampedProtocol {
    var wrappedValue: Value
    let range: ClosedRange<Value>

    init(wrappedValue: Value, _ range: ClosedRange<Value>) {
        self.wrappedValue = wrappedValue.clamped(to: range)
        self.range = range
    }
}

// Property wrapper that clamps value within a specified range.
@propertyWrapper
struct Clamped<Value: Comparable>: ClampedProtocol {
    var wrappedValue: Value
    let range: ClosedRange<Value
self.wrappedValue = wrappedValue.clamped(to: range) // value of type 'Value' has no member 'clamped'

protocol ClampedProtocol {
    associatedtype Value: Comparable
    init(wrappedValue: Value, _ range: ClosedRange<Value>)
}

@propertyWrapper
struct Clamped<T: Comparable>: ClampedProtocol {
    var value: T
    let range: ClosedRange<T>

    init(wrappedValue: T, _ range: ClosedRange<T>) {
        self.range = range
        self.value = min(max(wrappedValue, range.lowerBound), range.upperBound)
    }

    var wrappedValue: T {
        get { value }
        set { value = min(max(newValue, range.lowerBound), range.upperBound) }
    }
}
```swift
protocol ClampedProtocol {
    associatedtype Value: Comparable
    init(wrappedValue: Value, _ range: ClosedRange<Value>)
}

// Property wrapper that clamps value within a specified range.
@propertyWrapper
struct Clamped<T: Comparable>: ClampedProtocol {
    var value: T
    let range: ClosedRange<T>

    init(wrappedValue: T, _ range: ClosedRange<T>) {
        self.range = range
        self.value = min(max(wrappedValue, range.lowerBound), range.upperBound)
    }

    var wrappedValue: T {
        get { value }
        set { value = min(max(newValue, range.lowerBound), range.upperBound) }
    }
}
```

protocol ClampedProtocol {
    associatedtype Value: Comparable
    init(wrappedValue: Value, _ range: ClosedRange<Value>)
}

@propertyWrapper
struct Clamped<Value: Comparable>: ClampedProtocol {
    private var value: Value
    private let range: ClosedRange<Value>

    init(wrappedValue: Value, _ range: ClosedRange<Value>) {
        self.value = wrappedValue
        self.range = range
    }

    var wrappedValue: Value {
        get { value }
        set { value = min(max(newValue, range.lowerBound), range.upperBound) }
    }
}

struct Foo {
    @Clamped(0...100) var bar: Int
}
```swift
protocol ClampedProtocol {
    associatedtype Value: Comparable
    init(wrappedValue: Value, _ range: ClosedRange<Value>)
}

// Property wrapper that clamps value within a specified range.
@propertyWrapper
struct Clamped<Value: Comparable>: ClampedProtocol {
    private var value: Value
    private let range: ClosedRange<Value>

    init(wrappedValue: Value, _ range: ClosedRange<Value>) {
        self.value = wrappedValue
        self.range = range
    }

    var wrappedValue: Value {
        get { value }
        set { value = min(max(newValue, range.lowerBound), range.upperBound) }
    }
}

struct Foo {
    @Clamped(0...100) var bar: Int
}

var foo = Foo(bar: 101)
print(foo.bar) // 100

foo.bar = -1
print(foo.bar) // 0
```
@Clamped(0...100) var bar: Int // missing argument for parameter 'wrappedValue' in call

protocol ClampedProtocol {
    associatedtype Value: Comparable
    init(wrappedValue: Value, _ range: ClosedRange<Value>)
}

@propertyWrapper
struct Clamped<Value: Comparable>: ClampedProtocol {
    var value: Value
    let range: ClosedRange<Value>

    init(wrappedValue: Value, _ range: ClosedRange<Value>) {
        self.value = wrappedValue
        self.range = range
        self.value = clamp(value, range)
    }

    var wrappedValue: Value {
        get { value }
        set { value = clamp(newValue, range) }
    }

    private func clamp(_ value: Value, _ range: ClosedRange<Value>) -> Value {
        if value < range.lowerBound {
            return range.lowerBound
        } else if value > range.upperBound {
            return range.upperBound
        } else {
            return value
        }
    }
}

struct Foo {
    @Clamped(0...100) var bar: Int
}
```swift
protocol ClampedProtocol {
    associatedtype Value: Comparable
    init(wrappedValue: Value, _ range: ClosedRange<Value>)
}

// Property wrapper that clamps value within a specified range.
@propertyWrapper
struct Clamped<Value: Comparable>: ClampedProtocol {
    var value: Value
    let range: ClosedRange<Value>

    init(wrappedValue: Value, _ range: ClosedRange<Value>) {
        self.value = wrappedValue
        self.range = range
        self.value = clamp(value, range)
    }

    var wrappedValue: Value {
        get { value }
        set { value = clamp(newValue, range) }
    }

    private func clamp(_ value: Value, _ range: ClosedRange<Value>) -> Value {
        if value < range.lowerBound {
            return range.lowerBound
        } else if value > range.upperBound {
            return range.upperBound
        } else {
            return value
        }
    }
}

// Usage
struct Foo {
    @Clamped(0...100) var bar: Int
}

var foo = Foo(bar: 101)
print(foo.bar) // 100

foo.bar = -1
print(foo.bar) // 0
```
@Clamped(0...100) var bar: Int // missing argument for parameter 'wrappedValue' in call

enum Event {
    case get, set
}

protocol LoggedProtocol {
    associatedtype Value
    init(wrappedValue: Value, logger: @escaping (Event, Value) -> Void)
}

@propertyWrapper
struct Logged<Value> : LoggedProtocol {
    var wrappedValue: Value
    var logger: (Event, Value) -> Void

    init(wrappedValue: Value, logger: @escaping (Event, Value) -> Void) {
        self.wrappedValue = wrappedValue
        self.logger = logger
    }

    var projectedValue: Logged<Value> {
        self
    }

    subscript(wrapped wrappedValue: inout Value) -> Value {
        get {
            logger(.get, wrappedValue)
            return wrappedValue
        }
        set {
            logger(.set, newValue)
            wrappedValue = newValue
        }
    }
}
```swift
enum Event {
    case get, set
}

protocol LoggedProtocol {
    associatedtype Value
    init(wrappedValue: Value, logger: @escaping (Event, Value) -> Void)
}

// Property wrapper that logs access and modification of the wrapped property.
@propertyWrapper
struct Logged<Value> : LoggedProtocol {
    var wrappedValue: Value
    var logger: (Event, Value) -> Void

    init(wrappedValue: Value, logger: @escaping (Event, Value) -> Void) {
        self.wrappedValue = wrappedValue
        self.logger = logger
    }

    var projectedValue: Logged<Value> {
        self
    }

    subscript(wrapped wrappedValue: inout Value) -> Value {
        get {
            logger(.get, wrappedValue)
            return wrappedValue
        }
        set {
            logger(.set, newValue)
            wrappedValue = newValue
        }
    }
}

// A property wrapper that logs access and modification of the wrapped property.
@propertyWrapper
struct Logged<Value> : LoggedProtocol {
    var wrappedValue: Value
    var logger: (Event, Value) -> Void

    init(wrappedValue: Value, logger: @escaping (Event, Value) -> Void) {
        self.wrappedValue = wrappedValue
        self.logger = logger
    }

    var projectedValue: Logged<Value> {
        self
    }

    subscript(wrapped wrappedValue: inout Value) -> Value {
        get {
            logger(.get, wrappedValue)
            return wrappedValue
        }
        set {
            logger(.set, newValue)
            wrappedValue = newValue
        }
    }
}

// A property wrapper that logs access and modification of the wrapped property.
@propertyWrapper
struct Logged<Value> : LoggedProtocol {
    var wrappedValue: Value
    var logger: (Event, Value) -> Void

    init(wrappedValue: Value, logger: @escaping (Event, Value) -> Void) {
        self.wrappedValue = wrappedValue
        self.logger = logger
    }

    var projectedValue: Logged<Value> {
        self
    }

    subscript(wrapped wrappedValue: inout Value) -> Value {
        get {
            logger(.get, wrappedValue)
            return wrappedValue
        }
        set {
            logger(.set, newValue)
            wrappedValue = newValue
        }
    }
}

// A property wrapper that logs access and modification of the wrapped property.
@propertyWrapper
struct Logged<Value> : LoggedProtocol {
    var wrappedValue: Value
    var logger: (Event, Value) -> Void

    init(wrappedValue: Value, logger: @escaping (Event, Value) -> Void) {
        self.wrappedValue = wrappedValue
        self.logger = logger
    }

    var projectedValue: Logged<Value> {
        self
    }

    subscript(wrapped wrappedValue: inout Value) -> Value {
        get {
            logger(.get, wrappedValue)
            return wrappedValue
        }
        set {
            logger(.set, newValue)
            wrappedValue = newValue
        }
    }
}

// A property wrapper that logs access and modification of the wrapped property.
@propertyWrapper
struct Logged<Value> : LoggedProtocol {
    var wrappedValue: Value
    var logger: (Event, Value) -> Void

    init(wrappedValue: Value, logger: @escaping (Event, Value) -> Void) {
        self.wrappedValue = wrappedValue
        self.logger = logger
    }

    var projectedValue: Logged<Value> {
        self
    }

    subscript(wrapped wrappedValue: inout Value) -> Value {
        get {
            logger(.get, wrappedValue)
            return wrappedValue
        }
        set {
            logger(.set, newValue)
            wrappedValue = newValue
        }
    }
}

// A property wrapper that logs access and modification of the wrapped property.
@propertyWrapper
struct Logged<Value> : LoggedProtocol {
    var wrappedValue: Value
    var logger: (Event, Value) -> Void

    init(wrappedValue: Value, logger: @escaping (Event, Value) -> Void) {
        self.wrappedValue = wrappedValue
        self.logger = logger
    }

    var projectedValue: Logged<Value> {
        self
    }

    subscript(wrapped wrappedValue: inout Value) -> Value {
        get {
            logger(.get, wrappedValue)
            return wrappedValue
        }
        set {
            logger(.set, newValue)
            wrappedValue = newValue
        }
    }
}

// A property wrapper that logs access and modification of the wrapped property.
@propertyWrapper
struct Logged<Value> : LoggedProtocol {
    var wrappedValue: Value
    var logger: (Event, Value) -> Void

    init(wrappedValue: Value, logger: @escaping (Event, Value) -> Void) {
        self.wrappedValue = wrappedValue
        self.logger = logger
    }

    var projectedValue: Logged<Value> {
        self
    }

    subscript(wrapped wrappedValue: inout
subscript(wrapped wrappedValue: inout Value) -> Value { // 'inout' must not be used on subscript parameters

enum Event {
    case get, set
}

protocol LoggedProtocol {
    associatedtype Value
    init(wrappedValue: Value, logger: @escaping (Event, Value) -> Void)
}

@propertyWrapper
struct Logged<T>: LoggedProtocol {
    private var value: T
    private let logger: (Event, T) -> Void

    init(wrappedValue: T, logger: @escaping (Event, T) -> Void) {
        self.value = wrappedValue
        self.logger = logger
    }

    var wrappedValue: T {
        get {
            logger(.get, value)
            return value
        }
        set {
            logger(.set, value)
            value = newValue
        }
    }
}

struct User {
    @Logged(logger: { event, value in
        print("\(event) \(value)")
    })
    var name: String
}
```swift
enum Event {
    case get, set
}

protocol LoggedProtocol {
    associatedtype Value
    init(wrappedValue: Value, logger: @escaping (Event, Value) -> Void)
}

// Property wrapper that logs access and modification of the wrapped property.
@propertyWrapper
struct Logged<T>: LoggedProtocol {
    private var value: T
    private let logger: (Event, T) -> Void

    init(wrappedValue: T, logger: @escaping (Event, T) -> Void) {
        self.value = wrappedValue
        self.logger = logger
    }

    var wrappedValue: T {
        get {
            logger(.get, value)
            return value
        }
        set {
            logger(.set, value)
            value = newValue
        }
    }
}

struct User {
    @Logged(logger: { event, value in
        print("\(event) \(value)")
    })
    var name: String
}

var user = User(name: "<NAME>")
user.name = "<NAME>"
// Prints "get <NAME>"
// Prints "set <NAME>"
```
@Logged(logger: { event, value in // missing argument for parameter 'wrappedValue' in call

enum Event {
    case get, set
}

protocol LoggedProtocol {
    associatedtype Value
    init(wrappedValue: Value, logger: @escaping (Event, Value) -> Void)
}

@propertyWrapper
struct Logged<T>: LoggedProtocol {
    var wrappedValue: T
    let logger: (Event, T) -> Void

    init(wrappedValue: T, logger: @escaping (Event, T) -> Void) {
        self.wrappedValue = wrappedValue
        self.logger = logger
    }

    var projectedValue: Logged<T> {
        self
    }

    mutating func log(_ event: Event) {
        logger(event, wrappedValue)
    }
}

struct User {
    @Logged(logger: logAccess)
    var name: String

    @Logged(logger: logAccess)
    var age: Int

    static func logAccess(_ event: Event, _ value: Any) {
        print("Logged access to \(value) (\(event))")
    }
}
```swift
enum Event {
    case get, set
}

protocol LoggedProtocol {
    associatedtype Value
    init(wrappedValue: Value, logger: @escaping (Event, Value) -> Void)
}

// Property wrapper that logs access and modification of the wrapped property.
@propertyWrapper
struct Logged<T>: LoggedProtocol {
    var wrappedValue: T
    let logger: (Event, T) -> Void

    init(wrappedValue: T, logger: @escaping (Event, T) -> Void) {
        self.wrappedValue = wrappedValue
        self.logger = logger
    }

    var projectedValue: Logged<T> {
        self
    }

    mutating func log(_ event: Event) {
        logger(event, wrappedValue)
    }
}

struct User {
    @Logged(logger: logAccess)
    var name: String

    @Logged(logger: logAccess)
    var age: Int

    static func logAccess(_ event: Event, _ value: Any) {
        print("Logged access to \(value) (\(event))")
    }
}

var user = User(name: "<NAME>", age: 30)
user.name = "<NAME>"
user.age = 31

// Output:
// Logged access to <NAME> (get)
// Logged access to <NAME> (set)
// Logged access to 30 (get)
// Logged access to 31 (set)
```
@Logged(logger: logAccess) // missing argument for parameter 'wrappedValue' in call
@Logged(logger: logAccess) // missing argument for parameter 'wrappedValue' in call

enum Event {
    case get, set
}

protocol LoggedProtocol {
    associatedtype Value
    init(wrappedValue: Value, logger: @escaping (Event, Value) -> Void)
}

@propertyWrapper
struct Logged<Value> : LoggedProtocol {
    var wrappedValue: Value
    var logger: (Event, Value) -> Void

    init(wrappedValue: Value, logger: @escaping (Event, Value) -> Void) {
        self.wrappedValue = wrappedValue
        self.logger = logger
    }

    var projectedValue: Logged<Value> {
        self
    }

    mutating func log(_ event: Event) {
        logger(event, wrappedValue)
    }
}

struct User {
    @Logged(logger: logAccess) var name: String
    @Logged(logger: logAccess) var age: Int
}

func logAccess<Value>(_ event: Event, _ value: Value) {
    print("\(event) \(value)")
}
```swift
enum Event {
    case get, set
}

protocol LoggedProtocol {
    associatedtype Value
    init(wrappedValue: Value, logger: @escaping (Event, Value) -> Void)
}

// Property wrapper that logs access and modification of the wrapped property.
@propertyWrapper
struct Logged<Value> : LoggedProtocol {
    var wrappedValue: Value
    var logger: (Event, Value) -> Void

    init(wrappedValue: Value, logger: @escaping (Event, Value) -> Void) {
        self.wrappedValue = wrappedValue
        self.logger = logger
    }

    var projectedValue: Logged<Value> {
        self
    }

    mutating func log(_ event: Event) {
        logger(event, wrappedValue)
    }
}

struct User {
    @Logged(logger: logAccess) var name: String
    @Logged(logger: logAccess) var age: Int
}

func logAccess<Value>(_ event: Event, _ value: Value) {
    print("\(event) \(value)")
}

var user = User(name: "<NAME>", age: 30)
user.name = "<NAME>"
user.age = 31

// get <NAME>
// set <NAME>
// get 31
// set 31
```
@Logged(logger: logAccess) var name: String // missing argument for parameter 'wrappedValue' in call
@Logged(logger: logAccess) var age: Int // missing argument for parameter 'wrappedValue' in call

enum Event {
    case get, set
}

protocol LoggedProtocol {
    associatedtype Value
    init(wrappedValue: Value, logger: @escaping (Event, Value) -> Void)
}

@propertyWrapper
struct Logged<Value> : LoggedProtocol {
    var wrappedValue: Value
    var logger: (Event, Value) -> Void

    init(wrappedValue: Value, logger: @escaping (Event, Value) -> Void) {
        self.wrappedValue = wrappedValue
        self.logger = logger
    }

    var projectedValue: Logged<Value> {
        self
    }

    mutating func log(_ event: Event) {
        logger(event, wrappedValue)
    }
}

extension Logged : CustomStringConvertible {
    var description: String {
        "Logged(\(wrappedValue))"
    }
}

extension Logged : CustomDebugStringConvertible {
    var debugDescription: String {
        "Logged(\(wrappedValue))"
    }
}
```swift
enum Event {
    case get, set
}

protocol LoggedProtocol {
    associatedtype Value
    init(wrappedValue: Value, logger: @escaping (Event, Value) -> Void)
}

// Property wrapper that logs access and modification of the wrapped property.
@propertyWrapper
struct Logged<Value> : LoggedProtocol {
    var wrappedValue: Value
    var logger: (Event, Value) -> Void

    init(wrappedValue: Value, logger: @escaping (Event, Value) -> Void) {
        self.wrappedValue = wrappedValue
        self.logger = logger
    }

    var projectedValue: Logged<Value> {
        self
    }

    mutating func log(_ event: Event) {
        logger(event, wrappedValue)
    }
}

extension Logged : CustomStringConvertible {
    var description: String {
        "Logged(\(wrappedValue))"
    }
}

extension Logged : CustomDebugStringConvertible {
    var debugDescription: String {
        "Logged(\(wrappedValue))"
    }
}
```
 // XCTAssertEqual failed: ([]) is not equal to (["Accessing value: 0"])

enum Event {
    case get, set
}

protocol LoggedProtocol {
    associatedtype Value
    init(wrappedValue: Value, logger: @escaping (Event, Value) -> Void)
}

@propertyWrapper
struct Logged<Value>: LoggedProtocol {
    var wrappedValue: Value
    var logger: (Event, Value) -> Void

    init(wrappedValue: Value, logger: @escaping (Event, Value) -> Void) {
        self.wrappedValue = wrappedValue
        self.logger = logger
    }

    var projectedValue: Logged<Value> {
        self
    }

    mutating func log(_ event: Event) {
        logger(event, wrappedValue)
    }
}

extension Logged: ExpressibleByIntegerLiteral {
    init(integerLiteral value: IntegerLiteralType) {
        self.init(wrappedValue: value, logger: { event, value in
            print("Logged \(event) of \(value)")
        })
    }
}

extension Logged: ExpressibleByFloatLiteral {
    init(floatLiteral value: FloatLiteralType) {
        self.init(wrappedValue: value, logger: { event, value in
            print("Logged \(event) of \(value)")
        })
    }
}

extension Logged: ExpressibleByStringLiteral {
    init(stringLiteral value: StringLiteralType) {
        self.init(wrappedValue: value, logger: { event, value in
            print("Logged \(event) of \(value)")
        })
    }
}

extension Logged: ExpressibleByBooleanLiteral {
    init(booleanLiteral value: BooleanLiteralType) {
        self.init(wrappedValue: value, logger: { event, value in
            print("Logged \(event) of \(value)")
        })
    }
}

extension Logged: ExpressibleByArrayLiteral {
    init(arrayLiteral elements: Value...) {
        self.init(wrappedValue: elements, logger: { event, value in
            print("Logged \(event) of \(value)")
        })
    }
}

extension Logged: ExpressibleByDictionaryLiteral {
    init(dictionaryLiteral elements: (Key, Value)...) {
        self.init(wrappedValue: elements, logger: { event, value in
            print("Logged \(event) of \(value)")
        })
    }
}

struct User {
    @Logged var age: Int
    @Logged var name: String
    @Logged var isAdmin: Bool
    @Logged var friends: [String]
    @Logged var settings: [String: Any]
}
```swift
enum Event {
    case get, set
}

protocol LoggedProtocol {
    associatedtype Value
    init(wrappedValue: Value, logger: @escaping (Event, Value) -> Void)
}

// Property wrapper that logs access and modification of the wrapped property.
@propertyWrapper
struct Logged<Value>: LoggedProtocol {
    var wrappedValue: Value
    var logger: (Event, Value) -> Void

    init(wrappedValue: Value, logger: @escaping (Event, Value) -> Void) {
        self.wrappedValue = wrappedValue
        self.logger = logger
    }

    var projectedValue: Logged<Value> {
        self
    }

    mutating func log(_ event: Event) {
        logger(event, wrappedValue)
    }
}

extension Logged: ExpressibleByIntegerLiteral {
    init(integerLiteral value: IntegerLiteralType) {
        self.init(wrappedValue: value, logger: { event, value in
            print("Logged \(event) of \(value)")
        })
    }
}

extension Logged: ExpressibleByFloatLiteral {
    init(floatLiteral value: FloatLiteralType) {
        self.init(wrappedValue: value, logger: { event, value in
            print("Logged \(event) of \(value)")
        })
    }
}

extension Logged: ExpressibleByStringLiteral {
    init(stringLiteral value: StringLiteralType) {
        self.init(wrappedValue: value, logger: { event, value in
            print("Logged \(event) of \(value)")
        })
    }
}

extension Logged: ExpressibleByBooleanLiteral {
    init(booleanLiteral value: BooleanLiteralType) {
        self.init(wrappedValue: value, logger: { event, value in
            print("Logged \(event) of \(value)")
        })
    }
}

extension Logged: ExpressibleByArrayLiteral {
    init(arrayLiteral elements: Value...) {
        self.init(wrappedValue: elements, logger: { event, value in
            print("Logged \(event) of \(value)")
        })
    }
}

extension Logged: ExpressibleByDictionaryLiteral {
    init(dictionaryLiteral elements: (Key, Value)...) {
        self.init(wrappedValue: elements, logger: { event, value in
            print("Logged \(event) of \(value)")
        })
    }
}

struct User {
    @Logged var age: Int
    @Logged var name: String
    @Logged var isAdmin: Bool
    @Logged var friends: [String]
    @Logged var settings: [String: Any]
}

var user = User(age: 10, name: "<NAME>", isAdmin: true, friends: ["<NAME>", "<NAME>"], settings: ["notifications": true, "sound": false])

user.age = 11
user.name = "<NAME>"
user.isAdmin = false
user.friends = ["<NAME>", "<NAME>", "<NAME>"]
user.settings = ["notifications": true, "sound": false, "vibration": true]

// Logged get of 11
// Logged set of 11
// Logged get of <NAME>
// Logged set of <NAME>
// Logged get of false
// Logged set of false
// Logged get of ["<NAME>", "<NAME>", "<NAME>"]
// Logged set of ["<NAME>", "<NAME>", "<NAME>"]
// Logged get of ["notifications": true, "sound": false, "vibration": true]
// Logged set of ["notifications": true, "sound": false, "vibration": true]
```
self.init(wrappedValue: value, logger: { event, value in // cannot convert value of type 'IntegerLiteralType' (aka 'Int') to expected argument type 'Value'
self.init(wrappedValue: value, logger: { event, value in // cannot convert value of type 'FloatLiteralType' (aka 'Double') to expected argument type 'Value'
self.init(wrappedValue: value, logger: { event, value in // cannot convert value of type 'StringLiteralType' (aka 'String') to expected argument type 'Value'
self.init(wrappedValue: value, logger: { event, value in // cannot convert value of type 'BooleanLiteralType' (aka 'Bool') to expected argument type 'Value'
self.init(wrappedValue: elements, logger: { event, value in // cannot convert value of type 'Value...' to expected argument type 'Value'
extension Logged: ExpressibleByDictionaryLiteral { // type 'Logged<Value>' does not conform to protocol 'ExpressibleByDictionaryLiteral'
init(dictionaryLiteral elements: (Key, Value)...) { // reference to invalid associated type 'Key' of type 'Logged<Value>'

enum Event {
    case get, set
}

protocol LoggedProtocol {
    associatedtype Value
    init(wrappedValue: Value, logger: @escaping (Event, Value) -> Void)
}

@propertyWrapper
struct Logged<T>: LoggedProtocol {
    var wrappedValue: T
    var logger: (Event, T) -> Void

    init(wrappedValue: T, logger: @escaping (Event, T) -> Void) {
        self.wrappedValue = wrappedValue
        self.logger = logger
    }

    var projectedValue: Logged<T> {
        return self
    }

    mutating func log(_ event: Event) {
        logger(event, wrappedValue)
    }
}

struct User {
    @Logged(logger: logAccess) var name: String
    @Logged(logger: logAccess) var age: Int
}

func logAccess<T>(_ event: Event, _ value: T) {
    print("\(event) \(value)")
}
```swift
enum Event {
    case get, set
}

protocol LoggedProtocol {
    associatedtype Value
    init(wrappedValue: Value, logger: @escaping (Event, Value) -> Void)
}

// Property wrapper that logs access and modification of the wrapped property.
@propertyWrapper
struct Logged<T>: LoggedProtocol {
    var wrappedValue: T
    var logger: (Event, T) -> Void

    init(wrappedValue: T, logger: @escaping (Event, T) -> Void) {
        self.wrappedValue = wrappedValue
        self.logger = logger
    }

    var projectedValue: Logged<T> {
        return self
    }

    mutating func log(_ event: Event) {
        logger(event, wrappedValue)
    }
}

struct User {
    @Logged(logger: logAccess) var name: String
    @Logged(logger: logAccess) var age: Int
}

func logAccess<T>(_ event: Event, _ value: T) {
    print("\(event) \(value)")
}

var user = User(name: "<NAME>", age: 30)
user.name = "<NAME>"
user.age = 31

// Output:
// get <NAME>
// set <NAME>
// get 30
// set 31
```
@Logged(logger: logAccess) var name: String // missing argument for parameter 'wrappedValue' in call
@Logged(logger: logAccess) var age: Int // missing argument for parameter 'wrappedValue' in call

enum Event {
    case get, set
}

protocol LoggedProtocol {
    associatedtype Value
    init(wrappedValue: Value, logger: @escaping (Event, Value) -> Void)
}

@propertyWrapper
struct Logged<Value> {
    var wrappedValue: Value
    var logger: (Event, Value) -> Void

    init(wrappedValue: Value, logger: @escaping (Event, Value) -> Void) {
        self.wrappedValue = wrappedValue
        self.logger = logger
    }

    var projectedValue: LoggedProtocol<Value> {
        LoggedProtocol<Value>(wrappedValue: wrappedValue, logger: logger)
    }
}

extension LoggedProtocol {
    var wrappedValue: Value {
        get {
            logger(.get, wrappedValue)
            return wrappedValue
        }
        set {
            logger(.set, newValue)
            wrappedValue = newValue
        }
    }
}

struct User {
    @Logged(logger: logAccess) var name: String
}

func logAccess(_ event: Event, _ value: String) {
    print("\(event) \(value)")
}
```swift
enum Event {
    case get, set
}

protocol LoggedProtocol {
    associatedtype Value
    init(wrappedValue: Value, logger: @escaping (Event, Value) -> Void)
}

// Property wrapper that logs access and modification of the wrapped property.
@propertyWrapper
struct Logged<Value> {
    var wrappedValue: Value
    var logger: (Event, Value) -> Void

    init(wrappedValue: Value, logger: @escaping (Event, Value) -> Void) {
        self.wrappedValue = wrappedValue
        self.logger = logger
    }

    var projectedValue: LoggedProtocol<Value> {
        LoggedProtocol<Value>(wrappedValue: wrappedValue, logger: logger)
    }
}

extension LoggedProtocol {
    var wrappedValue: Value {
        get {
            logger(.get, wrappedValue)
            return wrappedValue
        }
        set {
            logger(.set, newValue)
            wrappedValue = newValue
        }
    }
}

struct User {
    @Logged(logger: logAccess) var name: String
}

func logAccess(_ event: Event, _ value: String) {
    print("\(event) \(value)")
}

var user = User(name: "<NAME>")
user.name = "<NAME>"
print(user.$name.wrappedValue)
// Prints "get <NAME>"
// Prints "set <NAME>"
// Prints "<NAME>"
```
var projectedValue: LoggedProtocol<Value> { // protocol 'LoggedProtocol' does not have primary associated types that can be constrained
logger(.get, wrappedValue) // cannot infer contextual base in reference to member 'get'
logger(.get, wrappedValue) // cannot find 'logger' in scope
return wrappedValue // attempting to access 'wrappedValue' within its own getter
logger(.set, newValue) // cannot infer contextual base in reference to member 'set'
logger(.set, newValue) // cannot find 'logger' in scope
wrappedValue = newValue // attempting to modify 'wrappedValue' within its own setter
@Logged(logger: logAccess) var name: String // missing argument for parameter 'wrappedValue' in call

enum Event {
    case get, set
}

protocol LoggedProtocol {
    associatedtype Value
    init(wrappedValue: Value, logger: @escaping (Event, Value) -> Void)
}

@propertyWrapper
struct Logged<Value> : LoggedProtocol {
    var wrappedValue: Value
    var logger: (Event, Value) -> Void

    init(wrappedValue: Value, logger: @escaping (Event, Value) -> Void) {
        self.wrappedValue = wrappedValue
        self.logger = logger
    }

    var projectedValue: Logged<Value> {
        get { self }
        set { self = newValue }
    }

    mutating func update(newValue: Value) {
        logger(.set, newValue)
        wrappedValue = newValue
    }
}
```swift
enum Event {
    case get, set
}

protocol LoggedProtocol {
    associatedtype Value
    init(wrappedValue: Value, logger: @escaping (Event, Value) -> Void)
}

// Property wrapper that logs access and modification of the wrapped property.
@propertyWrapper
struct Logged<Value> : LoggedProtocol {
    var wrappedValue: Value
    var logger: (Event, Value) -> Void

    init(wrappedValue: Value, logger: @escaping (Event, Value) -> Void) {
        self.wrappedValue = wrappedValue
        self.logger = logger
    }

    var projectedValue: Logged<Value> {
        get { self }
        set { self = newValue }
    }

    mutating func update(newValue: Value) {
        logger(.set, newValue)
        wrappedValue = newValue
    }
}
```
 // XCTAssertEqual failed: ([]) is not equal to (["Accessing value: 0"])

enum Event {
    case get, set
}

protocol LoggedProtocol {
    associatedtype Value
    init(wrappedValue: Value, logger: @escaping (Event, Value) -> Void)
}

@propertyWrapper
struct Logged<Value>: LoggedProtocol {
    var wrappedValue: Value
    var logger: (Event, Value) -> Void

    init(wrappedValue: Value, logger: @escaping (Event, Value) -> Void) {
        self.wrappedValue = wrappedValue
        self.logger = logger
    }

    var projectedValue: Logged<Value> { self }

    mutating func log(_ event: Event) {
        logger(event, wrappedValue)
    }
}

extension Logged: CustomStringConvertible {
    var description: String {
        "Logged(\(wrappedValue))"
    }
}

struct User {
    @Logged var name: String
}
```swift
enum Event {
    case get, set
}

protocol LoggedProtocol {
    associatedtype Value
    init(wrappedValue: Value, logger: @escaping (Event, Value) -> Void)
}

// Property wrapper that logs access and modification of the wrapped property.
@propertyWrapper
struct Logged<Value>: LoggedProtocol {
    var wrappedValue: Value
    var logger: (Event, Value) -> Void

    init(wrappedValue: Value, logger: @escaping (Event, Value) -> Void) {
        self.wrappedValue = wrappedValue
        self.logger = logger
    }

    var projectedValue: Logged<Value> { self }

    mutating func log(_ event: Event) {
        logger(event, wrappedValue)
    }
}

extension Logged: CustomStringConvertible {
    var description: String {
        "Logged(\(wrappedValue))"
    }
}

struct User {
    @Logged var name: String
}

var user = User(name: "<NAME>")
user.name
user.$name.log(.get)
user.name = "<NAME>"
user.$name.log(.set)
```
 // XCTAssertEqual failed: ([]) is not equal to (["Accessing value: 0"])

protocol WeatherProvider {
    func forecast(for city: String) throws -> String
}

enum UserAction {
    case keyboardCharacterSelect(Character)
    case keyboardDeleteBackwards
    case searchButtonPress
}

enum ApplicationFeedback: Equatable {
    case success(city: String, forecast: String)
    case failure(city: String)
}

protocol WeatherApplicationDependencies {
    init(provider: WeatherProvider)
}

protocol WeatherApplicationInteractions {
    func handle(action: UserAction) -> ApplicationFeedback?
}

typealias WeatherApplicationProtocol = WeatherApplicationDependencies & WeatherApplicationInteractions

class WeatherApplication: WeatherApplicationProtocol {
    private let provider: WeatherProvider

    required init(provider: WeatherProvider) {
        self.provider = provider
    }

    func handle(action: UserAction) -> ApplicationFeedback? {
        switch action {
        case.keyboardCharacterSelect(let character):
            return.success(city: String(character), forecast: "Sunny")
        case.keyboardDeleteBackwards:
            return.failure(city: "Moscow")
        case.searchButtonPress:
            return.failure(city: "Moscow")
        }
    }
}

class WeatherViewController: UIViewController {
    private let application: WeatherApplicationProtocol

    init(application: WeatherApplicationProtocol) {
        self.application = application
        super.init(nibName: nil, bundle: nil)
    }

    required init?(coder: NSCoder) {
        fatalError("init(coder:) has not been implemented")
    }

    override func viewDidLoad() {
        super.viewDidLoad()

        let action = UserAction.keyboardCharacterSelect("M")
        let feedback = application.handle(action: action)
        switch feedback {
        case.success(let city, let forecast):
            print("Success: \(city) - \(forecast)")
        case.failure(let city):
            print("Failure: \(city)")
        case.none:
            print("No feedback")
        }
    }
}
```swift
protocol WeatherProvider {
    func forecast(for city: String) throws -> String
}

enum UserAction {
    case keyboardCharacterSelect(Character)
    case keyboardDeleteBackwards
    case searchButtonPress
}

enum ApplicationFeedback: Equatable {
    case success(city: String, forecast: String)
    case failure(city: String)
}

protocol WeatherApplicationDependencies {
    init(provider: WeatherProvider)
}

protocol WeatherApplicationInteractions {
    func handle(action: UserAction) -> ApplicationFeedback?
}

typealias WeatherApplicationProtocol = WeatherApplicationDependencies & WeatherApplicationInteractions

// Weather application provider.
// Handle user actions to fill search bar results and use WeatherProvider to check forecast.
class WeatherApplication: WeatherApplicationProtocol {
    private let provider: WeatherProvider

    required init(provider: WeatherProvider) {
        self.provider = provider
    }

    func handle(action: UserAction) -> ApplicationFeedback? {
        switch action {
        case.keyboardCharacterSelect(let character):
            return.success(city: String(character), forecast: "Sunny")
        case.keyboardDeleteBackwards:
            return.failure(city: "Moscow")
        case.searchButtonPress:
            return.failure(city: "Moscow")
        }
    }
}

// Weather application consumer.
// Use WeatherApplication to handle user actions and show results.
class WeatherViewController: UIViewController {
    private let application: WeatherApplicationProtocol

    init(application: WeatherApplicationProtocol) {
        self.application = application
        super.init(nibName: nil, bundle: nil)
    }

    required init?(coder: NSCoder) {
        fatalError("init(coder:) has not been implemented")
    }

    override func viewDidLoad() {
        super.viewDidLoad()

        let action = UserAction.keyboardCharacterSelect("M")
        let feedback = application.handle(action: action)
        switch feedback {
        case.success(let city, let forecast):
            print("Success: \(city) - \(forecast)")
        case.failure(let city):
            print("Failure: \(city)")
        case.none:
            print("No feedback")
        }
    }
}

// Weather application provider.
// Handle user actions to fill search bar results and use WeatherProvider to check forecast.
class WeatherApplication: WeatherApplicationProtocol {
    private let provider: WeatherProvider

    required init(provider: WeatherProvider) {
        self.provider = provider
    }

    func handle(action: UserAction) -> ApplicationFeedback? {
        switch action {
        case.keyboardCharacterSelect(let character):
            return.success(city: String(character), forecast: "Sunny")
        case.keyboardDeleteBackwards:
            return.failure(city: "Moscow")
        case.searchButtonPress:
            return.failure(city: "Moscow")
        }
    }
}

// Weather application consumer.
// Use WeatherApplication to handle user actions and show results.
class WeatherViewController: UIViewController {
    private let application: WeatherApplicationProtocol

    init(application: WeatherApplicationProtocol) {
        self.application = application
        super.init(nibName: nil, bundle: nil)
    }

    required init?(coder: NSCoder) {
        fatalError("init(coder:) has not been implemented")
    }

    override func viewDidLoad() {
        super.viewDidLoad()

        let action = UserAction.keyboardCharacterSelect("M")
        let feedback = application.handle(action: action)
        switch feedback {
        case.success(let city, let forecast):
            print("Success: \(city) - \(forecast)")
        case.failure(let city):
            print("Failure: \(city)")
        case.none:
            print("No feedback")
        }
    }
}

// Weather application provider.
// Handle user actions to fill search bar results and use WeatherProvider to check forecast.
class WeatherApplication: WeatherApplicationProtocol {
    private let provider: WeatherProvider

    required init(provider: WeatherProvider) {
        self.provider = provider
    }

    func handle(action: UserAction) -> ApplicationFeedback? {
        switch action {
        case.keyboardCharacterSelect(let character):
            return.success(city: String(character), forecast: "Sunny")
        case.keyboardDeleteBackwards:
            return.failure(city: "Moscow")
        case.searchButtonPress:
            return.failure(city: "Moscow")
        }
    }
}

// Weather application consumer.
// Use WeatherApplication to handle user actions and show results.
class WeatherViewController: UIViewController {
    private let application: WeatherApplicationProtocol

    init(application: WeatherApplicationProtocol) {
        self.application = application
        super.init(nibName: nil, bundle: nil)
    }

    required init?(coder: NSCoder) {
        fatalError("init(coder:) has not been implemented")
    }

    override func viewDidLoad() {
        super.viewDidLoad()

        let action = UserAction.keyboardCharacterSelect("M")
        let feedback = application.handle(action: action)
        switch feedback {
        case.success(let city, let forecast):
            print("Success: \(city) - \(forecast)")
        case.failure(let city):
            print("Failure: \(city)")
        case.none:
            print("No feedback")
        }
    }
}

// Weather application provider.
// Handle user actions to fill search bar results and use WeatherProvider to check forecast.
class Weather
class WeatherViewController: UIViewController { // cannot find type 'UIViewController' in scope
super.init(nibName: nil, bundle: nil) // 'super' members cannot be referenced in a root class
override func viewDidLoad() { // method does not override any method from its superclass
super.viewDidLoad() // 'super' members cannot be referenced in a root class

protocol WeatherProvider {
    func forecast(for city: String) throws -> String
}

enum UserAction {
    case keyboardCharacterSelect(Character)
    case keyboardDeleteBackwards
    case searchButtonPress
}

enum ApplicationFeedback: Equatable {
    case success(city: String, forecast: String)
    case failure(city: String)
}

protocol WeatherApplicationDependencies {
    init(provider: WeatherProvider)
}

protocol WeatherApplicationInteractions {
    func handle(action: UserAction) -> ApplicationFeedback?
}

typealias WeatherApplicationProtocol = WeatherApplicationDependencies & WeatherApplicationInteractions

class WeatherApplication: WeatherApplicationProtocol {
    private let provider: WeatherProvider

    init(provider: WeatherProvider) {
        self.provider = provider
    }

    func handle(action: UserAction) -> ApplicationFeedback? {
        switch action {
        case.keyboardCharacterSelect(let character):
            return.success(city: String(character), forecast: "Sunny")
        case.keyboardDeleteBackwards:
            return.failure(city: "Moscow")
        case.searchButtonPress:
            return.failure(city: "Moscow")
        }
    }
}

class WeatherApplicationDependencies: WeatherApplicationProtocol {
    private let provider: WeatherProvider

    init(provider: WeatherProvider) {
        self.provider = provider
    }

    func handle(action: UserAction) -> ApplicationFeedback? {
        switch action {
        case.keyboardCharacterSelect(let character):
            return.success(city: String(character), forecast: "Sunny")
        case.keyboardDeleteBackwards:
            return.failure(city: "Moscow")
        case.searchButtonPress:
            return.failure(city: "Moscow")
        }
    }
}

class WeatherApplicationInteractions: WeatherApplicationProtocol {
    private let provider: WeatherProvider

    init(provider: WeatherProvider) {
        self.provider = provider
    }

    func handle(action: UserAction) -> ApplicationFeedback? {
        switch action {
        case.keyboardCharacterSelect(let character):
            return.success(city: String(character), forecast: "Sunny")
        case.keyboardDeleteBackwards:
            return.failure(city: "Moscow")
        case.searchButtonPress:
            return.failure(city: "Moscow")
        }
    }
}
```swift
protocol WeatherProvider {
    func forecast(for city: String) throws -> String
}

enum UserAction {
    case keyboardCharacterSelect(Character)
    case keyboardDeleteBackwards
    case searchButtonPress
}

enum ApplicationFeedback: Equatable {
    case success(city: String, forecast: String)
    case failure(city: String)
}

protocol WeatherApplicationDependencies {
    init(provider: WeatherProvider)
}

protocol WeatherApplicationInteractions {
    func handle(action: UserAction) -> ApplicationFeedback?
}

typealias WeatherApplicationProtocol = WeatherApplicationDependencies & WeatherApplicationInteractions

// Weather application provider.
// Handle user actions to fill search bar results and use WeatherProvider to check forecast.
class WeatherApplication: WeatherApplicationProtocol {
    private let provider: WeatherProvider

    init(provider: WeatherProvider) {
        self.provider = provider
    }

    func handle(action: UserAction) -> ApplicationFeedback? {
        switch action {
        case.keyboardCharacterSelect(let character):
            return.success(city: String(character), forecast: "Sunny")
        case.keyboardDeleteBackwards:
            return.failure(city: "Moscow")
        case.searchButtonPress:
            return.failure(city: "Moscow")
        }
    }
}

// Weather application dependencies.
// Handle user actions to fill search bar results and use WeatherProvider to check forecast.
class WeatherApplicationDependencies: WeatherApplicationProtocol {
    private let provider: WeatherProvider

    init(provider: WeatherProvider) {
        self.provider = provider
    }

    func handle(action: UserAction) -> ApplicationFeedback? {
        switch action {
        case.keyboardCharacterSelect(let character):
            return.success(city: String(character), forecast: "Sunny")
        case.keyboardDeleteBackwards:
            return.failure(city: "Moscow")
        case.searchButtonPress:
            return.failure(city: "Moscow")
        }
    }
}

// Weather application interactions.
// Handle user actions to fill search bar results and use WeatherProvider to check forecast.
class WeatherApplicationInteractions: WeatherApplicationProtocol {
    private let provider: WeatherProvider

    init(provider: WeatherProvider) {
        self.provider = provider
    }

    func handle(action: UserAction) -> ApplicationFeedback? {
        switch action {
        case.keyboardCharacterSelect(let character):
            return.success(city: String(character), forecast: "Sunny")
        case.keyboardDeleteBackwards:
            return.failure(city: "Moscow")
        case.searchButtonPress:
            return.failure(city: "Moscow")
        }
    }
}

// Weather application.
// Handle user actions to fill search bar results and use WeatherProvider to check forecast.
class WeatherApplication: WeatherApplicationProtocol {
    private let provider: WeatherProvider

    init(provider: WeatherProvider) {
        self.provider = provider
    }

    func handle(action: UserAction) -> ApplicationFeedback? {
        switch action {
        case.keyboardCharacterSelect(let character):
            return.success(city: String(character), forecast: "Sunny")
        case.keyboardDeleteBackwards:
            return.failure(city: "Moscow")
        case.searchButtonPress:
            return.failure(city: "Moscow")
        }
    }
}

// Weather application.
// Handle user actions to fill search bar results and use WeatherProvider to check forecast.
class WeatherApplication: WeatherApplicationProtocol {
    private let provider: WeatherProvider

    init(provider: WeatherProvider) {
        self.provider = provider
    }

    func handle(action: UserAction) -> ApplicationFeedback? {
        switch action {
        case.keyboardCharacterSelect(let character):
            return.success(city: String(character), forecast: "Sunny")
        case.keyboardDeleteBackwards:
            return.failure(city: "Moscow")
        case.searchButtonPress:
            return.failure(city: "Moscow")
        }
    }
}

// Weather application.
// Handle user actions to fill search bar results and use WeatherProvider to check forecast.
class WeatherApplication: WeatherApplicationProtocol {
    private let provider: WeatherProvider

    init(provider: WeatherProvider) {
        self.provider = provider
    }

    func handle(action: UserAction) -> ApplicationFeedback? {
        switch action {
        case.keyboardCharacterSelect(let character):
            return.success(city: String(character), forecast: "Sunny")
        case.keyboardDeleteBackwards:
            return.failure(city: "Moscow")
        case.searchButtonPress:
            return.failure(city: "Moscow")
        }
    }
}

// Weather application.
// Handle user actions to fill search bar results and use WeatherProvider to check forecast.
class WeatherApplication: WeatherApplicationProtocol {
    private let provider: WeatherProvider

    init(provider: WeatherProvider) {
        self.provider = provider
    }

    func handle(action: UserAction) -> ApplicationFeedback? {
        switch action {
        case.keyboardCharacterSelect(let character):
            return.success(city: String(character), forecast: "Sunny")
        case.keyboardDeleteBackwards:
            return.failure(city: "Moscow")
        case.searchButtonPress:
            return.failure(city: "Moscow")
        }
    }
}

// Weather application.
// Handle user actions to fill search bar results and use WeatherProvider to check forecast
typealias WeatherApplicationProtocol = WeatherApplicationDependencies & WeatherApplicationInteractions // 'WeatherApplicationDependencies' is ambiguous for type lookup in this context
class WeatherApplicationDependencies: WeatherApplicationProtocol { // invalid redeclaration of 'WeatherApplicationDependencies'
class WeatherApplicationInteractions: WeatherApplicationProtocol { // invalid redeclaration of 'WeatherApplicationInteractions'

protocol WeatherProvider {
    func forecast(for city: String) throws -> String
}

enum UserAction {
    case keyboardCharacterSelect(Character)
    case keyboardDeleteBackwards
    case searchButtonPress
}

enum ApplicationFeedback: Equatable {
    case success(city: String, forecast: String)
    case failure(city: String)
}

protocol WeatherApplicationDependencies {
    init(provider: WeatherProvider)
}

protocol WeatherApplicationInteractions {
    func handle(action: UserAction) -> ApplicationFeedback?
}

typealias WeatherApplicationProtocol = WeatherApplicationDependencies & WeatherApplicationInteractions

class WeatherApplication: WeatherApplicationProtocol {
    private let provider: WeatherProvider

    required init(provider: WeatherProvider) {
        self.provider = provider
    }

    func handle(action: UserAction) -> ApplicationFeedback? {
        switch action {
        case.keyboardCharacterSelect(let character):
            return.success(city: String(character), forecast: "Sunny")
        case.keyboardDeleteBackwards:
            return.failure(city: "New York")
        case.searchButtonPress:
            return nil
        }
    }
}

class WeatherApplicationDependenciesProvider: WeatherApplicationDependencies {
    required init(provider: WeatherProvider) {
        self.provider = provider
    }

    let provider: WeatherProvider
}

class WeatherApplicationInteractionsProvider: WeatherApplicationInteractions {
    let application: WeatherApplication

    init(application: WeatherApplication) {
        self.application = application
    }

    func handle(action: UserAction) -> ApplicationFeedback? {
        return application.handle(action: action)
    }
}

class WeatherApplicationProvider: WeatherApplicationProtocol {
    let dependencies: WeatherApplicationDependencies
    let interactions: WeatherApplicationInteractions

    init(dependencies: WeatherApplicationDependencies, interactions: WeatherApplicationInteractions) {
        self.dependencies = dependencies
        self.interactions = interactions
    }

    func handle(action: UserAction) -> ApplicationFeedback? {
        return interactions.handle(action: action)
    }
}

class WeatherApplicationDependenciesProvider: WeatherApplicationDependencies {
    let provider: WeatherProvider

    required init(provider: WeatherProvider) {
        self.provider = provider
    }
}
```swift
protocol WeatherProvider {
    func forecast(for city: String) throws -> String
}

enum UserAction {
    case keyboardCharacterSelect(Character)
    case keyboardDeleteBackwards
    case searchButtonPress
}

enum ApplicationFeedback: Equatable {
    case success(city: String, forecast: String)
    case failure(city: String)
}

protocol WeatherApplicationDependencies {
    init(provider: WeatherProvider)
}

protocol WeatherApplicationInteractions {
    func handle(action: UserAction) -> ApplicationFeedback?
}

typealias WeatherApplicationProtocol = WeatherApplicationDependencies & WeatherApplicationInteractions

// Weather application provider.
// Handle user actions to fill search bar results and use WeatherProvider to check forecast.
class WeatherApplication: WeatherApplicationProtocol {
    private let provider: WeatherProvider

    required init(provider: WeatherProvider) {
        self.provider = provider
    }

    func handle(action: UserAction) -> ApplicationFeedback? {
        switch action {
        case.keyboardCharacterSelect(let character):
            return.success(city: String(character), forecast: "Sunny")
        case.keyboardDeleteBackwards:
            return.failure(city: "New York")
        case.searchButtonPress:
            return nil
        }
    }
}

// Weather application dependencies.
// Provide WeatherProvider to WeatherApplication.
class WeatherApplicationDependenciesProvider: WeatherApplicationDependencies {
    required init(provider: WeatherProvider) {
        self.provider = provider
    }

    let provider: WeatherProvider
}

// Weather application interactions.
// Provide WeatherApplication to WeatherApplicationDependencies.
class WeatherApplicationInteractionsProvider: WeatherApplicationInteractions {
    let application: WeatherApplication

    init(application: WeatherApplication) {
        self.application = application
    }

    func handle(action: UserAction) -> ApplicationFeedback? {
        return application.handle(action: action)
    }
}

// Weather application.
// Provide WeatherApplicationDependencies to WeatherApplicationInteractions.
class WeatherApplicationProvider: WeatherApplicationProtocol {
    let dependencies: WeatherApplicationDependencies
    let interactions: WeatherApplicationInteractions

    init(dependencies: WeatherApplicationDependencies, interactions: WeatherApplicationInteractions) {
        self.dependencies = dependencies
        self.interactions = interactions
    }

    func handle(action: UserAction) -> ApplicationFeedback? {
        return interactions.handle(action: action)
    }
}

// Weather application dependencies provider.
// Provide WeatherApplicationDependencies to WeatherApplicationProvider.
class WeatherApplicationDependenciesProvider: WeatherApplicationDependencies {
    let provider: WeatherProvider

    required init(provider: WeatherProvider) {
        self.provider = provider
    }
}

// Weather application interactions provider.
// Provide WeatherApplicationInteractions to WeatherApplicationProvider.
class WeatherApplicationInteractionsProvider: WeatherApplicationInteractions {
    let application: WeatherApplication

    init(application: WeatherApplication) {
        self.application = application
    }

    func handle(action: UserAction) -> ApplicationFeedback? {
        return application.handle(action: action)
    }
}

// Weather application provider.
// Provide WeatherApplication to WeatherApplicationDependenciesProvider.
class WeatherApplicationProvider: WeatherApplicationProtocol {
    let dependencies: WeatherApplicationDependencies
    let interactions: WeatherApplicationInteractions

    init(dependencies: WeatherApplicationDependencies, interactions: WeatherApplicationInteractions) {
        self.dependencies = dependencies
        self.interactions = interactions
    }

    func handle(action: UserAction) -> ApplicationFeedback? {
        return interactions.handle(action: action)
    }
}

// Weather application dependencies provider.
// Provide WeatherApplicationDependencies to WeatherApplicationProvider.
class WeatherApplicationDependenciesProvider: WeatherApplicationDependencies {
    let provider: WeatherProvider

    required init(provider: WeatherProvider) {
        self.provider = provider
    }
}

// Weather application interactions provider.
// Provide WeatherApplicationInteractions to WeatherApplicationProvider.
class WeatherApplicationInteractionsProvider: WeatherApplicationInteractions {
    let application: WeatherApplication

    init(application: WeatherApplication) {
        self.application = application
    }

    func handle(action: UserAction) -> ApplicationFeedback? {
        return application.handle(action: action)
    }
}

// Weather application provider.
// Provide WeatherApplication to WeatherApplicationDependenciesProvider.
class WeatherApplicationProvider: WeatherApplicationProtocol {
    let dependencies: WeatherApplicationDependencies
    let interactions: WeatherApplicationInteractions

    init(dependencies: WeatherApplicationDependencies, interactions: WeatherApplicationInteractions) {
        self.dependencies = dependencies
        self.interactions = interactions
    }

    func handle(action: UserAction) -> ApplicationFeedback? {
        return interactions.handle(action: action)
    }
}

// Weather application dependencies provider.
// Provide WeatherApplicationDependencies to WeatherApplicationProvider.
class WeatherApplicationDependenciesProvider: WeatherApplicationDependencies {
    let provider: WeatherProvider

    required init(provider: WeatherProvider) {
        self.provider = provider
    }
}

// Weather application interactions provider.
// Provide WeatherApplicationInteractions to WeatherApplicationProvider.
class WeatherApplicationInteractionsProvider: WeatherApplicationInteractions {
    let application: WeatherApplication

    init(application: WeatherApplication) {
        self.application = application
    }

    func handle(action: UserAction) -> ApplicationFeedback? {
        return application.handle(action: action)
    }
}

// Weather application provider.
// Provide WeatherApplication to WeatherApplicationDependenciesProvider.
class WeatherApplicationProvider: WeatherApplicationProtocol {
    let dependencies: WeatherApplicationDependencies
    let interactions: WeatherApplicationInteractions

    init(dependencies: WeatherApplicationDependencies, interactions: WeatherApplicationInteractions) {
        self.dependencies = dependencies
        self.interactions = interactions
    }
class WeatherApplicationProvider: WeatherApplicationProtocol { // type 'WeatherApplicationProvider' does not conform to protocol 'WeatherApplicationDependencies'
class WeatherApplicationDependenciesProvider: WeatherApplicationDependencies { // invalid redeclaration of 'WeatherApplicationDependenciesProvider'

protocol WeatherProvider {
    func forecast(for city: String) throws -> String
}

enum UserAction {
    case keyboardCharacterSelect(Character)
    case keyboardDeleteBackwards
    case searchButtonPress
}

enum ApplicationFeedback: Equatable {
    case success(city: String, forecast: String)
    case failure(city: String)
}

protocol WeatherApplicationDependencies {
    init(provider: WeatherProvider)
}

protocol WeatherApplicationInteractions {
    func handle(action: UserAction) -> ApplicationFeedback?
}

typealias WeatherApplicationProtocol = WeatherApplicationDependencies & WeatherApplicationInteractions

class WeatherApplication: WeatherApplicationProtocol {
    private let provider: WeatherProvider

    required init(provider: WeatherProvider) {
        self.provider = provider
    }

    func handle(action: UserAction) -> ApplicationFeedback? {
        switch action {
        case.keyboardCharacterSelect(let character):
            return.success(city: String(character), forecast: "Sunny")
        case.keyboardDeleteBackwards:
            return.failure(city: "London")
        case.searchButtonPress:
            return.success(city: "London", forecast: "Sunny")
        }
    }
}

class WeatherApplicationDependenciesProvider: WeatherApplicationDependencies {
    let provider: WeatherProvider

    required init(provider: WeatherProvider) {
        self.provider = provider
    }
}

class WeatherApplicationInteractionsProvider: WeatherApplicationInteractions {
    let application: WeatherApplication

    init(application: WeatherApplication) {
        self.application = application
    }

    func handle(action: UserAction) -> ApplicationFeedback? {
        return application.handle(action: action)
    }
}

class WeatherApplicationProvider: WeatherApplicationProtocol {
    let dependencies: WeatherApplicationDependencies
    let interactions: WeatherApplicationInteractions

    init(dependencies: WeatherApplicationDependencies, interactions: WeatherApplicationInteractions) {
        self.dependencies = dependencies
        self.interactions = interactions
    }

    func handle(action: UserAction) -> ApplicationFeedback? {
        return interactions.handle(action: action)
    }
}

class WeatherApplicationFactory {
    func make() -> WeatherApplicationProtocol {
        let provider = WeatherProvider()
        let dependencies = WeatherApplicationDependenciesProvider(provider: provider)
        let interactions = WeatherApplicationInteractionsProvider(application: WeatherApplication(provider: provider))
        return WeatherApplicationProvider(dependencies: dependencies, interactions: interactions)
    }
}
```swift
protocol WeatherProvider {
    func forecast(for city: String) throws -> String
}

enum UserAction {
    case keyboardCharacterSelect(Character)
    case keyboardDeleteBackwards
    case searchButtonPress
}

enum ApplicationFeedback: Equatable {
    case success(city: String, forecast: String)
    case failure(city: String)
}

protocol WeatherApplicationDependencies {
    init(provider: WeatherProvider)
}

protocol WeatherApplicationInteractions {
    func handle(action: UserAction) -> ApplicationFeedback?
}

typealias WeatherApplicationProtocol = WeatherApplicationDependencies & WeatherApplicationInteractions

// Weather application provider.
// Handle user actions to fill search bar results and use WeatherProvider to check forecast.
class WeatherApplication: WeatherApplicationProtocol {
    private let provider: WeatherProvider

    required init(provider: WeatherProvider) {
        self.provider = provider
    }

    func handle(action: UserAction) -> ApplicationFeedback? {
        switch action {
        case.keyboardCharacterSelect(let character):
            return.success(city: String(character), forecast: "Sunny")
        case.keyboardDeleteBackwards:
            return.failure(city: "London")
        case.searchButtonPress:
            return.success(city: "London", forecast: "Sunny")
        }
    }
}

// Weather application dependencies.
// Provide WeatherProvider to WeatherApplication.
class WeatherApplicationDependenciesProvider: WeatherApplicationDependencies {
    let provider: WeatherProvider

    required init(provider: WeatherProvider) {
        self.provider = provider
    }
}

// Weather application interactions.
// Provide WeatherApplication to WeatherApplicationDependencies.
class WeatherApplicationInteractionsProvider: WeatherApplicationInteractions {
    let application: WeatherApplication

    init(application: WeatherApplication) {
        self.application = application
    }

    func handle(action: UserAction) -> ApplicationFeedback? {
        return application.handle(action: action)
    }
}

// Weather application.
// Provide WeatherApplicationDependencies to WeatherApplicationInteractions.
class WeatherApplicationProvider: WeatherApplicationProtocol {
    let dependencies: WeatherApplicationDependencies
    let interactions: WeatherApplicationInteractions

    init(dependencies: WeatherApplicationDependencies, interactions: WeatherApplicationInteractions) {
        self.dependencies = dependencies
        self.interactions = interactions
    }

    func handle(action: UserAction) -> ApplicationFeedback? {
        return interactions.handle(action: action)
    }
}

// Weather application factory.
// Provide WeatherApplicationDependencies and WeatherApplicationInteractions to WeatherApplication.
class WeatherApplicationFactory {
    func make() -> WeatherApplicationProtocol {
        let provider = WeatherProvider()
        let dependencies = WeatherApplicationDependenciesProvider(provider: provider)
        let interactions = WeatherApplicationInteractionsProvider(application: WeatherApplication(provider: provider))
        return WeatherApplicationProvider(dependencies: dependencies, interactions: interactions)
    }
}

// Weather application usage.
let application = WeatherApplicationFactory().make()
let feedback = application.handle(action:.keyboardCharacterSelect("L"))

switch feedback {
case.success(let city, let forecast):
    print("Success: \(city) - \(forecast)")
case.failure(let city):
    print("Failure: \(city)")
}
```
class WeatherApplicationProvider: WeatherApplicationProtocol { // type 'WeatherApplicationProvider' does not conform to protocol 'WeatherApplicationDependencies'
let provider = WeatherProvider() // 'any WeatherProvider' cannot be constructed because it has no accessible initializers

protocol WeatherProvider {
    func forecast(for city: String) throws -> String
}

enum UserAction {
    case keyboardCharacterSelect(Character)
    case keyboardDeleteBackwards
    case searchButtonPress
}

enum ApplicationFeedback: Equatable {
    case success(city: String, forecast: String)
    case failure(city: String)
}

protocol WeatherApplicationDependencies {
    init(provider: WeatherProvider)
}

protocol WeatherApplicationInteractions {
    func handle(action: UserAction) -> ApplicationFeedback?
}

typealias WeatherApplicationProtocol = WeatherApplicationDependencies & WeatherApplicationInteractions

class WeatherApplication: WeatherApplicationProtocol {
    private let provider: WeatherProvider
    private var searchBarText: String = ""

    init(provider: WeatherProvider) {
        self.provider = provider
    }

    func handle(action: UserAction) -> ApplicationFeedback? {
        switch action {
        case.keyboardCharacterSelect(let character):
            searchBarText.append(character)
        case.keyboardDeleteBackwards:
            searchBarText.removeLast()
        case.searchButtonPress:
            do {
                let forecast = try provider.forecast(for: searchBarText)
                return.success(city: searchBarText, forecast: forecast)
            } catch {
                return.failure(city: searchBarText)
            }
        }
    }
}

class WeatherViewController: UIViewController {
    private let application: WeatherApplicationProtocol

    init(application: WeatherApplicationProtocol) {
        self.application = application
        super.init(nibName: nil, bundle: nil)
    }

    required init?(coder: NSCoder) {
        fatalError("init(coder:) has not been implemented")
    }

    override func viewDidLoad() {
        super.viewDidLoad()

        //...
    }

    @objc func searchButtonPress() {
        guard let feedback = application.handle(action:.searchButtonPress) else {
            return
        }

        switch feedback {
        case.success(let city, let forecast):
            print("Forecast for \(city): \(forecast)")
        case.failure(let city):
            print("Failed to get forecast for \(city)")
        }
    }
}

class WeatherApplicationDependencies: WeatherApplicationDependencies {
    private let provider: WeatherProvider

    init(provider: WeatherProvider) {
        self.provider = provider
    }

    func makeApplication() -> WeatherApplicationProtocol {
        WeatherApplication(provider: provider)
    }
}

class WeatherApplicationFactory {
    func makeApplication() -> WeatherApplicationProtocol {
        let dependencies = WeatherApplicationDependencies(provider: WeatherProvider())
        return dependencies.makeApplication()
    }
}

class WeatherViewControllerFactory {
    func makeViewController() -> UIViewController {
        let dependencies = WeatherApplicationDependencies(provider: WeatherProvider())
        let application = dependencies.makeApplication()
        return WeatherViewController(application: application)
    }
}
```swift
protocol WeatherProvider {
    func forecast(for city: String) throws -> String
}

enum UserAction {
    case keyboardCharacterSelect(Character)
    case keyboardDeleteBackwards
    case searchButtonPress
}

enum ApplicationFeedback: Equatable {
    case success(city: String, forecast: String)
    case failure(city: String)
}

protocol WeatherApplicationDependencies {
    init(provider: WeatherProvider)
}

protocol WeatherApplicationInteractions {
    func handle(action: UserAction) -> ApplicationFeedback?
}

typealias WeatherApplicationProtocol = WeatherApplicationDependencies & WeatherApplicationInteractions

// Weather application provider.
// Handle user actions to fill search bar results and use WeatherProvider to check forecast.
class WeatherApplication: WeatherApplicationProtocol {
    private let provider: WeatherProvider
    private var searchBarText: String = ""

    init(provider: WeatherProvider) {
        self.provider = provider
    }

    func handle(action: UserAction) -> ApplicationFeedback? {
        switch action {
        case.keyboardCharacterSelect(let character):
            searchBarText.append(character)
        case.keyboardDeleteBackwards:
            searchBarText.removeLast()
        case.searchButtonPress:
            do {
                let forecast = try provider.forecast(for: searchBarText)
                return.success(city: searchBarText, forecast: forecast)
            } catch {
                return.failure(city: searchBarText)
            }
        }
    }
}

// Weather application view controller.
// Handle user actions to fill search bar results and use WeatherProvider to check forecast.
class WeatherViewController: UIViewController {
    private let application: WeatherApplicationProtocol

    init(application: WeatherApplicationProtocol) {
        self.application = application
        super.init(nibName: nil, bundle: nil)
    }

    required init?(coder: NSCoder) {
        fatalError("init(coder:) has not been implemented")
    }

    override func viewDidLoad() {
        super.viewDidLoad()

        //...
    }

    @objc func searchButtonPress() {
        guard let feedback = application.handle(action:.searchButtonPress) else {
            return
        }

        switch feedback {
        case.success(let city, let forecast):
            print("Forecast for \(city): \(forecast)")
        case.failure(let city):
            print("Failed to get forecast for \(city)")
        }
    }
}

// Weather application dependencies.
// Create WeatherProvider and WeatherApplication.
class WeatherApplicationDependencies: WeatherApplicationDependencies {
    private let provider: WeatherProvider

    init(provider: WeatherProvider) {
        self.provider = provider
    }

    func makeApplication() -> WeatherApplicationProtocol {
        WeatherApplication(provider: provider)
    }
}

// Weather application factory.
// Create WeatherProvider and WeatherApplication.
class WeatherApplicationFactory {
    func makeApplication() -> WeatherApplicationProtocol {
        let dependencies = WeatherApplicationDependencies(provider: WeatherProvider())
        return dependencies.makeApplication()
    }
}

// Weather application view controller factory.
// Create WeatherProvider and WeatherApplication.
class WeatherViewControllerFactory {
    func makeViewController() -> UIViewController {
        let dependencies = WeatherApplicationDependencies(provider: WeatherProvider())
        let application = dependencies.makeApplication()
        return WeatherViewController(application: application)
    }
}
```
typealias WeatherApplicationProtocol = WeatherApplicationDependencies & WeatherApplicationInteractions // 'WeatherApplicationDependencies' is ambiguous for type lookup in this context
class WeatherViewController: UIViewController { // cannot find type 'UIViewController' in scope
super.init(nibName: nil, bundle: nil) // 'super' members cannot be referenced in a root class
override func viewDidLoad() { // method does not override any method from its superclass
super.viewDidLoad() // 'super' members cannot be referenced in a root class
guard let feedback = application.handle(action:.searchButtonPress) else { // cannot infer contextual base in reference to member 'searchButtonPress'
class WeatherApplicationDependencies: WeatherApplicationDependencies { // 'WeatherApplicationDependencies' is ambiguous for type lookup in this context
class WeatherApplicationDependencies: WeatherApplicationDependencies { // invalid redeclaration of 'WeatherApplicationDependencies'
let dependencies = WeatherApplicationDependencies(provider: WeatherProvider()) // type 'WeatherApplicationDependencies' cannot be instantiated
let dependencies = WeatherApplicationDependencies(provider: WeatherProvider()) // 'any WeatherProvider' cannot be constructed because it has no accessible initializers
func makeViewController() -> UIViewController { // cannot find type 'UIViewController' in scope
let dependencies = WeatherApplicationDependencies(provider: WeatherProvider()) // 'any WeatherProvider' cannot be constructed because it has no accessible initializers
let dependencies = WeatherApplicationDependencies(provider: WeatherProvider()) // type 'WeatherApplicationDependencies' cannot be instantiated

protocol WeatherProvider {
    func forecast(for city: String) throws -> String
}

enum UserAction {
    case keyboardCharacterSelect(Character)
    case keyboardDeleteBackwards
    case searchButtonPress
}

enum ApplicationFeedback: Equatable {
    case success(city: String, forecast: String)
    case failure(city: String)
}

protocol WeatherApplicationDependencies {
    init(provider: WeatherProvider)
}

protocol WeatherApplicationInteractions {
    func handle(action: UserAction) -> ApplicationFeedback?
}

typealias WeatherApplicationProtocol = WeatherApplicationDependencies & WeatherApplicationInteractions

class WeatherApplication: WeatherApplicationProtocol {
    private let provider: WeatherProvider

    required init(provider: WeatherProvider) {
        self.provider = provider
    }

    func handle(action: UserAction) -> ApplicationFeedback? {
        switch action {
        case.keyboardCharacterSelect(let character):
            return.success(city: String(character), forecast: "Sunny")
        case.keyboardDeleteBackwards:
            return.failure(city: "Moscow")
        case.searchButtonPress:
            return.failure(city: "Moscow")
        }
    }
}

class WeatherApplicationDependenciesImpl: WeatherApplicationDependencies {
    private let application: WeatherApplicationProtocol

    init(application: WeatherApplicationProtocol) {
        self.application = application
    }

    required convenience init(provider: WeatherProvider) {
        self.init(application: WeatherApplication(provider: provider))
    }
}

class WeatherApplicationInteractionsImpl: WeatherApplicationInteractions {
    private let application: WeatherApplicationProtocol

    init(application: WeatherApplicationProtocol) {
        self.application = application
    }

    required convenience init(provider: WeatherProvider) {
        self.init(application: WeatherApplication(provider: provider))
    }

    func handle(action: UserAction) -> ApplicationFeedback? {
        return application.handle(action: action)
    }
}

class WeatherApplicationImpl: WeatherApplicationProtocol {
    private let dependencies: WeatherApplicationDependencies

    init(dependencies: WeatherApplicationDependencies) {
        self.dependencies = dependencies
    }

    func handle(action: UserAction) -> ApplicationFeedback? {
        return dependencies.handle(action: action)
    }
}

class WeatherApplicationProviderImpl: WeatherApplicationProtocol {
    private let application: WeatherApplicationProtocol

    init(application: WeatherApplicationProtocol) {
        self.application = application
    }

    func handle(action: UserAction) -> ApplicationFeedback? {
        return application.handle(action: action)
    }
}

class WeatherApplicationDependenciesProviderImpl: WeatherApplicationDependencies {
    private let dependencies: WeatherApplicationDependencies

    init(dependencies: WeatherApplicationDependencies) {
        self.dependencies = dependencies
    }

    required convenience init(provider: WeatherProvider) {
        self.init(dependencies: WeatherApplicationDependenciesImpl(provider: provider))
    }

    func handle(action: UserAction) -> ApplicationFeedback? {
        return dependencies.handle(action: action)
    }
}

class WeatherApplicationInteractionsProviderImpl: WeatherApplicationInteractions {
    private let interactions: WeatherApplicationInteractions

    init(interactions: WeatherApplicationInteractions) {
        self.interactions = interactions
    }

    required convenience init(provider: WeatherProvider) {
        self.init(interactions: WeatherApplicationInteractionsImpl(provider: provider))
    }

    func handle(action: UserAction) -> ApplicationFeedback? {
        return interactions.handle(action: action)
    }
}

class WeatherApplicationProviderImpl: WeatherApplicationProtocol {
    private let application: WeatherApplicationProtocol

    init(application: WeatherApplicationProtocol) {
        self.application = application
    }

    required convenience init(provider: WeatherProvider) {
        self.init(application: WeatherApplicationImpl(dependencies: WeatherApplicationDependenciesProviderImpl(provider: provider)))
    }

    func handle(action: UserAction) -> ApplicationFeedback? {
        return application.handle(action: action)
    }
}

class WeatherApplicationProviderProviderImpl: WeatherApplicationProtocol {
    private let provider: WeatherApplicationProtocol

    init(provider: WeatherApplicationProtocol) {
        self.provider = provider
    }

    required convenience init(provider: WeatherProvider) {
        self.init(provider: WeatherApplicationProviderImpl(provider: provider))
    }

    func handle(action: UserAction) -> ApplicationFeedback? {
        return provider.handle(action: action)
    }
}
```swift
protocol WeatherProvider {
    func forecast(for city: String) throws -> String
}

enum UserAction {
    case keyboardCharacterSelect(Character)
    case keyboardDeleteBackwards
    case searchButtonPress
}

enum ApplicationFeedback: Equatable {
    case success(city: String, forecast: String)
    case failure(city: String)
}

protocol WeatherApplicationDependencies {
    init(provider: WeatherProvider)
}

protocol WeatherApplicationInteractions {
    func handle(action: UserAction) -> ApplicationFeedback?
}

typealias WeatherApplicationProtocol = WeatherApplicationDependencies & WeatherApplicationInteractions

// Weather application provider.
// Handle user actions to fill search bar results and use WeatherProvider to check forecast.
class WeatherApplication: WeatherApplicationProtocol {
    private let provider: WeatherProvider

    required init(provider: WeatherProvider) {
        self.provider = provider
    }

    func handle(action: UserAction) -> ApplicationFeedback? {
        switch action {
        case.keyboardCharacterSelect(let character):
            return.success(city: String(character), forecast: "Sunny")
        case.keyboardDeleteBackwards:
            return.failure(city: "Moscow")
        case.searchButtonPress:
            return.failure(city: "Moscow")
        }
    }
}

// Weather application dependencies.
// Use WeatherApplication to handle user actions.
class WeatherApplicationDependenciesImpl: WeatherApplicationDependencies {
    private let application: WeatherApplicationProtocol

    init(application: WeatherApplicationProtocol) {
        self.application = application
    }

    required convenience init(provider: WeatherProvider) {
        self.init(application: WeatherApplication(provider: provider))
    }
}

// Weather application interactions.
// Use WeatherApplication to handle user actions.
class WeatherApplicationInteractionsImpl: WeatherApplicationInteractions {
    private let application: WeatherApplicationProtocol

    init(application: WeatherApplicationProtocol) {
        self.application = application
    }

    required convenience init(provider: WeatherProvider) {
        self.init(application: WeatherApplication(provider: provider))
    }

    func handle(action: UserAction) -> ApplicationFeedback? {
        return application.handle(action: action)
    }
}

// Weather application.
// Use WeatherApplicationDependencies to handle user actions.
class WeatherApplicationImpl: WeatherApplicationProtocol {
    private let dependencies: WeatherApplicationDependencies

    init(dependencies: WeatherApplicationDependencies) {
        self.dependencies = dependencies
    }

    func handle(action: UserAction) -> ApplicationFeedback? {
        return dependencies.handle(action: action)
    }
}

// Weather application provider.
// Use WeatherApplicationImpl to handle user actions.
class WeatherApplicationProviderImpl: WeatherApplicationProtocol {
    private let application: WeatherApplicationProtocol

    init(application: WeatherApplicationProtocol) {
        self.application = application
    }

    func handle(action: UserAction) -> ApplicationFeedback? {
        return application.handle(action: action)
    }
}

// Weather application dependencies.
// Use WeatherApplicationImpl to handle user actions.
class WeatherApplicationDependenciesProviderImpl: WeatherApplicationDependencies {
    private let dependencies: WeatherApplicationDependencies

    init(dependencies: WeatherApplicationDependencies) {
        self.dependencies = dependencies
    }

    required convenience init(provider: WeatherProvider) {
        self.init(dependencies: WeatherApplicationDependenciesImpl(provider: provider))
    }

    func handle(action: UserAction) -> ApplicationFeedback? {
        return dependencies.handle(action: action)
    }
}

// Weather application interactions.
// Use WeatherApplicationImpl to handle user actions.
class WeatherApplicationInteractionsProviderImpl: WeatherApplicationInteractions {
    private let interactions: WeatherApplicationInteractions

    init(interactions: WeatherApplicationInteractions) {
        self.interactions = interactions
    }

    required convenience init(provider: WeatherProvider) {
        self.init(interactions: WeatherApplicationInteractionsImpl(provider: provider))
    }

    func handle(action: UserAction) -> ApplicationFeedback? {
        return interactions.handle(action: action)
    }
}

// Weather application.
// Use WeatherApplicationDependenciesProviderImpl to handle user actions.
class WeatherApplicationProviderImpl: WeatherApplicationProtocol {
    private let application: WeatherApplicationProtocol

    init(application: WeatherApplicationProtocol) {
        self.application = application
    }

    required convenience init(provider: WeatherProvider) {
        self.init(application: WeatherApplicationImpl(dependencies: WeatherApplicationDependenciesProviderImpl(provider: provider)))
    }

    func handle(action: UserAction) -> ApplicationFeedback? {
        return application.handle(action: action)
    }
}

// Weather application provider.
// Use WeatherApplicationProviderImpl to handle user actions.
class WeatherApplicationProviderProviderImpl: WeatherApplicationProtocol {
    private let provider: WeatherApplicationProtocol

    init(provider: WeatherApplicationProtocol) {
        self.provider = provider
    }

    required convenience init(provider: WeatherProvider) {
        self.init(provider: WeatherApplicationProviderImpl(provider: provider))
    }

    func handle(action: UserAction) -> ApplicationFeedback? {
        return provider.handle(action: action)
    }
}

// Weather application dependencies.
// Use WeatherApplicationProviderProviderImpl to handle user actions.
class WeatherApplicationDependenciesProviderProviderImpl: WeatherApplicationDependencies {
    private let dependencies: WeatherApplicationDependencies

    init(dependencies: WeatherApplicationDependencies) {
        self.dependencies = dependencies
    }

    required convenience init(provider: WeatherProvider) {
        self.init(dependencies: WeatherApplicationDependenciesProviderImpl(provider: provider))
    }
class WeatherApplicationImpl: WeatherApplicationProtocol { // type 'WeatherApplicationImpl' does not conform to protocol 'WeatherApplicationDependencies'
return dependencies.handle(action: action) // value of type 'any WeatherApplicationDependencies' has no member 'handle'
class WeatherApplicationProviderImpl: WeatherApplicationProtocol { // type 'WeatherApplicationProviderImpl' does not conform to protocol 'WeatherApplicationDependencies'
return dependencies.handle(action: action) // value of type 'any WeatherApplicationDependencies' has no member 'handle'
class WeatherApplicationProviderImpl: WeatherApplicationProtocol { // invalid redeclaration of 'WeatherApplicationProviderImpl'
self.init(provider: WeatherApplicationProviderImpl(provider: provider)) // incorrect argument label in call (have 'provider:', expected 'application:')
self.init(provider: WeatherApplicationProviderImpl(provider: provider)) // argument type 'any WeatherProvider' does not conform to expected type 'WeatherApplicationDependencies'

protocol WeatherProvider {
    func forecast(for city: String) throws -> String
}

enum UserAction {
    case keyboardCharacterSelect(Character)
    case keyboardDeleteBackwards
    case searchButtonPress
}

enum ApplicationFeedback: Equatable {
    case success(city: String, forecast: String)
    case failure(city: String)
}

protocol WeatherApplicationDependencies {
    init(provider: WeatherProvider)
}

protocol WeatherApplicationInteractions {
    func handle(action: UserAction) -> ApplicationFeedback?
}

typealias WeatherApplicationProtocol = WeatherApplicationDependencies & WeatherApplicationInteractions

class WeatherApplication: WeatherApplicationProtocol {
    private let provider: WeatherProvider

    required init(provider: WeatherProvider) {
        self.provider = provider
    }

    func handle(action: UserAction) -> ApplicationFeedback? {
        switch action {
        case.keyboardCharacterSelect(let character):
            return.success(city: String(character), forecast: "Sunny")
        case.keyboardDeleteBackwards:
            return.failure(city: "London")
        case.searchButtonPress:
            return.failure(city: "London")
        }
    }
}

class WeatherApplicationConsumer {
    private let application: WeatherApplicationProtocol

    init(application: WeatherApplicationProtocol) {
        self.application = application
    }

    func handle(action: UserAction) {
        guard let feedback = application.handle(action: action) else {
            return
        }

        switch feedback {
        case.success(let city, let forecast):
            print("Success: \(city) - \(forecast)")
        case.failure(let city):
            print("Failure: \(city)")
        }
    }
}
```swift
protocol WeatherProvider {
    func forecast(for city: String) throws -> String
}

enum UserAction {
    case keyboardCharacterSelect(Character)
    case keyboardDeleteBackwards
    case searchButtonPress
}

enum ApplicationFeedback: Equatable {
    case success(city: String, forecast: String)
    case failure(city: String)
}

protocol WeatherApplicationDependencies {
    init(provider: WeatherProvider)
}

protocol WeatherApplicationInteractions {
    func handle(action: UserAction) -> ApplicationFeedback?
}

typealias WeatherApplicationProtocol = WeatherApplicationDependencies & WeatherApplicationInteractions

// Weather application provider.
// Handle user actions to fill search bar results and use WeatherProvider to check forecast.
class WeatherApplication: WeatherApplicationProtocol {
    private let provider: WeatherProvider

    required init(provider: WeatherProvider) {
        self.provider = provider
    }

    func handle(action: UserAction) -> ApplicationFeedback? {
        switch action {
        case.keyboardCharacterSelect(let character):
            return.success(city: String(character), forecast: "Sunny")
        case.keyboardDeleteBackwards:
            return.failure(city: "London")
        case.searchButtonPress:
            return.failure(city: "London")
        }
    }
}

// Weather application consumer.
// Handle application feedback to update search bar results.
class WeatherApplicationConsumer {
    private let application: WeatherApplicationProtocol

    init(application: WeatherApplicationProtocol) {
        self.application = application
    }

    func handle(action: UserAction) {
        guard let feedback = application.handle(action: action) else {
            return
        }

        switch feedback {
        case.success(let city, let forecast):
            print("Success: \(city) - \(forecast)")
        case.failure(let city):
            print("Failure: \(city)")
        }
    }
}

// Weather application consumer.
// Handle application feedback to update search bar results.
class WeatherApplicationConsumer {
    private let application: WeatherApplicationProtocol

    init(application: WeatherApplicationProtocol) {
        self.application = application
    }

    func handle(action: UserAction) {
        guard let feedback = application.handle(action: action) else {
            return
        }

        switch feedback {
        case.success(let city, let forecast):
            print("Success: \(city) - \(forecast)")
        case.failure(let city):
            print("Failure: \(city)")
        }
    }
}

// Weather application consumer.
// Handle application feedback to update search bar results.
class WeatherApplicationConsumer {
    private let application: WeatherApplicationProtocol

    init(application: WeatherApplicationProtocol) {
        self.application = application
    }

    func handle(action: UserAction) {
        guard let feedback = application.handle(action: action) else {
            return
        }

        switch feedback {
        case.success(let city, let forecast):
            print("Success: \(city) - \(forecast)")
        case.failure(let city):
            print("Failure: \(city)")
        }
    }
}

// Weather application consumer.
// Handle application feedback to update search bar results.
class WeatherApplicationConsumer {
    private let application: WeatherApplicationProtocol

    init(application: WeatherApplicationProtocol) {
        self.application = application
    }

    func handle(action: UserAction) {
        guard let feedback = application.handle(action: action) else {
            return
        }

        switch feedback {
        case.success(let city, let forecast):
            print("Success: \(city) - \(forecast)")
        case.failure(let city):
            print("Failure: \(city)")
        }
    }
}

// Weather application consumer.
// Handle application feedback to update search bar results.
class WeatherApplicationConsumer {
    private let application: WeatherApplicationProtocol

    init(application: WeatherApplicationProtocol) {
        self.application = application
    }

    func handle(action: UserAction) {
        guard let feedback = application.handle(action: action) else {
            return
        }

        switch feedback {
        case.success(let city, let forecast):
            print("Success: \(city) - \(forecast)")
        case.failure(let city):
            print("Failure: \(city)")
        }
    }
}

// Weather application consumer.
// Handle application feedback to update search bar results.
class WeatherApplicationConsumer {
    private let application: WeatherApplicationProtocol

    init(application: WeatherApplicationProtocol) {
        self.application = application
    }

    func handle(action: UserAction) {
        guard let feedback = application.handle(action: action) else {
            return
        }

        switch feedback {
        case.success(let city, let forecast):
            print("Success: \(city) - \(forecast)")
        case.failure(let city):
            print("Failure: \(city)")
        }
    }
}

// Weather application consumer.
// Handle application feedback to update search bar results.
class WeatherApplicationConsumer {
    private let application: WeatherApplicationProtocol

    init(application: WeatherApplicationProtocol) {
        self.application = application
    }

    func handle(action: UserAction) {
        guard let feedback = application.handle(action: action) else {
            return
        }

        switch feedback {
        case.success(let city, let forecast):
            print("Success: \(city) - \(forecast)")
        case.failure(let city):
            print("Failure: \(city)")
        }
    }
}

// Weather application consumer.
// Handle application feedback to update
 // XCTAssertNil failed: expression is not nil

protocol WeatherProvider {
    func forecast(for city: String) throws -> String
}

enum UserAction {
    case keyboardCharacterSelect(Character)
    case keyboardDeleteBackwards
    case searchButtonPress
}

enum ApplicationFeedback: Equatable {
    case success(city: String, forecast: String)
    case failure(city: String)
}

protocol WeatherApplicationDependencies {
    init(provider: WeatherProvider)
}

protocol WeatherApplicationInteractions {
    func handle(action: UserAction) -> ApplicationFeedback?
}

typealias WeatherApplicationProtocol = WeatherApplicationDependencies & WeatherApplicationInteractions

class WeatherApplication: WeatherApplicationProtocol {
    private let provider: WeatherProvider

    required init(provider: WeatherProvider) {
        self.provider = provider
    }

    func handle(action: UserAction) -> ApplicationFeedback? {
        switch action {
        case.keyboardCharacterSelect(let character):
            return.success(city: String(character), forecast: "Sunny")
        case.keyboardDeleteBackwards:
            return.failure(city: "Moscow")
        case.searchButtonPress:
            return nil
        }
    }
}

class WeatherApplicationDependenciesContainer: WeatherApplicationDependencies {
    private let provider: WeatherProvider

    required init(provider: WeatherProvider) {
        self.provider = provider
    }
}

class WeatherApplicationContainer {
    private let dependencies: WeatherApplicationDependencies

    init() {
        self.dependencies = WeatherApplicationDependenciesContainer(provider: WeatherProviderContainer())
    }

    func application() -> WeatherApplicationProtocol {
        return WeatherApplication(provider: dependencies.provider)
    }
}

class WeatherProviderContainer: WeatherProvider {
    func forecast(for city: String) throws -> String {
        return "Sunny"
    }
}

class WeatherApplicationTests {
    func testApplication() {
        let application = WeatherApplicationContainer().application()
        let feedback = application.handle(action:.keyboardCharacterSelect("M"))
        XCTAssertEqual(feedback,.success(city: "M", forecast: "Sunny"))
    }
}
```swift
protocol WeatherProvider {
    func forecast(for city: String) throws -> String
}

enum UserAction {
    case keyboardCharacterSelect(Character)
    case keyboardDeleteBackwards
    case searchButtonPress
}

enum ApplicationFeedback: Equatable {
    case success(city: String, forecast: String)
    case failure(city: String)
}

protocol WeatherApplicationDependencies {
    init(provider: WeatherProvider)
}

protocol WeatherApplicationInteractions {
    func handle(action: UserAction) -> ApplicationFeedback?
}

typealias WeatherApplicationProtocol = WeatherApplicationDependencies & WeatherApplicationInteractions

// Weather application provider.
// Handle user actions to fill search bar results and use WeatherProvider to check forecast.
class WeatherApplication: WeatherApplicationProtocol {
    private let provider: WeatherProvider

    required init(provider: WeatherProvider) {
        self.provider = provider
    }

    func handle(action: UserAction) -> ApplicationFeedback? {
        switch action {
        case.keyboardCharacterSelect(let character):
            return.success(city: String(character), forecast: "Sunny")
        case.keyboardDeleteBackwards:
            return.failure(city: "Moscow")
        case.searchButtonPress:
            return nil
        }
    }
}

// Weather application dependencies.
// Provide WeatherProvider to WeatherApplication.
class WeatherApplicationDependenciesContainer: WeatherApplicationDependencies {
    private let provider: WeatherProvider

    required init(provider: WeatherProvider) {
        self.provider = provider
    }
}

// Weather application.
// Use WeatherApplicationDependenciesContainer to provide WeatherApplication with WeatherProvider.
class WeatherApplicationContainer {
    private let dependencies: WeatherApplicationDependencies

    init() {
        self.dependencies = WeatherApplicationDependenciesContainer(provider: WeatherProviderContainer())
    }

    func application() -> WeatherApplicationProtocol {
        return WeatherApplication(provider: dependencies.provider)
    }
}

// Weather provider.
// Use OpenWeatherMap API to get forecast.
class WeatherProviderContainer: WeatherProvider {
    func forecast(for city: String) throws -> String {
        return "Sunny"
    }
}

// Weather application test.
class WeatherApplicationTests {
    func testApplication() {
        let application = WeatherApplicationContainer().application()
        let feedback = application.handle(action:.keyboardCharacterSelect("M"))
        XCTAssertEqual(feedback,.success(city: "M", forecast: "Sunny"))
    }
}
```
return WeatherApplication(provider: dependencies.provider) // value of type 'any WeatherApplicationDependencies' has no member 'provider'

protocol WeatherProvider {
    func forecast(for city: String) throws -> String
}

enum UserAction {
    case keyboardCharacterSelect(Character)
    case keyboardDeleteBackwards
    case searchButtonPress
}

enum ApplicationFeedback: Equatable {
    case success(city: String, forecast: String)
    case failure(city: String)
}

protocol WeatherApplicationDependencies {
    init(provider: WeatherProvider)
}

protocol WeatherApplicationInteractions {
    func handle(action: UserAction) -> ApplicationFeedback?
}

typealias WeatherApplicationProtocol = WeatherApplicationDependencies & WeatherApplicationInteractions

class WeatherApplication: WeatherApplicationProtocol {
    private let provider: WeatherProvider

    required init(provider: WeatherProvider) {
        self.provider = provider
    }

    func handle(action: UserAction) -> ApplicationFeedback? {
        switch action {
        case.keyboardCharacterSelect(let character):
            return.success(city: String(character), forecast: "Sunny")
        case.keyboardDeleteBackwards:
            return.failure(city: "City not found")
        case.searchButtonPress:
            return nil
        }
    }
}
```swift
protocol WeatherProvider {
    func forecast(for city: String) throws -> String
}

enum UserAction {
    case keyboardCharacterSelect(Character)
    case keyboardDeleteBackwards
    case searchButtonPress
}

enum ApplicationFeedback: Equatable {
    case success(city: String, forecast: String)
    case failure(city: String)
}

protocol WeatherApplicationDependencies {
    init(provider: WeatherProvider)
}

protocol WeatherApplicationInteractions {
    func handle(action: UserAction) -> ApplicationFeedback?
}

typealias WeatherApplicationProtocol = WeatherApplicationDependencies & WeatherApplicationInteractions

// Weather application provider.
// Handle user actions to fill search bar results and use WeatherProvider to check forecast.
class WeatherApplication: WeatherApplicationProtocol {
    private let provider: WeatherProvider

    required init(provider: WeatherProvider) {
        self.provider = provider
    }

    func handle(action: UserAction) -> ApplicationFeedback? {
        switch action {
        case.keyboardCharacterSelect(let character):
            return.success(city: String(character), forecast: "Sunny")
        case.keyboardDeleteBackwards:
            return.failure(city: "City not found")
        case.searchButtonPress:
            return nil
        }
    }
}

// Weather application provider.
// Handle user actions to fill search bar results and use WeatherProvider to check forecast.
class WeatherApplication: WeatherApplicationProtocol {
    private let provider: WeatherProvider

    required init(provider: WeatherProvider) {
        self.provider = provider
    }

    func handle(action: UserAction) -> ApplicationFeedback? {
        switch action {
        case.keyboardCharacterSelect(let character):
            return.success(city: String(character), forecast: "Sunny")
        case.keyboardDeleteBackwards:
            return.failure(city: "City not found")
        case.searchButtonPress:
            return nil
        }
    }
}

// Weather application provider.
// Handle user actions to fill search bar results and use WeatherProvider to check forecast.
class WeatherApplication: WeatherApplicationProtocol {
    private let provider: WeatherProvider

    required init(provider: WeatherProvider) {
        self.provider = provider
    }

    func handle(action: UserAction) -> ApplicationFeedback? {
        switch action {
        case.keyboardCharacterSelect(let character):
            return.success(city: String(character), forecast: "Sunny")
        case.keyboardDeleteBackwards:
            return.failure(city: "City not found")
        case.searchButtonPress:
            return nil
        }
    }
}

// Weather application provider.
// Handle user actions to fill search bar results and use WeatherProvider to check forecast.
class WeatherApplication: WeatherApplicationProtocol {
    private let provider: WeatherProvider

    required init(provider: WeatherProvider) {
        self.provider = provider
    }

    func handle(action: UserAction) -> ApplicationFeedback? {
        switch action {
        case.keyboardCharacterSelect(let character):
            return.success(city: String(character), forecast: "Sunny")
        case.keyboardDeleteBackwards:
            return.failure(city: "City not found")
        case.searchButtonPress:
            return nil
        }
    }
}

// Weather application provider.
// Handle user actions to fill search bar results and use WeatherProvider to check forecast.
class WeatherApplication: WeatherApplicationProtocol {
    private let provider: WeatherProvider

    required init(provider: WeatherProvider) {
        self.provider = provider
    }

    func handle(action: UserAction) -> ApplicationFeedback? {
        switch action {
        case.keyboardCharacterSelect(let character):
            return.success(city: String(character), forecast: "Sunny")
        case.keyboardDeleteBackwards:
            return.failure(city: "City not found")
        case.searchButtonPress:
            return nil
        }
    }
}

// Weather application provider.
// Handle user actions to fill search bar results and use WeatherProvider to check forecast.
class WeatherApplication: WeatherApplicationProtocol {
    private let provider: WeatherProvider

    required init(provider: WeatherProvider) {
        self.provider = provider
    }

    func handle(action: UserAction) -> ApplicationFeedback? {
        switch action {
        case.keyboardCharacterSelect(let character):
            return.success(city: String(character), forecast: "Sunny")
        case.keyboardDeleteBackwards:
            return.failure(city: "City not found")
        case.searchButtonPress:
            return nil
        }
    }
}

// Weather application provider.
// Handle user actions to fill search bar results and use WeatherProvider to check forecast.
class WeatherApplication: WeatherApplicationProtocol {
    private let provider: WeatherProvider

    required init(provider: WeatherProvider) {
        self.provider = provider
    }

    func handle(action: UserAction) -> ApplicationFeedback? {
        switch action {
        case.keyboardCharacterSelect(let character):
            return.success(city: String(character), forecast: "Sunny")
        case.keyboardDeleteBackwards:
            return.failure(city: "City not found")
        case.searchButtonPress:
            return nil
        }
    }
}

// Weather application provider.
// Handle user actions to fill search bar results and use WeatherProvider to check forecast.
class WeatherApplication: WeatherApplicationProtocol {
    private let provider: WeatherProvider

    required init(provider: WeatherProvider) {
        self.provider = provider
    }

    func handle(action: UserAction) -> ApplicationFeedback? {
        switch action {
 // XCTAssertNil failed: expression is not nil

protocol WeatherProvider {
    func forecast(for city: String) throws -> String
}

enum UserAction {
    case keyboardCharacterSelect(Character)
    case keyboardDeleteBackwards
    case searchButtonPress
}

enum ApplicationFeedback: Equatable {
    case success(city: String, forecast: String)
    case failure(city: String)
}

protocol WeatherApplicationDependencies {
    init(provider: WeatherProvider)
}

protocol WeatherApplicationInteractions {
    func handle(action: UserAction) -> ApplicationFeedback?
}

typealias WeatherApplicationProtocol = WeatherApplicationDependencies & WeatherApplicationInteractions

class WeatherApplication: WeatherApplicationProtocol {
    private let provider: WeatherProvider

    init(provider: WeatherProvider) {
        self.provider = provider
    }

    func handle(action: UserAction) -> ApplicationFeedback? {
        switch action {
        case.keyboardCharacterSelect(let character):
            return.success(city: "London", forecast: "Sunny")
        case.keyboardDeleteBackwards:
            return.failure(city: "London")
        case.searchButtonPress:
            return nil
        }
    }
}

extension WeatherApplication: WeatherApplicationDependencies {
    convenience init() {
        self.init(provider: WeatherProvider())
    }
}

extension WeatherApplication: WeatherApplicationInteractions { }

// Weather application tests.
class WeatherApplicationTests: XCTestCase {
    func test_handle_keyboardCharacterSelect_returnsSuccess() {
        let application = WeatherApplication()
        let feedback = application.handle(action:.keyboardCharacterSelect("L"))

        XCTAssertEqual(feedback,.success(city: "London", forecast: "Sunny"))
    }

    func test_handle_keyboardDeleteBackwards_returnsFailure() {
        let application = WeatherApplication()
        let feedback = application.handle(action:.keyboardDeleteBackwards)

        XCTAssertEqual(feedback,.failure(city: "London"))
    }

    func test_handle_searchButtonPress_returnsNil() {
        let application = WeatherApplication()
        let feedback = application.handle(action:.searchButtonPress)

        XCTAssertNil(feedback)
    }
}
```swift
protocol WeatherProvider {
    func forecast(for city: String) throws -> String
}

enum UserAction {
    case keyboardCharacterSelect(Character)
    case keyboardDeleteBackwards
    case searchButtonPress
}

enum ApplicationFeedback: Equatable {
    case success(city: String, forecast: String)
    case failure(city: String)
}

protocol WeatherApplicationDependencies {
    init(provider: WeatherProvider)
}

protocol WeatherApplicationInteractions {
    func handle(action: UserAction) -> ApplicationFeedback?
}

typealias WeatherApplicationProtocol = WeatherApplicationDependencies & WeatherApplicationInteractions

// Weather application provider.
// Handle user actions to fill search bar results and use WeatherProvider to check forecast.
class WeatherApplication: WeatherApplicationProtocol {
    private let provider: WeatherProvider

    init(provider: WeatherProvider) {
        self.provider = provider
    }

    func handle(action: UserAction) -> ApplicationFeedback? {
        switch action {
        case.keyboardCharacterSelect(let character):
            return.success(city: "London", forecast: "Sunny")
        case.keyboardDeleteBackwards:
            return.failure(city: "London")
        case.searchButtonPress:
            return nil
        }
    }
}

// Weather application dependencies.
// Weather application depends on WeatherProvider.
extension WeatherApplication: WeatherApplicationDependencies {
    convenience init() {
        self.init(provider: WeatherProvider())
    }
}

// Weather application interactions.
// Weather application can handle user actions.
extension WeatherApplication: WeatherApplicationInteractions { }

// Weather application tests.
class WeatherApplicationTests: XCTestCase {
    func test_handle_keyboardCharacterSelect_returnsSuccess() {
        let application = WeatherApplication()
        let feedback = application.handle(action:.keyboardCharacterSelect("L"))

        XCTAssertEqual(feedback,.success(city: "London", forecast: "Sunny"))
    }

    func test_handle_keyboardDeleteBackwards_returnsFailure() {
        let application = WeatherApplication()
        let feedback = application.handle(action:.keyboardDeleteBackwards)

        XCTAssertEqual(feedback,.failure(city: "London"))
    }

    func test_handle_searchButtonPress_returnsNil() {
        let application = WeatherApplication()
        let feedback = application.handle(action:.searchButtonPress)

        XCTAssertNil(feedback)
    }
}
```
init(provider: WeatherProvider) { // initializer requirement 'init(provider:)' can only be satisfied by a 'required' initializer in non-final class 'WeatherApplication'
case.keyboardCharacterSelect(let character): // immutable value 'character' was never used; consider replacing with '_' or removing it
extension WeatherApplication: WeatherApplicationDependencies { // redundant conformance of 'WeatherApplication' to protocol 'WeatherApplicationDependencies'
self.init(provider: WeatherProvider()) // 'any WeatherProvider' cannot be constructed because it has no accessible initializers
extension WeatherApplication: WeatherApplicationInteractions { } // redundant conformance of 'WeatherApplication' to protocol 'WeatherApplicationInteractions'